Hasil untuk "Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens"

Chenghang Li, Haifeng Zhang, Xiulan Lai et al.

The tumor-immune system plays a critical role in colorectal cancer progression. Recent preclinical and clinical studies showed that combination therapy with anti-PD-L1 and cancer vaccines improved treatment response. In this study, we developed a multiscale mathematical model of interactions among tumors, immune cells, and cytokines to investigate tumor evolutionary dynamics under different therapeutic strategies. Additionally, we established a computational framework based on approximate Bayesian computation to generate virtual tumor samples and capture inter-individual heterogeneity in treatment response. The results demonstrated that a multiple low-dose regimen significantly reduced advanced tumor burden compared to baseline treatment in anti-PD-L1 therapy. In contrast, the maximum dose therapy yielded superior tumor growth control in cancer vaccine therapy. Furthermore, cytotoxic T cells were identified as a consistent predictive biomarker both before and after treatment initiation. Notably, the cytotoxic T cells-to-regulatory T cells ratio specifically served as a robust pre-treatment predictive biomarker, offering potential clinical utility for patient stratification and therapy personalization.

E. Belousova, N. Matinyan, T. Valiev et al.

INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition is detected in 10–50 % of children with cancer. Providing adequate nutritional therapy in pediatric oncology is a complex task that requires systematic screening, timely nutritional interventions and assessment of their effectiveness at different stages of antitumor treatment. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in children receiving treatment for malignant neoplasms and to identify factors associated with the development of severe PEM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, single-center, continuous cohort study was conducted from January 2023 to January 2024 at the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, among children aged 0 to 18 years with malignant neoplasms. RESULTS: Data from 3,455 children were analyzed, including 1,754 (50.8 %) boys and 1,701 (49.2 %) girls. Moderate or mild PEM was diagnosed in 635 (18 %) patients at stage 1 nutritional screening. At stage 2 screening, after the start of antitumor treatment, severe PEM was identified in 102 (3 %) children. There was a strong positive correlation between moderate and mild PEM at stage 1 and the subsequent development of severe PEM after treatment initiation (Kendall’s Τ = 0.69, Tcrit = 0.23). The odds of severe PEM were higher in children under 1 year of age than in those aged 1–18 years (odds ratio [OR] 5.868; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 2.985–11.500; standard error [SE] 0.345). Severe PEM was more likely in patients with solid malignant tumors than in those with hematologic malignancies (OR 3.14; 95% CI 1.60–6.08; SE 0.337). Among patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the probability of developing severe PEM was also higher (OR 5.3; 95% CI 2.80–9.76; SE 0.3). CONCLUSIONS: Severe PEM after the start of treatment was observed in 3 % of pediatric patients with cancer. Factors contributing to its development were: first moderate and mild PEM, age under 1-year, solid tumors, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

M. V. Bogatyreva, A. D. Kaprin, E. V. Gameeva et al.

This article presents an analysis of the current state of palliative care in the Russian Federation and the clinical features of malignant neoplasms of the digestive system. The most common and distressing symptoms associated with these diseases are described in detail. The need for early integration of a palliative approach into the comprehensive treatment of cancer patients is emphasized to improve quality of life and optimize therapeutic outcomes. Objective: to analyze the development of palliative care in the Russian Federation and the clinical features of malignant neoplasms of the digestive system. We also propose modern approaches to addressing the identified pressing issues in the study group, including both clinical and organizational measures. Materials and methods. A literature content analysis was conducted, and the regulatory framework for the provision of this type of care was reviewed. In an additional step, expert assessments were used to identify key factors limiting this type of care. Based on these factors and clinical data, an algorithm for organizing and delivering this type of care was developed and tested in this comprehensive study. Results. Deficiencies in the organization and delivery of palliative care for malignant neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract were identified, and the proposed clinical and organizational measures were tested, demonstrating high effectiveness. Conclusion. Continuous development and integration of new clinical and organizational aspects in improving palliative care in oncology practice are key to optimizing treatment and increasing its effectiveness.

K. Kulasinghe, Bozhko Genadij Grigorievich, Abarrane Lourain Fernando et al.

Penile carcinoma is a rare malignancy with a varied presentation and pathology, typically affecting men in their sixth and seventh decades of life. This paper presents a retrospective case series of 22 patients (aged 35–90 years) treated for malignant neoplasm of the penis (ICD 10, C60) at the Department of Oncology in the Grodno regional hospital, Belarus, between 2020 and 2024. The majority of tumors were located on the glans penis (14 patients), followed by overlapping lesions (5 patients), the shaft (2 patients), and the prepuce (1 patient). Comorbidities were highly prevalent, affecting 19 out of 22 patients. The most frequent histological diagnosis was large cell keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (17 patients), with the remainder being non-keratinizing SCC. Clinical presentation was diverse, including penile swelling and pain, phimosis, ulcerated wounds, and inguinal lymphadenopathy. Lymph node metastasis was observed in 10 patients (45.45%), including bilateral inguinal and obturator involvement. Treatment primarily involved surgery, with total penectomy (9 patients) and partial penectomy (7 patients) being the most common procedures, in addition to lymph node dissection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Three illustrative cases highlight the diagnostic challenge, including one mimicking Peyronie's disease and another presenting with a paraneoplastic syndrome. The overall survival rate in this series was 50%, with 11 patients deceased by January 2025, underscoring that locoregional and metastatic disease remain fatal with late diagnosis and high mortality. Keywords: Penile cancer, Squamous cell carcinoma, Penectomy, Lymphadenectomy, Metastasis.

Ashot A. Avagimyan, Mohammad Sheibani, Artem I. Trofimenko et al.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are now uncovering new possibilities in the field of internal medicine owing to their diverse protective effects. In the second part of the literature review, we explore potential applications of SGLT2i in hepatology, neurology, ophthalmology, and oncology, mechanisms of action of such drugs as dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, canagliflozin, etc, and their effect on different organs and systems.

Qingjuan Chen, Zhongqiang Yao, Jianfeng Duan et al.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the potential value of circulating miRNAs in the diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) in patients with gastric cancer (GC). A quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method was optimized for the measurement of plasma miRNAs. The concentrations of 11 plasma miRNA transcripts were analyzed in 13 pairs of GC patients with PC (GC/PC) and without PC (GC/NPC) using qRT-PCR. The plasma levels of miR-9 and miR-106a were further validated in 30 pairs of GC/PC and GC/NPC patients, as well as in 35 healthy controls (HC), followed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Serum levels of carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were also measured. Primary screening and further validation revealed significantly lower plasma miR-9 levels in the GC/PC group than in the GC/NPC and HC groups (p < 0.001). Conversely, plasma miR-106a and serum CA125 levels, but not CEA levels, were significantly higher in the GC/PC group than in the GC/NPC and HC groups (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in plasma miR-9 and miR-106a levels between the GC/NPC and HC groups. ROC analyses indicated that plasma miR-9 yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.776 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.673–0.859, p < 0.001) with 67.4% sensitivity and 93% specificity, and miR-106a had an AUC of 0.830 (95% CI 0.743–0.916, p < 0.001) with 72.1% sensitivity and 83.7% specificity in distinguishing the GC/PC group from the GC/NPC group. Moreover, the diagnostic performances of plasma miR-9 and miR-106a were comparable with that of CA125 (p > 0.05). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis demonstrated that high plasma levels of miR-106a (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.44, 95% CI 0.19–1.00, p = 0.040) and low levels of miR-9 (HR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.18–1.02, p = 0.042) were significantly associated with reduced overall survival in GC/PC patients. Taken together, these findings suggest that plasma miR-9 and miR-106a may serve as promising non-invasive biomarkers for both the diagnosis and prognosis of PC in patients with GC.

Mobina Shrestha, Bishwas Mandal, Vishal Mandal et al.

The application of AI in oncology has been limited by its reliance on large, annotated datasets and the need for retraining models for domain-specific diagnostic tasks. Taking heed of these limitations, we investigated in-context learning as a pragmatic alternative to model retraining by allowing models to adapt to new diagnostic tasks using only a few labeled examples at inference, without the need for retraining. Using four vision-language models (VLMs)-Paligemma, CLIP, ALIGN and GPT-4o, we evaluated the performance across three oncology datasets: MHIST, PatchCamelyon and HAM10000. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the performance of multiple VLMs on different oncology classification tasks. Without any parameter updates, all models showed significant gains with few-shot prompting, with GPT-4o reaching an F1 score of 0.81 in binary classification and 0.60 in multi-class classification settings. While these results remain below the ceiling of fully fine-tuned systems, they highlight the potential of ICL to approximate task-specific behavior using only a handful of examples, reflecting how clinicians often reason from prior cases. Notably, open-source models like Paligemma and CLIP demonstrated competitive gains despite their smaller size, suggesting feasibility for deployment in computing constrained clinical environments. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of ICL as a practical solution in oncology, particularly for rare cancers and resource-limited contexts where fine-tuning is infeasible and annotated data is difficult to obtain.

Soheil Hashtarkhani, Rezaur Rashid, Christopher L Brett et al.

Electronic health records contain inconsistently structured or free-text data, requiring efficient preprocessing to enable predictive health care models. Although artificial intelligence-driven natural language processing tools show promise for automating diagnosis classification, their comparative performance and clinical reliability require systematic evaluation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of 4 large language models (GPT-3.5, GPT-4o, Llama 3.2, and Gemini 1.5) and BioBERT in classifying cancer diagnoses from structured and unstructured electronic health records data. We analyzed 762 unique diagnoses (326 International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code descriptions, 436free-text entries) from 3456 records of patients with cancer. Models were tested on their ability to categorize diagnoses into 14predefined categories. Two oncology experts validated classifications. BioBERT achieved the highest weighted macro F1-score for ICD codes (84.2) and matched GPT-4o in ICD code accuracy (90.8). For free-text diagnoses, GPT-4o outperformed BioBERT in weighted macro F1-score (71.8 vs 61.5) and achieved slightly higher accuracy (81.9 vs 81.6). GPT-3.5, Gemini, and Llama showed lower overall performance on both formats. Common misclassification patterns included confusion between metastasis and central nervous system tumors, as well as errors involving ambiguous or overlapping clinical terminology. Although current performance levels appear sufficient for administrative and research use, reliable clinical applications will require standardized documentation practices alongside robust human oversight for high-stakes decision-making.

P. Gavrilov, S. Kutukova, D. Polezhaev et al.

Non-AIDS-defining cancers represent one of the leading causes of death among people living with HIV in developed economies due to successful antiretroviral therapy. Malignant neoplasms (MNs) of the lung occupy leading positions in prevalence and mortality, affecting younger people compared to the general population. Despite the fact that the role of HIV in the direct mechanism underlying the lung cancer carcinogenesis has not been proven, the immunodeficiency-mediated effect, including that on the anti-tumor immunity, contributes to the earlier neoplastic process development and to the features of the disease course and anti-tumor treatment. HIV often becomes an exclusion criterion for multiple oncology clinical trials, and this group of patients is overlooked. The study aimed to assess the impact of the CD4/CD8 ratio as one of the key markers of the state of cell-mediated immunity on the lung cancer course prognosis during anti-tumor treatment. The data of 17 HIV patients with MNs of the lung and 31 non-HIV patients of the control group, who underwent treatment in 2018–2023, were analyzed. The analysis determined the threshold CD4/CD8 ratio value (≤ 0.57) and the fact of its decrease by more than 0.01, which reflected a significant overall survival worsening (p 0.05).

V. V. Aginova, Z. Grigorievskaya, I. N. Petukhova et al.

Objective: to evaluate and compare the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microbiota in patients with malignant neoplasms of various localizations. Material and Methods. The study included patients who received different types of treatment in N.N. Blokhin Oncology Research Center, Moscow, Russia in 2023 for gastric cancer, including cardioesophageal adenocarcinoma (group 1), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (group 2) and metastatic or locally advanced melanoma of the skin (group 3). All patients had to have morphologic verification of the diagnosis at the time of inclusion, be over 18 years old, have an ECOG performance status of ≤1, and have no evidence of intestinal infection, as well as not take antibiotics within 28 days prior to entry into the study. Stool samples were collected during patients’ hospitalization. The quantitative and qualitative composition of microorganisms of 17 taxonomic groups was evaluated. Microorganisms were cultured according to standard microbiological methods, taking into account the growth conditions of a particular group of microorganisms. Species identification of microbial isolates was obtained by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and MALDI Biotyper v.3.0 software (Bruker daltonics, Germany). Descriptive statistics methods from the SPSS Statistics, v.27 software package were used. To quantitatively describe the species diversity of the gut microbiota, calculations were performed using the Margalef species richness index (d) and Shannon’s (H) diversity index. The criterion of uniformity of microbial species distribution according to their abundance in the population community was evaluated using the Pielow index (E). The Hutcheson’s T-criterion was used to test the significance of differences between sample sets of Shannon index values and to obtain statistically correct estimates of differences (p≤0.05). Results. A total of 63 samples of biological material (feces) were investigated. A change in the quantitative composition of intestinal microbiota in all study groups was found, which may have a negative impact on the general condition of the patient and the effectiveness of antitumor treatment. The increase in the proportion of Proteobacteria (Enterobacterales) can be considered as a risk factor for the development of infectious complications caused by Gram-negative microorganisms. The analysis of factors influencing the taxonomic diversity of intestinal microbiota revealed no significant differences in the composition of intestinal microbiota between the groups of patients with malignant tumors of different nosological forms (p>0.05).

S. Mârza, Camelia Munteanu, I. Papuc et al.

Skin cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed neoplasms in dogs, encompassing a range of malignancies with significant clinical implications. Among them, mast cell tumors (MCTs), melanomas, and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) signify the most common and clinically relevant types, each posing distinct therapeutic challenges and exhibiting pathophysiological mechanisms. MCTs, accounting for approximately 21% of canine skin tumors, are often driven by mutations in the KIT proto-oncogene, leading to an uncontrolled proliferation of mast cells. Melanomas, while typically benign in cutaneous forms, exhibit aggressive behavior in oral and digital locations, with BRAF and NRAS mutations playing an integral role in tumor growth. Furthermore, SCCs, primarily associated with chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, demonstrate significant genomic modifications, including mutations in TP53 and increased expression of COX-2, resulting in carcinogenesis. Accurate diagnosis of these tumors significantly relies on cytology, histopathology, and immunohistochemical markers. Moreover, advanced imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) can potentially enhance staging and prognostication. Treatment modalities vary based on tumor type and stage, including surgical excision, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and emerging targeted therapies. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as toceranib phosphate (Palladia) and masitinib, have demonstrated efficacy in MCTs. Likewise, immunotherapies, including the Oncept melanoma vaccine and checkpoint inhibitors, offer novel therapeutic avenues. Comparative oncology continues to underscore molecular similarities between canine and human skin cancers, advancing translational research and developing precision medicine techniques in veterinary oncology. This review comprehensively synthesizes state-of-the-art literature on canine skin cancer, addressing pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic advancements, and emerging therapeutic strategies. In addition, this review aims to improve early detection, treatment outcomes, and enduring prognosis for affected canines by integrating recent findings into molecular oncology and comparative medicine.

P. Suvorin, V. E. Khoronenko, A. Malanova et al.

A significant problem in oncology is venous thromboembolic (VTE) complications. Thrombosis detected in a patient with a malignant neoplasm of the prostate gland increases the risk of death by 3.4 times compared to patients without it. The prevalence of tumors in this localization, the use of an integrated approach to treatment, including before surgery, the risk of hemorrhagic complications, age and concomitant diseases of patients make the problem of the effectiveness and safety of thrombosis prevention relevant. Objective. Determine the most appropriate coagulation test to monitor the effectiveness and safety of pharmacological prevention of VTE in patients with malignant neoplasm of the prostate gland after radical prostatectomy. Material and methods. The study included 44 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. All patients underwent radical prostatectomy. Pharmacological prevention of VTE was performed with low-molecular-weight heparin (LWH) — calcium nadroparin in a standard dose, according to the recommendations of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). Blood was collected for laboratory tests at 3 control points: the day of hospitalization, after surgery before the first administration of LWH, at the peak of the LWH effect 3—3.5 hours after subcutaneous administration. Results. The K interval of the thromboelastogram changed more frequently at all control points of the study. The maximum amplitude allowed us to identify a tendency to hypercoagulation before the start of pharmacological prophylaxis. The clot growth rate of the thrombodynamics test showed the most pronounced changes depending on the stage of treatment. The advantage of the thrombodynamics test is the known range of LMWH effectiveness, which makes this method more optimal and convenient to use. Conclusion. Global coagulation tests during pharmacological prophylaxis of thrombosis in the postoperative period were more sensitive to changes in the state of hemostasis compared to activated partial thromboplastin time.

Xiaomei Wang, Jiaqing Chen, Bing Wang et al.

Dysregulation of lactate metabolism is a hallmark of multiple pathologies, including cancer, which coordinates metabolic reprogramming and malignant progression. Lactylation, a lactate-derived post-translational modification, is a key regulator of tumor cell adaptation, aggressive behavior and immune escape. This modification mechanism links lactate accumulation to carcinogenic signaling and epigenetic dysregulation, providing novel insights into cancer pathogenesis. The present review summarizes the roles of lactylation in tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling, therapeutic resistance and immunomodulation, and outlines the challenges to clinical translation. Lactate drives the lactylation of histone and non-histone proteins, and alters chromatin structure and transcriptional programs to maintain tumorigenesis. In the TME, lactylation modulates the phenotypes of stromal cells (such as cancer-associated fibroblasts) and immune cells (including macrophages and T cells), forming an immunosuppressive niche. Lactylation can also polarize macrophages towards a tumor-promoting state, inhibit CD8+ T cells and upregulate immune checkpoints. Clinically, lactylation is associated with chemotherapy resistance (such as paclitaxel in breast cancer) and a poor prognosis, highlighting its usefulness as a biomarker. Notably, therapeutic strategies targeting lactate synthesis (such as lactate dehydrogenase A inhibitors), lactate transport (for example, monocarboxylate transporter 1/4 blockers) or lactase (such as histone lactate transferase) have shown promise in preclinical models. In conclusion, lactylation promotes tumor progression while also providing a viable therapeutic target. Deciphering its environment-dependent mechanisms, particularly its interactions with immune checkpoints and metabolic vulnerabilities, may advance precision oncology. Validating biomarkers and therapies centered on lactylation is a key frontier in improving clinical outcomes.

Roberta Giugliano, F. Dell'Anno, L. de Paolis et al.

Introduction Cancer is a leading cause of death in cats, and the rate of such disease has been increasing recently. Nonetheless, feline oncology represents an important area of study not only for the health and wellbeing of cats but also for human health since various types of cancer in cats share similarities to those found in humans. Therefore, epidemiological studies on feline oncology may suggest environmental and genetic factors contributing to cancer in cats, which can eventually be translated to improve human cancer care. Method To provide an initial understanding of the epidemiology of feline neoplasms, a descriptive study was undertaken using a dataset documenting cases of feline cancer gathered from the Liguria region (northwest Italy) spanning from 2002 to 2022. The database includes tumor location, morphological codes of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd Edition (ICD-O-3), feline's breed, sex, neuter status, date of birth, date of diagnosis, national territorial unit code of the town of the owner's residence, and an alphanumeric string uniquely identifying the owner's surname. Results and discussion The dataset involves a population of 4,399 cats, including 3,195 females (1,425 neutered) and 1,204 males (750 neutered). Our results indicate that mammary gland tumors are the most represented tumors in the female population, while soft tissue and skin cancers appear to have a higher abundance in the male population during the periods investigated (2002–2022). Moreover, Poisson regression analysis showed that not neutered female cats have a significantly increased risk of developing mammary gland tumors compared to the neutered female population [proportional morbidity ratio (PMR) neutered vs. not neutered = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.47–0.72]; meanwhile, for both sexes, for soft tissue and skin tumors, being neutered appears to be a risk factor (PMR neutered vs. not neutered = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.86–2.73; PMR neutered vs. not neutered = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.89–1.51). Finally, the evaluation of the Ligurian municipalities pollution, based on wild boars data (i.e., biomonitors), which coexisted with cats, was correlated to cancer development for all the tumors investigated (in polluted areas, estimated PMRs ranged from 42.61 to 80.13, 95% CI: 29.94–105.11). Overall, the data presented here suggest the use of the feline population as a possible animal model for human health, i.e., sentinel.

Sitong Ju, Alexander C. Rokohl, Yongwei Guo et al.

Background The periocular skin is neoplasms-prone to various benign and malignant. Periocular malignancies are more aggressive and challenging to cure and repair than those in other skin areas. In recent decades, immunotherapy has significantly advanced oncology, allowing the autoimmune system to target and destroy malignant cells. Skin malignancies, especially periocular tumors, are particularly sensitive to immunotherapy. This technique has dramatically impacted the successful treatment of challenging tumors. Main text Extraocular cancers, including eyelid (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, merkel cell carcinoma), conjunctival tumors (conjunctival melanoma, ocular surface squamous neoplasia) and other rare tumors, are unique and challenging clinical situations. Several genetic alterations associated with the pathogenesis of these diseases have been identified, and molecular mechanism are essential for the development of the immunotherapy agents, such as Hedgehog pathway inhibitors (vismodegib and sonidegib) for basal cell carcinoma, BRAF/MEK inhibitors (vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and encorafenib) for melanoma, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (Avelumab, pembrolizumab) for Merkel cell carcinoma. Conclusions The optimal treatment for periocular skin cancer depends on the type and size of the tumor and whether it involves orbital and adnexal structures. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy with chemotherapy-targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors should be considered based on tumor type, tumor molecular profile, expected response rate, and candidacy for systemic treatment.

Ming-Huang Chen, Wan-Shan Li, Bin-Chi Liao et al.

Background: The Taiwan Oncology Society (TOS) and the Taiwan Society of Pathology (TSP) have collaborated to present a joint position paper on the molecular tumor boards (MTBs) within the medical institutions of Taiwan. Materials and Methods: To raise awareness of MTBs among health-care professionals, policymakers, and the public, a total of 20 experts from TOS and TSP formulated a joint consensus statement through a voting process. Results: The joint statement proposes key recommendations: (1) MTB discussions encompass diverse molecular analyses including next-generation sequencing (NGS), RNA sequencing, whole-exon sequencing, and whole-genomic sequencing addressing relevant genomic changes, tumor mutation burden, microsatellite instability, and specific biomarkers for certain cancers. (2) MTB meetings should involve multidisciplinary participants who receive regular updates on NGS-related clinical trials. (3) Prioritize discussing cases with unique clinical needs, gene alterations lacking treatments, untreatable neoplasms, or oncogenes unresponsive to targeted therapies. (4) Base MTB discussions on comprehensive patient data, including genetics, pathology, timing of specimen collection, and NGS outcomes. (5) MTBs offer treatment recommendations: standard therapies, off-label use, clinical trials, genetic counseling, and multidisciplinary reviews. (6) MTB effectiveness can be gauged by member composition, case reviews, treatment suggestions, and patient outcomes. Encourage government incentives for MTB engagement. Conclusion: The primary aim of this initiative is to promote the advancement of precision oncology in Taiwan.

A. Gevorkov, A. Snegovoy

Malnutrition is a significant problem for patients with hematological neoplasms and solid tumors, serving as a negative prognostic and predictive factor that reduces the effectiveness of anticancer therapy and worsens survival outcomes.The article discusses the role of nutritional support in improving treatment outcomes, reducing complications, and enhancing the quality of life for cancer patients. It reviews current clinical guidelines for the implementation of nutritional support in oncology and oncohematology, underscoring the necessity of early intervention and continuous monitoring to prevent and address nutritional deficiencies. Various methods of nutritional support, including oral, enteral, and parenteral nutrition, are also discussed, with an emphasis on the importance of a personalized approach to meet the individual needs of patients.

Juan Miguel Lopez Alcaraz, Wilhelm Haverkamp, Nils Strodthoff

Background: Neoplasms are a major cause of mortality globally, where early diagnosis is essential for improving outcomes. Current diagnostic methods are often invasive, expensive, and inaccessible in resource-limited settings. This study explores the potential of electrocardiogram (ECG) data, a widely available and non-invasive tool for diagnosing neoplasms through cardiovascular changes linked to neoplastic presence. Methods: A diagnostic pipeline combining tree-based machine learning models with Shapley value analysis for explainability was developed. The model was trained and internally validated on a large dataset and externally validated on an independent cohort to ensure robustness and generalizability. Key ECG features contributing to predictions were identified and analyzed. Results: The model achieved high diagnostic accuracy in both internal testing and external validation cohorts. Shapley value analysis highlighted significant ECG features, including novel predictors. The approach is cost-effective, scalable, and suitable for resource-limited settings, offering insights into cardiovascular changes associated with neoplasms and their therapies. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of using ECG signals and machine learning for non-invasive neoplasm diagnosis. By providing interpretable insights into cardio-neoplasm interactions, this method addresses gaps in diagnostics and supports integration into broader diagnostic and therapeutic frameworks.

Anshu Ankolekar, Sebastian Boie, Maryam Abdollahyan et al.

Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a promising solution to address the limitations of centralised machine learning (ML) in oncology, particularly in overcoming privacy concerns and harnessing the power of diverse, multi-center data. This systematic review synthesises current knowledge on the state-of-the-art FL in oncology, focusing on breast, lung, and prostate cancer. Distinct from previous surveys, our comprehensive review critically evaluates the real-world implementation and impact of FL on cancer care, demonstrating its effectiveness in enhancing ML generalisability, performance and data privacy in clinical settings and data. We evaluated state-of-the-art advances in FL, demonstrating its growing adoption amid tightening data privacy regulations. FL outperformed centralised ML in 15 out of the 25 studies reviewed, spanning diverse ML models and clinical applications, and facilitating integration of multi-modal information for precision medicine. Despite the current challenges identified in reproducibility, standardisation and methodology across studies, the demonstrable benefits of FL in harnessing real-world data and addressing clinical needs highlight its significant potential for advancing cancer research. We propose that future research should focus on addressing these limitations and investigating further advanced FL methods, to fully harness data diversity and realise the transformative power of cutting-edge FL in cancer care.

Huajun Zhou, Fengtao Zhou, Chenyu Zhao et al.

The essence of precision oncology lies in its commitment to tailor targeted treatments and care measures to each patient based on the individual characteristics of the tumor. The inherent heterogeneity of tumors necessitates gathering information from diverse data sources to provide valuable insights from various perspectives, fostering a holistic comprehension of the tumor. Over the past decade, multimodal data integration technology for precision oncology has made significant strides, showcasing remarkable progress in understanding the intricate details within heterogeneous data modalities. These strides have exhibited tremendous potential for improving clinical decision-making and model interpretation, contributing to the advancement of cancer care and treatment. Given the rapid progress that has been achieved, we provide a comprehensive overview of about 300 papers detailing cutting-edge multimodal data integration techniques in precision oncology. In addition, we conclude the primary clinical applications that have reaped significant benefits, including early assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and biomarker discovery. Finally, derived from the findings of this survey, we present an in-depth analysis that explores the pivotal challenges and reveals essential pathways for future research in the field of multimodal data integration for precision oncology.