Ezieddin Elmahjub, Junaid Qadir, Abdullah Mushtaq
et al.
As millions of Muslims turn to LLMs like GPT, Claude, and DeepSeek for religious guidance, a critical question arises: Can these AI systems reliably reason about Islamic law? We introduce IslamicLegalBench, the first benchmark evaluating LLMs across seven schools of Islamic jurisprudence, with 718 instances covering 13 tasks of varying complexity. Evaluation of nine state-of-the-art models reveals major limitations: the best model achieves only 68% correctness with 21% hallucination, while several models fall below 35% correctness and exceed 55% hallucination. Few-shot prompting provides minimal gains, improving only 2 of 9 models by >1%. Moderate-complexity tasks requiring exact knowledge show the highest errors, whereas high-complexity tasks display apparent competence through semantic reasoning. False premise detection indicates risky sycophancy, with 6 of 9 models accepting misleading assumptions at rates above 40%. These results highlight that prompt-based methods cannot compensate for missing foundational knowledge. IslamicLegalBench offers the first systematic framework to evaluate Islamic legal reasoning in AI, revealing critical gaps in tools increasingly relied on for spiritual guidance.
Celia Chen, Alex Leitch, William Jordan Conway
et al.
The quality of a user's social media experience is determined both by the content they see and by the quality of the conversation and interaction around it. In this paper, we look at replies to tweets from mainstream media outlets and official government agencies and assess if they are good faith, engaging honestly and constructively with the original post, or bad faith, attacking the author or derailing the conversation. We assess automated approaches that may help in making this determination and then show that within our dataset of replies to mainstream media outlets and government agencies, bad faith interactions constitute 68.3% of all replies we studied, suggesting potential concerns about the quality of discourse in these specific conversational contexts. This is particularly true from verified accounts, where 91.7% of replies were bad faith. Given that verified accounts are algorithmically amplified, we discuss the implications of our work for understanding the user experience on social media.
Mathematical and astronomical achievements of the Islamic World during its golden era are briefly exposed. Thie article is based on the invited talk delivered remotely at the ICRANet-Isfahan Astronomical meeting, November 2-5, 2021, which, in turn, reproduces major parts of one of the chapters of my book ``Our Celestial Clockwork'', published recently (2021) by the World Scientific.
Kazi Abrab Hossain, Jannatul Somiya Mahmud, Maria Hossain Tuli
et al.
While recent developments in large language models have improved bias detection and classification, sensitive subjects like religion still present challenges because even minor errors can result in severe misunderstandings. In particular, multilingual models often misrepresent religions and have difficulties being accurate in religious contexts. To address this, we introduce BRAND: Bilingual Religious Accountable Norm Dataset, which focuses on the four main religions of South Asia: Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam, containing over 2,400 entries, and we used three different types of prompts in both English and Bengali. Our results indicate that models perform better in English than in Bengali and consistently display bias toward Islam, even when answering religion-neutral questions. These findings highlight persistent bias in multilingual models when similar questions are asked in different languages. We further connect our findings to the broader issues in HCI regarding religion and spirituality.
With the widespread of software systems and applications that serve the Islamic knowledge domain, several concerns arise. Authenticity and accuracy of the databases that back up these systems are questionable. With the excitement that some software developers and amateur researchers may have, false statements and incorrect claims may be made around numerical signs or miracles in the Quran. Reproducibility of these claims may not be addressed by the people making such claims. Moreover, with the increase in the number of users, scalability and availability of these systems become a concern. In addition to all these concerns, extensibility is also another major issue. Properly designed systems can be extensible, reusable and built on top of one another, instead of each system being built from scratch every time a new framework is developed. In this paper, we introduce the QuranResearch.Org system and its vision for scalability, availability, reproducibility and extensibility to serve Islamic database systems.
We consider the inverse problem of reconstructing the scattering coefficient of a simple radiative transport equation (RTE) used to model light propagation inside a scattering medium. To do so, we extract information from the second term in the collision expansion, that is, light that has been scattered by a single collision, for solutions to the RTE. We show that with proper sources and measurements, the scattering coefficient for the RTE can be obtained via an algebraic formula, resulting in a reconstruction with improved stability compared to the normal X-ray transform inversion method. We extend these theorems to apply to a multi-frequency setting in which photons change frequency after collisions. Then, we discuss potential applications of our theory for 3D image reconstruction.
Lu'liyatul Mutmainah, Listia Andani, Ela Susilawati
The mosque has so far been known only as a place of worship such as prayer and recitation by Muslims. History records that during the time of the Prophet, the mosque was also the center of government, economic center, education center, and others. Some mosques are also tourist areas that provide more economic value so that they can improve people's welfare. However, tourist areas often cause problems related to waste, water use, and others. Understanding of the circular economy that can provide sustainable benefits is still not widely known and implemented, including for managing mosques. This study aims to analyze and propose an optimization model for mosque-based circular economic empowerment to achieve a sustainable economy. The research uses a qualitative approach with literature studies and in-depth interviews with related parties. The results of the study show that empowering mosques based on a circular economy will not only have a positive impact on places of worship but also the economic, social, and environmental sectors. For example, managed mosque waste can provide economic value. In addition, the use of ablution water can be reused for land irrigation and fish farming. The synergy between the government, universities, communities, and the industrial world can be carried out to implement this mosque-based circular economy. The results of this study can be used as a basis for recommendations and a pilot project for implementing mosque-based circular economic empowerment.
Edafetanure-Ibeh Faith, Evah Patrick Tamarauefiye, Mark Uwuoruya Uyi
The aim of attending an educational institution is learning, which in turn is sought after for the reason of independence of thoughts, ideologies as well as physical and material independence. This physical and material independence is gotten from working in the industry, that is, being a part of the independent working population of the country. There needs to be a way by which students upon graduation can easily adapt to the real world with necessary skills and knowledge required. This problem has been a challenge in some computer science departments, which after effects known after the student begins to work in an industry. The objectives of this project include: Designing a web based chat application for the industry and computer science department, Develop a web based chat application for the industry and computer science and Evaluate the web based chat application for the industry and computer science department. Waterfall system development lifecycle is used in establishing a system project plan, because it gives an overall list of processes and sub-processes required in developing a system. The descriptive research method applied in this project is documentary analysis of previous articles. The result of the project is the design, software a web-based chat application that aids communication between the industry and the computer science department and the evaluation of the system. The application is able to store this information which can be decided to be used later. Awareness of the software to companies and universities, implementation of the suggestions made by the industry in the computer science curriculum, use of this software in universities across Nigeria and use of this not just in the computer science field but in other field of study
Many recent language model (LM) interpretability studies have adopted the circuits framework, which aims to find the minimal computational subgraph, or circuit, that explains LM behavior on a given task. Most studies determine which edges belong in a LM's circuit by performing causal interventions on each edge independently, but this scales poorly with model size. Edge attribution patching (EAP), gradient-based approximation to interventions, has emerged as a scalable but imperfect solution to this problem. In this paper, we introduce a new method - EAP with integrated gradients (EAP-IG) - that aims to better maintain a core property of circuits: faithfulness. A circuit is faithful if all model edges outside the circuit can be ablated without changing the model's performance on the task; faithfulness is what justifies studying circuits, rather than the full model. Our experiments demonstrate that circuits found using EAP are less faithful than those found using EAP-IG, even though both have high node overlap with circuits found previously using causal interventions. We conclude more generally that when using circuits to compare the mechanisms models use to solve tasks, faithfulness, not overlap, is what should be measured.
Emroni Emroni, Abduh Amri, Raihanatul Jannah
et al.
This study aims to analyze the strengthening of the quality of human resources to build religious moderation in the Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Sullamut Taufiq, Banjarmasin and the Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Nurul Islam, Banjarmasin. This research used a qualitative case study, where data were obtained from interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis was carried out through data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The results of the study show that strengthening the quality of human resources to build religious moderation is carried out through strengthening national commitment through flag ceremonies and learning activities, accommodating to local culture shown in habituation activities and acculturation of madrasa activities, curricular learning, habituation activities, the commemoration of Islamic holidays. This research has implications for the importance of human resources in the success of religious moderation activities in schools so that the spirit of nationalism, patriotism and inclusivism is optimally awakened.
The era of digitalization has a real and broad effect from various walks of life, one of which demands in governance and the education system is clear evidence that this era is a new challenge in the world of education. Education is expected to be able to produce full quality human seed products, which are called 21st century competencies. 21st century competence is the main ability that must be pocketed by students in order to collaborate in real life in the 21st century. In the 21st century, the challenge is given to be able to create education that can participate in producing thinkers who are qualified in the development of economic and social order and are aware of how to become a decent citizen of the world in the 21st century. This study aims to describe 21st century students and look for relationships or relevance to Al Ghazali's thoughts regarding students in the book of Ayyuhal-Walad. The research method applied is descriptive qualitative. The results of the study indicate that Imam al-Ghazali's thoughts in his book, have relevance to the perspectives of 21st century students related to character education until now the main focus in education. and the 21st century teaches them to judge the good and the bad of all things. In accordance with the thoughts of Imam Al Ghazali in his book Ayyuhal-Walad which contains advice and suggestions to do good things and consider bad things.
Ilham habibi Sormin, Muhammad Dalimunthe , Syahrul Abidin
The development of the film world is very diverse and produces films with various styles. Broadly speaking, films can be grouped by story, making orientation, and by genre. This study aims to determine the representation of feminism contained in the science fiction film entitled Level 16. This study uses a qualitative method with the semiotic analysis technique of Ferdinand De Saussure's model which examines the signs in life. Through this method, several scenes are selected in the level 16 film, then these scenes are revealed into denotative and connotative meanings and then interpreted in signifier and signified. In this study, the researcher found ten scenes that presented feminism in level 16 films.
In this work, we explore the use of hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) for the task of temporal sequence prediction. Using a combination of deep learning and HRL, we develop a stock agent to predict temporal price sequences from historical stock price data and a vehicle agent to predict steering angles from first person, dash cam images. Our results in both domains indicate that a type of HRL, called feudal reinforcement learning, provides significant improvements to training speed and stability and prediction accuracy over standard RL. A key component to this success is the multi-resolution structure that introduces both temporal and spatial abstraction into the network hierarchy.
Çalışmanın amacı, ilahiyat/İslami ilimler fakültelerinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin din-bilim ilişkisine yönelik yaklaşımlarının belirlenmesi için hazırlanan bir din-bilim ilişkisi tutum ölçeği geliştirmektir. Din-bilim ilişkisi din, bilim ve felsefesinin en önemli kesişim noktalarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Modern dönemde bu ilişkinin sorgulanmasına dair tartışmalar farklı unsurların etkisiyle oldukça ileri boyutlara ulaşmıştır. Son yıllarda ülkemizde bu durumun yoğunlaştığı çevrelerden biri de ilahiyat/İslami ilimler fakülteleridir. Özellikle Bu fakültelerin öğrencileri açısından meselenin farklı boyutlarıyla ele alınması önem arz etmektedir. Ancak çalışmalar ağırlıklı olarak teorik boyutta yürütülmekte olup, nicel boyutların eksik kaldığı söylenebilir. Bu açıdan makale alanda yapılan ilk örnek konumundadır. Ölçek sorularının oluşturulmasında, din-bilim ilişkisine yönelik ortaya konan en kapsamlı çalışmalardan biri olan Ian G. Barbour’un dörtlü tipolojisi esas alınmıştır. Özellikle bu tipolojideki çatışma, ayrışma ve uzlaşma yaklaşımları belirleyici olmuştur. Üç farklı çalışma grubu oluşturulmuş ve Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat fakültesinde öğrenim görmekte olan toplam 594 öğrenci ile çalışılmıştır. Ölçeğin geliştirilmesinde karma yöntem araştırmalarından keşfedici sıralı desen kullanılmış olup, dört adım bulunmaktadır. İlk adımda araştırmacılar tarafından maddeler yazılmış ve alan uzmanlarının görüşleri alınarak düzeltmeler yapılmıştır. İkinci adımda madde analizi için uygulama yapılmış, üçüncü adımda açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) için uygulama yapılmış, dördüncü ve son adımda doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre ölçeğin çatışma/ayrışma ve uzlaşma diye isimlendirilen iki alt boyuttan oluşan bir ölçek geliştirilmiştir. Ölçeğinin güvenirliği iç tutarlılık (cronbach alpha) yöntemi ile analiz edilmiş ve her bir alt boyutu için cronbach alpha değerleri çatışma alt boyutu için .90, uzlaşma alt boyu için de .77 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu sonuçlar ölçeğin her bir alt boyutunun güvenilir olduğuna işaret etmektedir.
Sheikh Alî al-Bistâmî Musannifak (d. 875/1470), one of the outstanding scholars of his century, spent part of his maturity period in Khorasan after his childhood and youth. Later, he migrated to the land of Rum (Anatolia) and held scientific, military and administrative duties. Musannifak, who came to the Ottoman world at the beginning of the Hijri 860’s, made an effort to introduce himself and established close relations with Grand Vizier Mahmûd Pasha (d. 878/1474). The author dedicated his work Tuhfa-i Mahmûdî/Tuhfa al-vuzara, a work of political advice, to Mahmûd Pasha. This Persian work, completed in Edirne on Thursday, 12 Cemaziyelevvel 861/7 April 1457, is the first work the author wrote when he came to the Ottoman world. The author, who was in search of patronage and seems to have been trying to show off his career, also talked about his family, teachers, ijazets, journeys and books in the eighth chapter of the work consisting of ten chapters. This part, which includes Musannifak’s autobiography, is an interesting example of a biography from the classical period. The section, which can be viewed as analogous to a CV presentation to the prospective employer in today’s terms, has not been the subject of significant scholarly work. In our article, the relevant material has been corrected, translated, and examined from different perspectives.
This study examines the relationship between board independence and CSR expenditures on education, health and human and disaster relief for the case of Islamic banks in Bangladesh, Using unbalanced panel data from 2010 to 2020, the results indicate that board independence is positively and significantly associated with CSR expenditures on education and human and disaster relief sectors but is insignificantly related to the CSR expenditure on health. Thus, in forming the governance framework of Islamic banks, there is a need to have board independence to promote the social responsibility of Islamic banks. Indeed, our results suggest that it should be a regulatory requirement.
Islamic and capitalist economies have several differences, the most fundamental being that the Islamic economy is characterized by the prohibition of interest (riba) and speculation (gharar) and the enforcement of Shariah-compliant profit-loss sharing (mudaraba, murabaha, salam, etc.) and wealth redistribution (waqf, sadaqah, and zakat). In this study, I apply new econophysics models of wealth exchange and redistribution to quantitatively compare these characteristics to those of capitalism and evaluate wealth distribution and disparity using a simulation. Specifically, regarding exchange, I propose a loan interest model representing finance capitalism and riba and a joint venture model representing shareholder capitalism and mudaraba; regarding redistribution, I create a transfer model representing inheritance tax and waqf. As exchanges are repeated from an initial uniform distribution of wealth, wealth distribution approaches a power-law distribution more quickly for the loan interest than the joint venture model; and the Gini index, representing disparity, rapidly increases. The joint venture model's Gini index increases more slowly, but eventually, the wealth distribution in both models becomes a delta distribution, and the Gini index gradually approaches 1. Next, when both models are combined with the transfer model to redistribute wealth in every given period, the loan interest model has a larger Gini index than the joint venture model, but both converge to a Gini index of less than 1. These results quantitatively reveal that in the Islamic economy, disparity is restrained by prohibiting riba and promoting reciprocal exchange in mudaraba and redistribution through waqf. Comparing Islamic and capitalist economies provides insights into the benefits of economically embracing the ethical practice of mutual aid and suggests guidelines for an alternative to capitalism.
Understanding pedestrian behavior patterns is a key component to building autonomous agents that can navigate among humans. We seek a learned dictionary of pedestrian behavior to obtain a semantic description of pedestrian trajectories. Supervised methods for dictionary learning are impractical since pedestrian behaviors may be unknown a priori and the process of manually generating behavior labels is prohibitively time consuming. We instead utilize a novel, unsupervised framework to create a taxonomy of pedestrian behavior observed in a specific space. First, we learn a trajectory latent space that enables unsupervised clustering to create an interpretable pedestrian behavior dictionary. We show the utility of this dictionary for building pedestrian behavior maps to visualize space usage patterns and for computing the distributions of behaviors. We demonstrate a simple but effective trajectory prediction by conditioning on these behavior labels. While many trajectory analysis methods rely on RNNs or transformers, we develop a lightweight, low-parameter approach and show results comparable to SOTA on the ETH and UCY datasets.