Hasil untuk "Law of Europe"

J. Brundage

Natali Helberger, Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius, Agustin Reyna

In modern markets, many companies offer so-called 'free' services and monetize consumer data they collect through those services. This paper argues that consumer law and data protection law can usefully complement each other. Data protection law can also inform the interpretation of consumer law. Using consumer rights, consumers should be able to challenge excessive collection of their personal data. Consumer organizations have used consumer law to tackle data protection infringements. The interplay of data protection law and consumer protection law provides exciting opportunities for a more integrated vision on 'data consumer law'.

Laura State, Alejandra Bringas Colmenarejo, Andrea Beretta et al.

Explainable AI (XAI) provides methods to understand non-interpretable machine learning models. However, we have little knowledge about what legal experts expect from these explanations, including their legal compliance with, and value against European Union legislation. To close this gap, we present the Explanation Dialogues, an expert focus study to uncover the expectations, reasoning, and understanding of legal experts and practitioners towards XAI, with a specific focus on the European General Data Protection Regulation. The study consists of an online questionnaire and follow-up interviews, and is centered around a use-case in the credit domain. We extract both a set of hierarchical and interconnected codes using grounded theory, and present the standpoints of the participating experts towards XAI. We find that the presented explanations are hard to understand and lack information, and discuss issues that can arise from the different interests of the data controller and subject. Finally, we present a set of recommendations for developers of XAI methods, and indications of legal areas of discussion. Among others, recommendations address the presentation, choice, and content of an explanation, technical risks as well as the end-user, while we provide legal pointers to the contestability of explanations, transparency thresholds, intellectual property rights as well as the relationship between involved parties.

Runhua Wang, Jyh-An Lee, Jingwen Liu

Amid the surge of intellectual property (IP) disputes surrounding non-fungible tokens (NFTs), some scholars have advocated for the application of personal property or sales law to regulate NFT minting and transactions, contending that IP laws unduly hinder the development of the NFT market. This Article counters these proposals and argues that the existing IP system stands as the most suitable regulatory framework for governing the evolving NFT market. Compared to personal property or sales law, IP laws can more effectively address challenges such as tragedies of the commons and anticommons in the NFT market. NFT communities have also developed their own norms and licensing agreements upon existing IP laws to regulate shared resources. Moreover, the IP regimes, with both static and dynamic institutional designs, can effectively balance various policy concerns, such as innovation, fair competition, and consumer protection, which alternative proposals struggle to provide.

Șerban. Henrieta

In political science today, the notions of “governance“ and “good governance“ compete as synonyms. The negative connotations of the first term (from the sphere of significance of the idea of leadership, or also care for one or more minors or immatures of any age, apprentices, etc.) are clear. That is why the preference for the phrase “good governance“ is justified, it is democratic, it is even a correct ethical preference. Extremely suggestive of “good governance“ is the image of the good steering of a ship at sea (κυβερνάω), protecting it from rocks and any other dangers and ensuring it a maximum advance with as little consumption as possible, an image also consistent with the etymology involved for governance that we choose to translate by the phrase “good governance“. The complexity of the topic is addressed via a multitude of aspects and directions of analysis including, but not limited to, the differences between “digitalization“ and “digitization“ , the Council of Europe view on digital good governance, the recommendations made by OECD in the Romanian situation in what concerns digitalization, the case of “Ion“, the IA governance adviser etc. The study concludes that digital good governance should ensure and not challenge in any way the defining characteristics of good governance: participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, the orientation towards consensus social inclusion efficiency and efficacity, accountability, the guaranty of human rights and good practices. The governing of the digital space and of the algorithms should prevail over the governance of the citizens by the algorithms.

Rafał Niedziela

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie uprawnień kanclerza Francji w czasach nowożytnych. Był to jeden z najważniejszych urzędników francuskiej monarchii. Miał duży zakres władzy, cieszył się prestiżem i przywilejami. Kierował pracą kancelarii królewskiej i nadzorował pieczętowanie dokumentów. Wykonywał funkcje ministra sprawiedliwości. Był zwierzchnikiem sądów i sędziów, a także głównym inspiratorem ustawodawstwa królewskiego. Zasiadał w radach królewskich. Sprawował nadzór nad instytucjami edukacyjnymi i naukowymi – kolegiami, uniwersytetami i akademiami. Odpowiadał za cenzurę prewencyjną. W niektórych okresach powierzano mu również obowiązki związane z dyplomacją, bezpieczeństwem państwa oraz polityką finansową. W tekście pokazano nie tylko jego prawa i przywileje, ale także ograniczenia, z którymi musiał się mierzyć. Artykuł oparty jest na literaturze i źródłach w języku francuskim. Pokazuje ewolucję urzędu od początku epoki nowożytnej aż do rewolucji francuskiej, kiedy zdecydowano o jego likwidacji.

Holli Sargeant, Ahmed Izzidien, Felix Steffek

This paper addresses a critical gap in legal analytics by developing and applying a novel taxonomy for topic classification of summary judgment cases in the United Kingdom. Using a curated dataset of summary judgment cases, we use the Large Language Model Claude 3 Opus to explore functional topics and trends. We find that Claude 3 Opus correctly classified the topic with an accuracy of 87.13% and an F1 score of 0.87. The analysis reveals distinct patterns in the application of summary judgments across various legal domains. As case law in the United Kingdom is not originally labelled with keywords or a topic filtering option, the findings not only refine our understanding of the thematic underpinnings of summary judgments but also illustrate the potential of combining traditional and AI-driven approaches in legal classification. Therefore, this paper provides a new and general taxonomy for UK law. The implications of this work serve as a foundation for further research and policy discussions in the field of judicial administration and computational legal research methodologies.

Wenjia Jing, Jack Xin, Yifeng Yu

Using formal renormalization theory, Yakhot derived in ([32], 1988) an $O\left(\frac{A}{\sqrt{\log A}}\right)$ growth law of the turbulent flame speed with respect to large flow intensity $A$ based on the inviscid G-equation. Although this growth law is widely cited in combustion literature, there has been no rigorous mathematical discussion to date about its validity. As a first step towards unveiling the mystery, we prove that there is no intermediate growth law between $O\left(\frac{A}{\log A}\right)$ and $O(A)$ for two dimensional incompressible Lipschitz continuous periodic flows with bounded swirl sizes. In particular, we do not assume the non-degeneracy of critical points. Additionally, other examples of flows with lower regularity, Lagrangian chaos, and related phenomena are also discussed.

Martina Míková

The article focuses on the functioning of military criminal justice in the period of the end of the First World War and in the first years of the First Czechoslovak Republic. The content of the article is a case study in which a criminal case is analyzed. The aim of this analysis is to outline the functioning of military criminal justice in the period under review, including the relevant legislation. Within the text, attention is also paid to the practical problems that the authorities involved in military criminal proceedings had to deal with.

Jorge Luis Costa Hernandez

The fundamental principle of the art of war is victory, a doctrine also present in the facts of arms, known through numerous quotations, in the complex peninsular political-military context in the central centuries of the Middle Ages. However, the Hispanic exceptionable granted by the permeable border with Al-Andalus integrates this principle, if we confront it with Western Europe. During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, due to the advance towards the south of the Christian kingdoms that strengthen their territory A militarized society is formed regulated by a series of provisions that govern the military obligations feudal-vassal, of the different social groups, among them are the inhabitants of the towns and cities of the Christian kingdoms giving rise to the term “a society for war”, characterized by special rules and jurisdictions regulatingt the relations between the border settlements and their lords, in substance a particular border law different from the rules governing the interior of the kingdom. The one that contemplates the service of arms, in its different modalities (apellido, cabalgada o hueste) as an essential element of its provisions.

Jens M. Scherpe

Europe consists of many very different jurisdictions and there is no institution that actually has the legislative power to create family laws for member states of the European Union, let alone Europe as a whole. Therefore, one could assume that no common "European Family Law" exists. However, this article argues that while there of course cannot be a full "European Family Code", some core elements of European Family Law have grown organically through similar social and legal developments, while other core elements have been established by institutional actions as well as court decisions. Together, these core elements represent fragments of a growing body of European Family Law.

Deng Wang

Whether the first law of black hole mechanics is correct is an important question in black holes physics. Subjected to current limited gravitational wave events, we propose its weaker version that permits a relatively large perturbation to a black hole system and implement a simple test with the first event GW150914. Confronting the strain data with the theory, we obtain the constraint on the deviation parameter $α=0.07\pm0.11$, which indicates that this weaker version is valid at the 68\% confidence level. This result implies that the first law of black hole mechanics may be correct.

Deng Wang

The Hubble law (HL) governs the low-redshift (low-z) evolution of the distance of an object. However, there is a lack of an investigation of its validity and effective radius for a long time, since the low-z background data with a high precision is scarce. The latest Type Ia supernovae sample Pantheon+ having a significant increase of low-z data provides an excellent opportunity to test the HL. We propose a generalized HL and implement the first modern test of the HL with Pantheon+. We obtain the constraint on the deviation parameter $α=1.00118\pm0.00044$, confirm the validity of linear HL with a $0.04\%$ precision and give the transition redshift $z_t=0.03$ and luminosity distance $D_{L,t}=123.13\pm1.75$ Mpc, which means that HL holds when $z<0.03$ and breaks down at a distance of $D_L>123.13$ Mpc. Comparing the ability of Type Ia supernovae and HII galaxies in testing the HL, we stress the uniqueness and strong power of Type Ia supernovae in probing the low-z physics.

Његослав Јовић

Предмет овог рада је принудна лиценца за патенте који се односе на производњу фармацеутских производа кроз упоредно истраживање међународних конвенција и спора-зума, регулативе Европске уније, законске регулативе Републике Србије и Босне и Херцеговине, те праксе држава које су издавале принудне лиценце за патенте који се односе на производњу фар-мацеутских производа. Рад је подијељен на два дијела. У првом дијелу је извршен приказ историјског развоја принудне лиценце и пракса издавања принудне лиценце за патенте који се односе на производњу фар-мацеутских производа. У другом дијелу рада се тероријски и прак-тично разматрају принудне лиценце за патенте који се односе на производњу фармацеутских производа намјењених за извоз у државе које имају проблема са јавним здрављем. Циљ истраживања је да се утврди да ли имају исти приступ и интересе за употребу принудне лиценце за патенте који се односе на производњу фармацеутских производа, развијене земље, са једне стране, и земље у развоју и неразвијене земље, са друге стране.

Daniel Takács, František Pažitný

On the 20th of April 2022, Comenius University in Bratislava, the Faculty of Law, Department of Constitutional Law and Constitutional committee of the National Council of Slovak Republic organized an international scientific conference named: ,,Ensuring the operation of the constitutional bodies of the Slovak Republic during crisis situations: current possibilities, limits and possible solutions“.  It was organized in the National Council building. This event was supported by French Institute in Bratislava.

Antony T. Anghie

K. P. Mooley, B. Margalit, C. J. Law et al.

We present new radio and optical data, including very long baseline interferometry, as well as archival data analysis, for the luminous decades-long radio transient FIRST J141918.9+394036. The radio data reveal a synchrotron self-absorption peak around 0.3 GHz and a radius of around 1.3 mas (0.5 pc) 26 years post-discovery, indicating a blastwave energy $\sim5 \times 10^{50}$ erg. The optical spectrum shows a broad [OIII]$λ$4959,5007 emission-line that may indicate collisional-excitation in the host galaxy, but its association with the transient cannot be ruled out. The properties of the host galaxy are suggestive of a massive stellar progenitor that formed at low metallicity. Based on the radio light curve, blastwave velocity, energetics, nature of the host galaxy and transient rates we find that the properties of FIRST J1419+39 are most consistent with long gamma-ray burst (LGRB) afterglows. Other classes of (optically-discovered) stellar explosions as well as neutron star mergers are disfavored, and invoking any exotic scenario may not be necessary. It is therefore likely that FIRST J1419+39 is an off-axis LGRB afterglow (as suggested by Law et al. and Marcote et al.), and under this premise the inverse beaming fraction is found to be $f_b^{-1}\simeq280^{+700}_{-200}$, corresponding to an average jet half-opening angle $<θ_j>\simeq5^{+4}_{-2}$ degrees (68% confidence), consistent with previous estimates. From the volumetric rate we predict that surveys with the VLA, ASKAP and MeerKAT will find a handful of FIRST J1419+39-like events over the coming years.

B. Bugarič

The article offers an analysis of the particular type of populism that has evolved in Eastern and Central Europe, most notably in Hungary and Poland. The new populism in ECE differs from other populisms because it combines the elements of populism, ethnonationalism, and authoritarianism. Adhering to a similar script, which consists of sustained attacks on rule of law institutions, civil rights and freedoms, the media, and electoral rules, both populist governments in a relatively short period of time dismantled almost all the key cornerstones of democracy in Hungary and Poland. The current surge of populism in ECE demonstrates that constitutional democracy is in great danger when its core principles no longer enjoy wide democratic support. Paradoxically, constitutional democracy can play its “counter-majoritarian” role only when a majority of the people believe that it is the only game in town. Ultimately, democratic political parties and social movements with credible political ideas and programs offer the best hope for the survival of constitutional democracy. The role of law and constitutional checks and balances is less of an essential bulwark against democratic backsliding than is traditionally presumed in the legal literature.

L. Helfer, E. Voeten

Judges and scholars have long debated whether the European Court of Human Rights (the ECtHR or the Court) can only expand, never diminish, human rights protections in Europe. Recent studies have found that political backlashes and national-level restrictions have influenced ECtHR case law. However, analysing whether the ECtHR is shifting in a regressive direction faces an empirical challenge: How can we observe whether the Court is limiting rights over time if it has never expressly overturned a prior judgment in a way that favours the government? We gain traction on this question by analysing all separate and minority opinions of the ECtHR Grand Chamber between 1998 and 2018. We focus on opinions asserting that the Grand Chamber has tacitly overturned prior rulings or settled doctrine in a way that favours the respondent state, which we label as ‘walking back dissents’. We find that walking back dissents have become significantly more common in the last decade, revealing that some members of the ECtHR themselves believe that the Grand Chamber is increasingly overturning prior judgments in a regressive direction.

R. Coman, C. Leconte

ABSTRACT In recent years, government officials in Hungary, Poland and Austria have contested the authority of the EU in areas linked to core state powers, such as democracy and the rule of law and migrations. Analyzing the discursive strategies displayed by conservative and/or right-wing governments in these countries, the article shows how the old conflict line over sovereignty that has traditionally shaped the integration process – supranational vs domestic sovereignty – is being complemented by a new discourse which consists in disparaging EU ‘interference’ in the very name of European values and a common European identity, defined in opposition to multiculturalism and political liberalism. Pioneered by Viktor Orban, this discourse has been circulating among other Central European heads of government and incumbent parties’ officials in the wake of the refugee ‘crisis’, which opened up a discursive opportunity structure for its diffusion.