Hasil untuk "Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law"

Jorge Alberto Witker Velásquez, Reyes Enrique Vázquez May

Este artículo tiene como propósito principal el registro y examinación de estándares más relevantes que han sido aplicados para resolver casos relacionados con posibles medidas regresivas y falta de recursos disponibles en contextos de crisis económicas. Para tal propósito, se examinan las evaluaciones desarrolladas y empleadas en las decisiones judiciales de los tribunales constitucionales de España, Portugal, Colombia y México, en contraste con aquellas del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos, especialmente en el Sistema Universal y los sistemas regionales europeo e interamericano. Todo lo anterior para identificar un test de medidas regresivas que atienda a los elementos en común de los DESCA: el núcleo esencial, las obligaciones básicas y sus dimensiones.

Daniel Parrochia

Scientific cosmology has now reached its period of maturity with the establishment of a standard model, which is the theory of an expanding universe. The question of whether this expansion resolves itself, in the past, into a singularity identifiable with an absolute beginning, or whether the universe in which we are is only one of the multiple possible universes existing either in space or in time, is still under debate. Moreover, the assimilation of the beginning of the universe to a "creation" has often been contested by theology, which, since Thomas Aquinas, if not since the Fathers of the Church, tends to carefully distinguish the two. In the following article, after briefly summarizing some points in the recent history of scientific cosmology, we will attempt to present in broad outline the standard model that scientists have arrived at. Then, we will undertake to study some of the problems it raises as well as the alternative theories that can be opposed to it. Finally, we will discuss the problematic links that scientific cosmology continues to maintain with philosophy and theology, notably the thorny question of creation from nothing ({\it creatio ex nihilo}).

Oscar Pérez de la Fuente

Este artículo reseña: Jorge E. NÚÑEZ, Cosmopolitanism, State Sovereignty and International Law and Politics: A Theory, Routledge, London, New York, 2023, 216 pp.

Alexis Buixan

Réfléchir à l’émergence du concept de « culture de constitution » dans le débat académique pose la question de l’intériorisation par les acteurs politiques et juridiques des formes constitutionnelles dans leurs pratiques politiques. Inscrit dans une démarche comparatiste, ce phénomène permet de mettre en évidence des trajectoires nationales singulières, déterminées par l’histoire, les mœurs, les contextes sociaux et les règles de droit. Ce concept devient ainsi un étalon pour éprouver la légitimité et l’adhésion ressenties à l’égard de la Constitution. Une telle méthode juridico-culturelle nous informe plus largement sur la fonction réflexive du droit constitutionnel comparé : « connaître l’autre pour mieux se connaître soi-même ».

Robert Law, David Chandler, Phillip Voigt et al.

Glacier and ice-sheet motion is fundamental to glaciology. However, we still lack a consensus for the optimal way to relate basal velocity to basal traction for large-scale glacier and ice-sheet models (the 'sliding relationship'). Typically, a single tunable coefficient loosely connected to one or a limited number of physical processes is varied spatially to reconcile model output with observations. Yet, process-agnostic studies indicate that the suitability of a given sliding relationship depends on the setting. Here, we suggest that this arises from myriad overlapping setting- and scale-dependent sliding sub-processes, including complicated near-basal stress states not captured by large-scale models, reviewed here as comprising a basal 'sliding layer'. A corresponding 'bulk layer' then accounts for ice deformation only minimally influenced by bed properties. We provide a framework for incorporating arbitrarily many sub-processes within a given region -- separated into normal ('form drag') and tangential ('slip') resistance at the ice-bed interface, stressing that the maximum scale of cavitation is an important contributor to the division between the two. Under reasonable assumptions, our framework implies that sliding relationships should fall within a sum of regularised-Coulomb and power-law components, with a rough-smooth distinction proving more consequential in dictating sliding behaviour than a traditional hard-soft transition.

Carlo Rovelli

These are lectures notes prepared for a series of seminars I am invited to give at Princeton Philosophy Department in November 2024. They cover the conceptual structure of quantum gravity, the relational interpretation of quantum mechanics, the structure of time, its orientation and the openness of the future, the physical underpinning of information and meaning, and some general considerations on the fact that concepts evolve, on perspectivalism and anti-foundationalism.

Maria Yulissa Moreno Córdoba, Heiler Palacios Córdoba

En la mente de la sociedad colombiana, existe la idea de que las comunidades negras afrocolombianas, llegaron a los territorios como un grupo homogéneo, teniendo así una idea errónea. La población afrocolombiana posee una diversidad cultural y regional, se incluye la población afro integradas en costas atlántica y pacífica, además de ello las comunidades raizales y palenqueras; quienes además consideran que la naturaleza es fuente de vida, el cuidado de la tierra, del agua, del aire es prioridad por cuanto todo ello genera el sostenimiento del planeta. Los afrocolombianos, vienen en una constante lucha por el reconocimiento de sus derechos como comunidad, el reconocimiento de su cultura, de sus territorios, de su economía, por la no discriminación racial entre otras situaciones. Así mismo, estas comparten una historia en común, una cultura y en especial unas prácticas tradicionales que sirvieron como base para definir su carácter étnico y así establecer que sus derechos territoriales deberían ser colectivos; de allí la lucha por el reconocimiento y titulación de las tierras, como fuente fundamental del sustento de las comunidades asentadas en estos territorios.

Oscar Pérez de la Fuente

El artículo aborda el tema de la diversidad cultural y los derechos de las minorías no étnicas, como la minoría homosexual y la comunidad Sorda. Se discute el enfoque del interculturalismo la alternativa de los derechos individuales desde la visión de la igualdad. También se examina cómo estas identidades se afirman como auténticas subculturas y qué consecuencias puede tener esto para la conformación de las identidades, el discurso de los derechos y los modelos de gestión de la diversidad cultural. Es necesario reconocer que todas las personas tienen los mismos derechos básicos, sin importar su etnia, características genéticas u orientación sexual, y debemos respetar sus elecciones y decisiones en cuanto a su identidad personal. Se discute si la protección de las identidades, en este caso de la diversidad subcultural, requiere de derechos de grupo o, simplemente, el mecanismo de los derechos individuales es suficiente. La minoría homosexual y la comunidad Sorda son analizadas en profundidad, y se concluye que ambas deben ser protegidas como minorías (sub)culturales y/o lingüísticas, y no sólo como minorías sociales. En definitiva, el Derecho puede seguir siendo un celoso guardián de la diferencia, siempre y cuando se entienda la diferencia como una condición común, la más profunda de cada uno de nosotros.

Marco Panza

The chapter advances a reformulation of the classical problem of the nature of mathematical objects (if any), here called "Plato's problem," in line with the program of a philosophy of mathematical practice. It then provides a sketch of a platonist solution, following the same perspective. This solution disregards as nonsensical the question of the existence of abstract, and specifically mathematical, objects, by rather focusing on the modalities of our access to them: objects (in general, both concrete and abstract) are regarded as individual contents that we have (or can have) a de re epistemic access to. The question of the existence of mathematical objects is then replaced by that of the modalities of our de re epistemic access to individual mathematical contents.

Cameron C. Yetman

The following annotated bibliography contains a reasonably complete survey of contemporary work in the philosophy of astrophysics. Spanning approximately forty years from the early 1980s to the present day, the bibliography should help researchers entering the field to acquaint themselves with its major texts, while providing an opportunity for philosophers already working on astrophysics to expand their knowledge base and engage with unfamiliar material.

Igor V. Nikolaev

We study a relation between the Drinfeld modules and the even dimensional noncommutative tori. A non-abelian class field theory is developed based on this relation. Explicit generators of the Galois extensions are constructed.

Farhad Javadi, Hormoz Asadi Koohbad, Sadegh Alboghabish

According to the theory of Shia and Sunni jurists, men and women are retaliated against each other, but the retribution of the man's soul against the woman's soul is conditional on the payment of half of the man's debt. They are equal to each other and after that the retribution of the male member against the female member is subject to the payment of half of the dues of the male member.A woman's self-discharge is half of a man's self-discharge, but a man and a woman are equal to each other in the member's shock until it reaches one third of the complete shock, and after that, the female's shock is reduced to half of the man's shock. In this study, it is clear that the difference between men and women in retribution and dowry is one of the fixed rules of Islam, so it cannot be changed; Although the Islamic government is obliged to compensate the women heads of the household.In this research, topics such as explaining the opinion of famous jurists, the philosophy of retribution, expressing and criticizing the opinions of those who believe in equality between men and women in retribution and dowry in terms of Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian criminal law have been discussed.

O. Kresin

The article showing that the highest goal of each autonomous general legal discourse is the construction and implementation of its vision and mission as a special picture of the world – a conceptualized and structured model of an aspect or fragment of reality accessible through its research program and methods. Depending on different types of scientific rationality, this picture of the world can be considered as a subject, object or goal of a scientific discipline, but it continues to be the main question of the latter, even if it is not formulated as such. The claim to the right to construct and present one’s own picture of the world as common to all legal discourses has actually been and is a key point of competition and dominance between legal philosophy, legal theory and comparative jurisprudence (comparative law) during the last two centuries. The author argues that only comparative jurisprudence’s awareness of its own fundamental experience and continuity, available opportunities and valuable advantages in creating a picture of the world can bring it from a semi-marginal state to a well-deserved central status among general legal disciplines in the scientific and educational agenda. In addition, a realistic and inductive picture of the world of comparative jurisprudence is better for considering and modeling the existing and potential serious challenges of legal development. Key words: scientifi c picture of the world, cognitive goal of science, comparative law, comparative jurisprudence.

O. Stovba

The article is dedicated to the reasoning of the bounds of law. The specificity of the chosen approach expresses itself as the attempt to clarify, what gives us a possibility to consider this or that entity as “Law.” It’s worth to remark, that any scientist, never mind on his/her scientific specificity, tends to hypertrophy the meaning of scientific subject. For example, a mathematician imagines the Universe as a sequence of numbers, (whereas) a chemist tries to represent it as the unity of chemical elements that are disposed in various relations to each other. However, a biologist considers the environment as a totality of living creatures, and a sociologist, in its turn, intents to put a human measure on everything in order to represent world through the human relations. Thus, even despite the mentioned tendency, legal science hypertrophies its relevance in a very extraordinary way. The absoluteness of law doesn’t recognize any measures. In accordance with the point of view of classical jurisprudence, law as the world of the Ought penetrates all the space andtime, law is relevant to every circumstances and doesn’t leave any gaps. That is to say, similar to religion, law turns itself into the eye of providence, which observes on the any human deeds and connects to them its legal consequences. So, the logical conclusion of the similar view is that the any humanrelation, which has ever existed in the history, is already ordered by law, whether natural, positive or common law. If we try to express this statement by the language of classical jurisprudence, it’s possible to say, that we can apply the legal form on all the human relations improperly, nonethelesson the specificity of its content. At the same time, such events as wars, revolutions, catastrophes clearly indicate that in the similar circumstances law loses its validity. Similarly, family relationship, relations between friends, colleagues, rivals in the sport competitions cannot be ordered properly by the means of law. Thus, the academic novelty of the author’s approach lies in the attempt to clarify the conditions of the possibility of the reasoning the Being of law. So, we can come to conclusion that it’s necessary to reconsider law as the language of law, which is embodied in the living bodily co-presentation of the Other and gives us a possibility to conceptualize the bounds of law adequately.

I. Vistak

The article analyzes the methodological aspects of the study of the sociological concept of law in the USA. It is noted that the most important question of a methodological nature is the question of the sociological concept of law in US jurisprudence of the 20th century. as a subject of research of historical and legal science, or its constituent history of political and legal studies. Given the fact that the sociological concept of law is one way or another studied by the philosophy of law, the theory of law, the question arises about the relationship between these sciences. The subject specificity of the history of legal thought and the history of the philosophy of law is shown. The relationship between the history of legal thought and the history of the philosophy of law is revealed to be of methodological importance for the study of the sociological concept of law in the jurisprudence of the USA of the 20th century, as it allows the formation of a methodology of knowledge based on philosophical and legal approaches and principles and a special methodological toolkit (methods and techniques) of the theory of law and philosophy rights Philosophical and legal conceptual approaches and principles have a worldview character in research and allow the use of concepts of the theory of legal understanding. In other words, the category sociological concept of law and as a result of its development sociological legal understanding has a philosophical meaning. The filling of this content took place with the help of various approaches and directions of general theoretical jurisprudence, in particular anthropological, etymological and legal. approaches of legal sociology. At the same time, this content (meaning) has a specific historical layer of knowledge. The content of the category “meaning” in the history of legal thought finds its fulfillment in the fact that it is connected with the understanding of the specifics of the studied era, the identification of its peculiar properties, the understanding of the studied teaching in its modern scientific and theoretical significance and cognitive value, the clarification of objective social significance (social meaning) and personal meaning (personal meaning) in the reproduction of past historical reality, reconstruction of historical situations.

V. Honcharov

The relevance of the topic of this paper is due to the insufficient study of the influence of Strawson’s naturalistic theory of morality on modern jurisprudence and philosophy of law. This comprehensive paper explores Peter Strawson’s naturalistic theory of morality, delving into the phenomena of victim blaming and its ancient roots in mythological contexts. It begins by assessing Strawson’s fundamental works, “Freedom and Resentment” (1962) and “Social Morality and Individual Ideal” (1961), elucidating how human emotional attitudes and moral accountability underpin society’s moral fabric. The subject of the study is to analyze the ways of using moral argumentation and its boundaries in justifying the phenomena of victim blaming. The purpose of the work is to theoretically examine the connection of victim blaming within modern societal attitudes to ancient mythologies, revealing a profound enduring narrative thread. The novelty of the topic is due to the lack of studies in the educational and scientific literature on the specifics of the argumentation of victim blaming in modern legal philosophy, the need to rethink traditional ideas about the philosophical grounds of the criminal law, especially how the belief in divine will and a deity’s alignment with the perpetrator of violence, embedded within archaic societies, resonates within the victim blaming paradigm. By examining the concept of sacrifice in both well-known and obscure myths, the paper explains the purposeful nature of victimhood, and its societal implications. It further evaluates the philosophical and cultural dimensions of violence in archaic societies, deconstructing how violence was considered divine in such contexts. The intersection of victim blaming and moral responsibility is then examined, particularly how they influence societal attitudes and legal frameworks. The research methods characteristic of analytical jurisprudence, including those related to the use of methods of logical and linguistic analysis, as well as special legal methods (formal legal method of interpretation of regulatory prescriptions) were used. The paper concludes with a synthesis of these insights, reflecting on their implications for understanding Strawson’s naturalistic theory of morality. It offers significant conclusions about the complex relationships between morality, victim blaming, and societal norms, emphasizing the theory’s utility in comprehending the nature and impacts of victim blaming.

Mariana Cristina

En este artículo presentaré la importancia de revisar críticamente los términos usuales utilizados para denominar al vínculo que se establece entre quien gesta para otras personas y quienes requieren esa gestación para tener un bebé, con la intención de proponer un significante, a mi entender, más adecuado: relación de alquiler/sustitución del embarazo. Para ello, en primer lugar, aludiré sucintamente a cómo el uso del lenguaje en reproducción asistida no es neutral. En segundo lugar, examinaré las nomenclaturas más utilizadas en lengua castellana como por ejemplo “alquiler de vientre” y “gestación por sustitución”, entre otras, y las analizaré a través de dos criterios:  el rol de la persona gestante y el tipo de relación entre quien gesta y quien/es quieren ser madre/s y/o padre/s Por último, utilizaré ambos criterios para proponer el nuevo significante.

Alejo Joaquín Giles, Olivia Minatta

En los litigios por discriminación, probar el motivo discriminatorio puede ser problemático. La Corte Suprema argentina, inspirada en su par estadounidense, estableció una regla que intenta facilitar esa tarea a los litigantes. Sin embargo, entre los procesos civiles de ambos países existen diferencias relevantes relativas a las facultades de las partes para incorporar evidencia al proceso y ajustar sus posiciones en base a la información nueva que surja en su desarrollo. En el contexto argentino, estas diferencias procesales le quitan a la regla potencial para lograr su propio cometido: allanar el camino probatorio de quien aduce discriminación. Luego de desarrollar el problema, en este artículo sugerimos dos cursos de acción posibles para corregirlo. Uno, establecer de forma más precisa las cargas probatorias asignadas a cada una de las partes. Otro, reevaluar algunos aspectos centrales del sistema procesal. 

Laura G. Zaragoza Contreras, Sheiny Sugueysha Beltrán Morales

En el año 2011 se reformó la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, desde entonces se ordena que todas las autoridades, en el ámbito de sus competencias, tienen la obligación de dar a conocer los derechos de los gobernados de acuerdo con los principios de universalidad, interdependencia, indivisibilidad y progresividad. La responsabilidad que tiene el Estado de promover, implica que los ciudadanos deben recibir información básica en su propia lengua. Esto se aplica a los derechos político-electorales, pues es menester que todos los integrantes de comunidades y pueblos indígenas conozcan adecuadamente las propuestas de campaña de los candidatos políticos para así emitir un voto razonado.

Muhammad Sajeer P

Philosophy has nurtured fundamental science by asking the right questions. This scientific growth has fuelled research in various domains and introduced diverse disciplines. Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary domain with numerous applications ranging from medical diagnostics and food technology to electronics and psychology. Exploring nanotechnology's philosophical and social perspective can better understand these domains and may open new doors for research. This review addresses philosophical and other aspects of nanotechnology, such as history, definitions, vision, language, laws, politics, and ethics. This is an attempt to equip anyone in the field of nanotechnology with philosophical and social insights. We expect this review to provide an introductory understanding of philosophy and other aspects to the nanotechnologists, which are usually excluded from their degree curriculum.