Hasil untuk "Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar"

Lucia VIŞINESCU

compte rendu

Adam Dabrowski, Ayako Yokogawa

Flow is described as a state in which people become so involved or engrossed in an activity that nothing else seems to matter (Csikszentmihalyi, 2009). This state of consciousness seems to occur when a person is involved in a task and seemingly unable to stop. Flow states are marked by (a) a perceived balance of skills and challenge, (b) opportunities for intense concentration, (c) clear task goals, (d) feedback that one is succeeding at the task, (e) a sense of control, (f) a lack of self-consciousness, and (g) the perception that time passes more quickly (Egbert, 2003). The Japanese Flow State Scale (JFSS) is an instrument which was created specifically to measure flow states experienced during deliberate vocabulary study and is a working component of the first author's Doctor of Philosophy research project, which focuses on the deliberate study of vocabulary with augmented reality (AR) and physical word cards. Analyses with mixed effects models indicated that statistically significant differences in markers of states of flow elicited with the JFSS of 179 L1 Japanese participants on the basis of four deliberate vocabulary study activities (AR, word card study, Quizlet live, and intensive reading) appear to exist.

Xiaofang Zhao, Esther Jawing, Xiaoman Liu

English and Chinese exhibit notable differences across various linguistic aspects. Hypotaxis is a significant feature emphasized in English, whereas parataxis holds prominence in Chinese. Proficiency in writing is a crucial skill to acquire in English language learning, involving the mastery of vocabulary, syntax, and grammar. Chinese students often encounter challenges in comprehending these concepts, resulting in inevitable errors in their written compositions. Such errors can be attributed to the negative transfer effect stemming from their mother tongue (i.e. Chinese). Negative transfer from Chinese may impede or disrupt the acquisition of a second language. Furthermore, the stark sociocultural disparities between Chinese and Western cultures lead to the inadvertent application of Chinese language rules in English expression, consequently compromising accurate usage. This paper utilizes language negative transfer theory, alongside comparative and error analysis theories, to analyze how mother tongue negative transfer affects the English writing proficiency of junior middle school students. Specifically, the study examines the influence of negative transfer on grammar, vocabulary, and discourse. Data for this investigation is collected through the analysis of composition materials. Additionally, the paper concludes by offering recommendations to mitigate the adverse effects of mother tongue negative transfer on English writing proficiency, with the goal of improving English language instruction for Chinese students.

Justine Simon

The article questions the notions of virality and interdisciplinarity through the semiodiscursive analysis of memes of #ChatonsMignons threads in the context of the pre-campaign of the 2022 French presidential elections. The analysis underlines how mobilized interdisciplinary references serve an argumentative dimension.

Joe Bathelt, Kathleen Rastle, J. S. H. Taylor

А.Х. Исаева

Typology of some Lexical Features of English and Russian Languages in the Theory of Communicative competence Summary The article deals with a small comparative grammar analysis of English and Russian languages and reveals some aspects of communicative competence in the study of these languages. It also analyzes the most effective teaching methods for developing communicative competence. In the modern world, knowledge of foreign languages is becoming vital for a person. And from this point of view, the process of proper language teaching is important. Communicative competence plays a big role in learning foreign languages. In this article, we tried to give a small description of the theory of communicative competence by comparing some lexical features of English and Russian languages. Key words: language, communicative competence, linguistic competence, language competence

Oksana Kovtun

The article is dedicated to interpreting the modern understanding of numerals as a part of speech through the prism of both traditional and contemporary grammatical frameworks and new scientific paradigms. It is demonstrated that despite the peripheral nature of this linguistic component, research aspects related to the study of numerals are far from being exhausted today. In the 20th century, numerals were predominantly examined within a focus on traditional grammar and functional grammar, establishing both broad and narrow understandings. In the 21st century, numerals have started to be studied within the realms of the pragmatic, linguocognitive, and linguoconceptual knowledge paradigms, particularly within the perspectives of the emerging linguistic directions such as the poetic grammar, the theory of precedentness, the discourse linguistics, the morphology of evaluation, the grammatical stylistics, as well as the comparative-historical and comparative-contrastive linguistics. It has been established that Ukrainian researchers pay attention to the peculiarities of English numerals, which is associated with its globalization function, and conduct a comparative analysis of the Ukrainian numeral with the English numeral. They also update works on the uniqueness of expressing the concept of quantity through different linguistic units. Separate studies focused on the study of the English numeral are proposed, which is important since English is practically a mandatory subject in secondary schools and universities in Ukraine. Therefore, such research has great significance not only for linguistics but also for didactics. It is noted that the Ukrainian numeral possesses significant potential for modelling evaluative meanings, expression, and artistic linguistic devices. The pragmatic power of certain numerals has been noted, as they have the ability to serve as markers of imagery, emotionality, axiology, expressiveness, and the idiolect of the writer in general. The perspective of research outlined includes the necessity of conducting comparative studies of Ukrainian and English languages, particularly focusing on the morphology of evaluation. Key words: grammar, evaluative meanings, modern scientific trends, numeral, functional load.

E. Ivlieva

The aim of the research is to identify the main cases of the functioning of Anglicisms in the thematic group “Fashion” in the Spanish media discourse. The research is carried out involving extensive modern material, namely the material of the electronic versions of the newspapers El País, El Mundo and ABC over the past five years (2018-2023). The scientific novelty of the work lies in conducting a comprehensive study of the Anglicisms belonging to the thematic sphere “Fashion” functioning in the Spanish media discourse. It is the first time that the use of the Anglicisms of the Spanish media discourse at all significant language levels (spelling, lexis and grammar) in modern Spanish print media has been analysed and a comparative analysis of the linguistic features of Anglicisms in three leading print media has been carried out, which served as the basis for their classification. The research findings showed that the Anglicisms of this thematic group are mainly borrowed directly from English, without changing their English graphics and maintaining pronunciation close to the norms of the original English language. Most of the borrowings are nouns that are embedded in the Spanish language system by obtaining the gender category (uncharacteristic of the English language).

Abdou Elimam

<p class="western" align="justify"><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">After defeating and pushing aside the Carthaginians, the Romans named the territory of north Africa Mauretania and</span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"> its population, </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Mauri</span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">. Later on, historians have had to reflect on the origin of the term mauri to</span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"> designate the population or </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Mauretania </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">to name the territory. Besides the signification of the Latin/Greek word « mauri » which means « black », it is admitted, as well, that the word Mauri is a transcription, into the Latin alphabet, of a punic word meaning « the west » or « the westerners ». If the latter meaning is 2000 years old, the other approbation is relatively modern and suspected of ideological biases. The punic word </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">maġaribis, </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">transcribed </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">mauri/ma’ari/mahauri</span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">, really makes sense since it means </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">the west </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">in Punic - the 15 century-long North African </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">lingua franca</span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">.</span></span></span></p><p class="western" align="justify"><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="western" align="justify"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Received: 11 February 2023 </span></span></span></strong></p><p class="western" align="justify"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Accepted: 21 February 2023 </span></span></span></strong></p><p class="western" align="justify"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Published: 20 March 2023</span></span></span></strong></p>

Danuta Grzesiak-Witek

Trudności w nabywaniu sprawności językowych oraz komunikacyjnych stanowią wyzwanie dla logopedy. Artykuł dotyczy problematyki niedokształcenia mowy o typie afazji motorycznej. Zaburzenia rozwoju mowy mają negatywny wpływ na czynności poznawcze dziecka, dlatego tak ważna jest rzetelna diagnoza i właściwie zorganizowana terapia. Po uporządkowaniu terminologii związanej z zaburzeniami rozwoju językowego, wynikających z uszkodzeń struktur mózgowych, ma miejsce prezentacja przyczyn i charakterystyka typu niedokształcenia mowy o typie afazji motorycznej. Autorka przedstawia procedurę diagnostyki tego typu zaburzenia w oparciu o studium przypadku 3-letniego chłopca oraz dokonuje szczegółowego opisu trudności w zakresie ekspresji u badanego dziecka. W artykule zawarta została także propozycja terapii logopedycznej z naciskiem na zminimalizowanie zaburzeń motorycznych.

Elena Alfaya-Lamas, Menchu Garrote Espantoso

The concept of representativeness is the main distinguishing characteristic of specialised corpora in comparison to other sets of texts. The Coruña Corpus of English Scientific Writing currently comprises four published subcorpora (astronomy, life sciences, history, and philosophy) plus three others under compilation (physics, chemistry and linguistics). In this paper we aim to assess the lexical density of the text samples in CETA, the Corpus of English Texts on Astronomy, by means of the ReCor tool, a posteriori. The study is motivated by the following question: does quantitative representativeness analysis using ReCor provide, in the form of a cross-check, further validation of previous research on the representativeness of CETA? Previous work (Crespo and Moskowich, 2010) has indicated that the CETA corpus is well designed and valid for the purposes for which it was intended. We will here suggest metrics to measure these findings. The most important contribution of this study is to offer quantitative data collection results using the ReCor tool, which allows data triangulation and consequently ensures overall data quality. Results show that data analysis with the ReCor tool supports previous findings, and thus we are able to verify that CETA is indeed representative of the language of its time and register.

فاطمه عسگری

برنامه‌های آموزشی و فرهنگی تبادل دانشجو و دوره‌های کوتاه‌مدت آموزش زبان و فرهنگ خارجی که معمولاً در دانشگاه‌های جامعۀ هدف که زبان آن مورد مطالعه دانشجویان زبان است، فرصت مناسبی برای گسترش مهارت‌های زبانی و اجتماعی- فرهنگی برای زبان‌آموزان فراهم می‌آورد. در دهه‌های گذشته، معمولاً در برنامه‌های آموزشی اینگونه دوره‌های زبان در کنار نکات مربوط به‌دستور زبان، با پخش قطعه‌ای از یک فیلم در کلاس زبان، مدرس سعی بر انتقال مفاهیم فرهنگی و اجتماعی جامعۀ مقصد به‌زبان‌آموز داشت. حال آنکه چنین رویکردی به‌فرهنگ، در بطن آموزش زبان، چندان موفق نبود چرا که چنین رویکردی قادر به‌خلق ارتباط و پل بینافرهنگی با زبان‌آموز نبود. در این مقاله،  برنامۀ آموزشی که در سال‌های اخیر در یکی از این دوره‌های کوتاه مدت زبان و فرهنگ در یکی از دانشگاه‌های ایتالیایی ارائه شده، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. با تحلیلی بر داده‌های گرداوری شده طی  مصاحبه با دو زبان‌آموز که دانشجوی مقطع کارشناسی در رشته زبان ایتالیایی در دانشگاه تهرانند، سعی بر این شده است تا با عنایت به‌مطالعات بین‌المللی انجام شده در حیطه توانش کنشگری بینافرهنگی و مسئله مهارت فرهنگی-اجتماعی زبان ببینیم چقدر این دوره‌های کوتاه مدت، با اتکا بر برنامه‌های آموزشی مناسب و هوشمند، در کسب مهارت‌های فرهنگی زبان به‌دانشجویان کمک می‌کنند.

Олена Кульчицька, Веслі Браун

a comparative analysis of two texts recounting the 2014 Crimean Referendum following the Russian Annexation has been conducted through a systemic-functional paradigm in order to examine linguistic features that have been employed to convey bias or impartiality. These texts have been analyzed taking into account M. Halliday's theory, which states that semantics of the text is inextricably linked with grammar, as meanings are realized in language through formulations [6]. In order to trace the meaning of a text, discursive grammar must be both functional and semantic, i.e. grammatical categories must be interpreted as expressions of semantic models. Field, Tenor and Mode are defined as three aspects of the context that influence ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning, and textual meaning respectively. In the given article ideational and textual meanings are examined.

Philippe Schlenker

Akinmameji Oluwayemisi Olusola

Literature abounds on the way gender issues are foregrounded in both literary and non-literary texts. Many of these studies, especially from the linguistic perspective, fail to pay attention to how proverbs and figurative expressions are used to expose feminist ideology in discourse. This study, therefore, considers the way these cultural elements are used to ex-press the feminist beliefs of Femi Osofisan in some of his drama texts to lend credence to the argument that every genre of text and talk is capable of bearing ideological nuances. The study deploys Norman Fairclough’s socio-cultural model of CDA which incorporates aspects of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) as theoretical model. Three of Osofisan’s drama texts, which mostly express his feminist tendencies; Morountodun, YungbaYungba and the Dance Contest and Tegonni: An African Antigone are purposively sampled to explain the expressive capabilities of women. Proverbs and figurative expressions are subjected to descriptive linguistic analysis to bring out the underlying gender rhetoric. Osofisan projects women’s ability to use proverbs and figures of speechto express power. There is the overrid-ing feminist ideology of women as expressive and dynamic in the texts.

M. R. Manzini

Following Berwick and Chomsky (2011), parameters are degrees of freedom open at the externalization (EXT) of syntactico-semantic structures (SEM) by sensorimotor systems (PHON) (Section 1). Within this framework, in Section 2 I focus on a case study concerning Northern Italian subject clitics, also raising the well-known question how to reconcile observable microvariation with the desideratum of a reduced number of (macro)parameters. Sections 3 reviews recent relevant models of parameterization, the Rethinking Comparative Syntax model (ReCoS, Biberauer et al. 2014) and the Parameters & Schemata model (Longobardi 2005, 2017). Sections 4–5 return to the case study, taking the reductionist view that parameters may be just categorial cuts, such as the 1/2P vs 3P split, interacting with externalization and other general principles of grammar.

Zhanna Evgenievna Vavilova, John Taylor Broadbent

Fossilization was first defined in 1972 as a failure, or an ultimate attainment in adult second language acquisition that falls short of native-speaker competence. It represents a final stage in the interlanguage development of the individual learner and characterizes all but a very few adult second language learners. Over the 40 years or so since the term appeared, fossilization in adult second language acquisition has come to be widely accepted by scholars as a genuinely existing phenomenon. Fossilization is now viewed as permanent and resistant to correction either through instruction or acculturation. However, no universally accepted definition or explanation of fossilization has achieved universal acceptance. This paper attempts to add an extralinguistic perspective on fossilization and its possible outcome in the communicative practice of adult L2 speakers by building a bridge between linguistics and teaching languages, on the one hand, and philosophy of communication, on the other. Habermasian concept of communicative rationality is applied to demonstrate that oratory and writing skills ensure a more significant role in a dialogue, which seems to be sufficient grounds for fighting fossilization. In terms of the theory of speech acts, the paper attempts to trace the mechanism of fossilizing in a transition from the inner space of an individual consciousness and intent (illocution) to the outer space of the perlocutionary consequence when a locutionary distortion of the speech itself does not affect the speaker’s intent and he / she receives no feedback of the error made. Several factors inhibiting the effectiveness of such corrective feedback are touched upon, as well as certain strategies adopted by second language learners in their communicative efforts.

E. Keizer, H. Olbertz

Chinelo J. Ezekulie, Maryam Julde-Adura