Hasil untuk "Mechanical drawing. Engineering graphics"

Patricia G. F. Matsubara, Tayana Conte

Over twenty years ago, the Software Engineering (SE) research community have been involved with Evidence-Based Software Engineering (EBSE). EBSE aims to inform industrial practice with the best evidence from rigorous research, preferably from systematic literature reviews (SLRs). Since then, SE researchers have conducted many SLRs, perfected their SLR procedures, proposed alternative ways of presenting their results (such as Evidence Briefings), and profusely discussed how to conduct research that impacts practice. Nevertheless, there is still a feeling that SLRs' results are not reaching practitioners. Something is missing. In this vision paper, we introduce Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks from the health sciences, which propose gathering experts in panels to assess the existing best evidence about the impact of an intervention in all relevant outcomes and make structured recommendations based on them. The insight we can leverage from EtD frameworks is not their structure per se but all the relevant criteria for making recommendations to practitioners from SLRs. Furthermore, we provide a worked example based on an SE SLR. We also discuss the challenges the SE research and practice community may face when adopting EtD frameworks, highlighting the need for more comprehensive criteria in our recommendations to industry practitioners.

Carla Paoliello, Beike Li, Elena Metzdorf

This conceptual paper critically examines the Human-Centered Design focus of Design Thinking and the Double Diamond methodology, highlighting their limitations in addressing global challenges. It advocates for an urgent paradigm shift toward Nature-Centered Design (NCD), a design process that prioritizes ecological sustainability and harmonious relationships with nature and non-humans, valuing nature’s wisdom over its resources and considering interconnected social, economic, and environmental factors. NCD envisions a future in which designers collaborate with non-human elements, challenging pre-settled hierarchies. It endorses a perspective, aligning the Symbiocene epoch concepts with Indigenous wisdom to foster empathy and respect for nature. In conclusion, other questions arise about society’s readiness for NCD and the transformative role of Design in shaping a sustainable future. The result is a statement about the significance of (re)connecting with nature, recognizing it as a fundamental pursuit for fostering a harmonious coexistence and cultivating a deeper understanding of the place of humans within the intricate web of life.

Daniele Fanzini

Marco Manfra

By linking the three interconnected worlds of design, materials and social contexts, at different scales and in multiple contexts, materials may be perceived not merely as passive products that perform a functional role, but as complex and changeable systems, capable of bringing value to contexts, territories and broader socio-cultural and relational aspects. By examining the value of knowledge, skills and practices that emerge when the material becomes social - namely, when the direct relationship with the material is not only a productive act but also a form of rediscovered contact with the surrounding world -, this contribution will attempt to illustrate how, in the case of cork in Alentejo (Portugal) and yolky wool in Abruzzo (Italy), design and materials serve as catalysts for social change and community cohesion. This speculative research aims to emphasise the importance of the correspondence between the material and social dimensions, revealing how re-establishing a direct relationship with materials and their transformative processes can contribute today to the urgent survival of these proactive, crucial and pioneering social relations, which can drive a radical paradigm shift, both conceptually and materially.

Hayato Ishida, Amal Elsokary, Maria Aslam et al.

Realisation of significant advances in capabilities of sensors, computing, timing, and communication enabled by quantum technologies is dependent on engineering highly complex systems that integrate quantum devices into existing classical infrastructure. A systems engineering approach is considered to address the growing need for quantum-secure telecommunications that overcome the threat to encryption caused by maturing quantum computation. This work explores a range of existing and future quantum communication networks, specifically quantum key distribution network proposals, to model and demonstrate the evolution of quantum key distribution network architectures. Leveraging Orthogonal Variability Modelling and Systems Modelling Language as candidate modelling languages, the study creates traceable artefacts to promote modular architectures that are reusable for future studies. We propose a variability-driven framework for managing fast-evolving network architectures with respect to increasing stakeholder expectations. The result contributes to the systematic development of viable quantum key distribution networks and supports the investigation of similar integration challenges relevant to the broader context of quantum systems engineering.

Simon van Wageningen, Tamara Mchedlidze, Alexandru C. Telea

Graph drawings are commonly used to visualize relational data. User understanding and performance are linked to the quality of such drawings, which is measured by quality metrics. The tacit knowledge in the graph drawing community about these quality metrics is that they are not always able to accurately capture the quality of graph drawings. In particular, such metrics may rate drawings with very poor quality as very good. In this work we make this tacit knowledge explicit by showing that we can modify existing graph drawings into arbitrary target shapes while keeping one or more quality metrics almost identical. This supports the claim that more advanced quality metrics are needed to capture the 'goodness' of a graph drawing and that we cannot confidently rely on the value of a single (or several) certain quality metrics.

Marlese Ribeiro, Francisco Providência

The article aims to frame the Design Ecosystem in Portugal, presenting data on education, research and employability in design, and identify possible causes for the still fragile connection between design and the industry. In Portugal, the extinction of the Portuguese Design Center, in 2013, exacerbates this lack of representation of design among companies, the public administration, and the general public, an space that is urgent to occupy. Oriented to observe, discuss, and think about the schools and research in design in the context of the national ecosystem, the REDE — Meeting of Design Schools presents itself as a sharing space for designing the future of Design Schools. The REDE started as an initiative of the Design Observatory in Portugal project of the ID+ Research Institute for Design, Media and Culture that aims to collect and interpret data from the Portuguese Design ecosystem to promote knowledge and influence public policies.

Elisa L’Angiocola, Angela Giambattista

In the healthcare systems mostly oriented towards clinical performance the risk to dehumanize patients subsists, perceiving them as people to fix just biologically. The relationship patient-caregiver and the need to probe patients’ emotions is still a plus, not an integrated component of care. This research starts analysing the experience of female patients during the pre- and post-operative care in public hospitals within gynaecological departments, considering a sample from 16 to 60 years old. The main goal is to develop a digital healthcare service to improve the hospital stay before and after surgery, enhancing care quality, patients’ experience and co-create value with the patients. The research spur to develop a project based on Service design methodology, with a Human Centred Design approach. The intention is to raise awareness about the importance of a different healthcare approach like Patient Centred, where women are the fulcrum in which the whole process revolves.

Andrea Facchetti

In this paper I discuss the necessity to overcome the image of Big Brother in addressing surveillance issues through design practice. The idea of an ecological approach to surveillance, with references to the society of control (Deleuze, 1992), the sensor society (Andrejevic and Burdon, 2014), the capture model (Agre, 1994) and the concept of opacity (Glissant, 1990; Blas, 2014), is then presented as a suitable theoretical framework for understanding and questioning contemporary digital surveillance. The ecology of surveillance makes it possible to highlight: the decentralized and variable geometric structure of control; the shift from optical to an informatic visibility; the persistent asymmetries of knowledge and power implied in the ecology of surveillance. Based on this framework, a pool of case studies is analysed in order to trace two different approaches in the design of counter-surveillance practices: the deconstructionist approach and the tactical one.

Delia Dumitrescu, Martina Motta

The transition to digital design tools challenges the craftsmanship of textile and fashion designers as part of the product value chain, opening for reflection on how textile craftsmanship should be taught in education due to the current trend of digitalisation. By looking at new forms of craftsmanship, this research expands on the idea of teaching students transdisciplinary methods which connect analogue and digital tools within textile and fashion design education. Based on analysis of a number of case studies, we propose a framework of different strategies for teaching textile craftsmanship in the digital design age, with the aim of integrating textile-specific digital environments — which have been designed primarily to maximise the efficiency of industrial processes, rather than to enhance design development with regard to artistic expression — and non-textile digital tools on the basis that these are exploratory in nature and open to more creative design practices.

Dezhi Ran, Mengzhou Wu, Wei Yang et al.

By treating data and models as the source code, Foundation Models (FMs) become a new type of software. Mirroring the concept of software crisis, the increasing complexity of FMs making FM crisis a tangible concern in the coming decade, appealing for new theories and methodologies from the field of software engineering. In this paper, we outline our vision of introducing Foundation Model (FM) engineering, a strategic response to the anticipated FM crisis with principled engineering methodologies. FM engineering aims to mitigate potential issues in FM development and application through the introduction of declarative, automated, and unified programming interfaces for both data and model management, reducing the complexities involved in working with FMs by providing a more structured and intuitive process for developers. Through the establishment of FM engineering, we aim to provide a robust, automated, and extensible framework that addresses the imminent challenges, and discovering new research opportunities for the software engineering field.

Alexa Mottram, Craig Nyarambi, Emilio Rossi

What happens when brands engage in activism and involve themselves in the socio-political lives of their consumers? The rise of social issues and political messages in brand design is an emerging topic for the Design discipline. Designers are asked to communicate more complex ideologies in products and advertising campaigns. Designing-in values, individuality and political stance is becoming more commonplace though the impact of such efforts on consumers is mixed. This study explores the complexity of political engagement to woke design. A series of case studies discussed in this paper show that when brands are involved in activism, it impacts their consumers, reputation, and products. The analysis of evidence extracted from case studies indicates that activism campaigns have polarizing effects on consumers, increasing the brands’ reputation. Moreover, a visual model mapping the dynamics of activism in brand design is presented to allow an assessment of the phenomenon.

Carla Binucci, Aaron Büngener, Giuseppe Di Battista et al.

The study of nonplanar drawings of graphs with restricted crossing configurations is a well-established topic in graph drawing, often referred to as beyond-planar graph drawing. One of the most studied types of drawings in this area are the $k$-planar drawings $(k \geq 1)$, where each edge cannot cross more than $k$ times. We generalize $k$-planar drawings, by introducing the new family of min-$k$-planar drawings. In a min-$k$-planar drawing edges can cross an arbitrary number of times, but for any two crossing edges, one of the two must have no more than $k$ crossings. We prove a general upper bound on the number of edges of min-$k$-planar drawings, a finer upper bound for $k=3$, and tight upper bounds for $k=1,2$. Also, we study the inclusion relations between min-$k$-planar graphs (i.e., graphs admitting min-$k$-planar drawings) and $k$-planar graphs. In our setting we only allow simple drawings, that is, any two edges cross at most once, no two adjacent edges cross, and no three edges intersect at a common crossing point.

Paul Jungeblut

In a Lombardi drawing of a graph the vertices are drawn as points and the edges are drawn as circular arcs connecting their respective endpoints. Additionally, all vertices have perfect angular resolution, i.e., all angles incident to a vertex $v$ have size $2π/\mathrm{deg}(v)$. We prove that it is $\exists\mathbb{R}$-complete to determine whether a given graph admits a Lombardi drawing respecting a fixed cyclic ordering of the incident edges around each vertex. In particular, this implies NP-hardness. While most previous work studied the (non-)existence of Lombardi drawings for different graph classes, our result is the first on the computational complexity of finding Lombardi drawings of general graphs.

Kamil Cieplak, Jacek Janiszewski, Michał Grązka et al.

An experimental and numerical study on three flat specimen geometries for characterization of the dynamic shear behavior of metals with the use of the compression Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) technique is presented in the paper. The aim of the work is to determine for which specimen shape the most equilibrium state of stress is achieved, and the stress state in the shear zone is closest to simple shear during dynamic deformation. The high strain rate tests were performed on a Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy, which was deformed with shear strain rate from 9200 to 12,700 s⁻¹. The obtained results indicate that the specimen geometry marked as D2S (double-shear version 2 specimen) with double shear zones guarantees high quality of the obtained experimental data.

Oswin Aichholzer, Alfredo García, Irene Parada et al.

Simple drawings are drawings of graphs in which two edges have at most one common point (either a common endpoint, or a proper crossing). It has been an open question whether every simple drawing of a complete bipartite graph $K_{m,n}$ contains a plane spanning tree as a subdrawing. We answer this question to the positive by showing that for every simple drawing of $K_{m,n}$ and for every vertex $v$ in that drawing, the drawing contains a shooting star rooted at $v$, that is, a plane spanning tree containing all edges incident to $v$.

Samuel Rahardian, Ilyasa Dwi Putra, Bentang Arief Budiman

This work investigated the pros and cons of aluminum material used for electric trike frame compared with steel material. With a compact design and small dimension, e-trike is suitable to be used in many relatively small road accesses. However, the compact design can cause the frame to receive high and concentrated stress. The aluminum-based frame had lower strength, but lighter weight compared to the steel-based frame. In this study, the stress evaluation for both aluminum-based and steel-based frames is done using the finite element method. The minimum thickness of the aluminum-based frame was iterated to match the strength of the steel-based frame. The results showed that the aluminum-based frame has comparable performance to the steel-based frame but with lighter weight. However, the production cost of the aluminum-based frame might be a challenging issue to be solved.