On a centennial timescale, solar activity was quantified based on records of instrumental sunspot observations. This article briefly discusses several aspects of the recent archival investigations of historical sunspot records in the 17th to 18th centuries. This article also reviews the recent updates for the active day fraction and positions of the reported sunspot groups of the Maunder Minimum to show their significance within the observational history. These archival investigations serve as base datasets for reconstructing solar activity.
High-frequency gaze data contains more user-specific information than low-frequency data, promising for various applications. However, existing gaze modelling methods focus on low-frequency data, ignoring user-specific subtle eye movements in high-frequency eye movements. We present DiffEyeSyn -- the first computational method to synthesise eye movements specific to individual users. The key idea is to consider the user-specific information as a special type of noise in eye movement data. This perspective reshapes eye movement synthesis into the task of injecting this user-specific noise into any given eye movement sequence. We formulate this injection task as a conditional diffusion process in which the synthesis is conditioned on user-specific embeddings extracted from the gaze data using pre-trained models for user authentication. We propose user identity guidance -- a novel loss function that allows our model to preserve user identity while generating human-like eye movements in the spatial domain. Experiments on two public datasets show that our synthetic eye movements preserve user-specific characteristics and are more realistic than baseline approaches. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DiffEyeSyn can synthesise large-scale gaze data and support various downstream tasks, such as gaze-based user identification. As such, our work lays the methodological foundations for personalised eye movement synthesis that has significant application potential, such as for character animation, eye movement biometrics, and gaze data imputation.
La visión tradicional que tenemos en México sobre la conquista y la instauración de la Nueva España resulta reduccionista y grandilocuente. Las investigaciones desarrolladas en las últimas dos décadas han permitido un conocimiento del pasado mucho más detallado que, de la mano de la transdisciplinariedad, ha provisto a la investigación de un enorme acervo de herramientas para el conocimiento del pasado. El presente artículo pretende abordar el tema de la creación de la primera Ciudad de México mediante la adaptación de la ciudad prehispánica que la precedió para acercarnos a la mentalidad de los conquistadores castellanos y al mismo Hernán Cortés por medio del análisis de fuentes, de los análisis urbanos y del trabajo historiográfico para esbozar la imagen de unos conquistadores que fueron pragmáticos y que modificaron y construyeron la Ciudad de México paleohispánica como pudieron, para defenderse de unos enemigos, imaginarios o reales, que podían ser mexicas, pero también europeos.
We study the meaning of "adding a constant to a language" for any doctrine, and "adding an axiom to a theory" for a primary doctrine, by showing how these are actually two instances of the same construction. We prove their universal properties, and how these constructions are compatible with additional structure on the doctrine. Existence of Kleisli object for comonads in the 2-category of indexed poset is proved in order to build these constructions.
Es con este espíritu que el número 86 de la Revista de Historia, correspondiente al primer semestre de 2022, ha publicado los seis artículos que los lectores encontrarán en nuestro sitio web, a quienes dejamos que sean quienes, finalmente, dictamen los compromisos y retos antes mencionados. A poco menos de tres años la Revista de Historia cumplirá el cincuenta aniversario de su fundación, cuyo primer número vio la luz en 1975. Muy nutridas temáticas y una diversa cantidad de artículos científicos, críticas bibliográficas, entrevistas, balances sobre fuentes documentales y otros tipos de publicaciones atinentes a la disciplina historiográfica se han publicado desde entonces, aportando sustento y rigurosidad académica en el debate sobre el quehacer de la Historia en el ámbito nacional y centroamericano.
We develop the compositional theory of active inference by introducing activity, functorially relating statistical games to the dynamical systems which play them, using the new notion of approximate inference doctrine. In order to exhibit such functors, we first develop the necessary theory of dynamical systems, using a generalization of the language of polynomial functors to supply compositional interfaces of the required types: with the resulting polynomially indexed categories of coalgebras, we construct monoidal bicategories of differential and dynamical ``hierarchical inference systems'', in which approximate inference doctrines have semantics. We then describe ``externally parameterized'' statistical games, and use them to construct two approximate inference doctrines found in the computational neuroscience literature, which we call the `Laplace' and the `Hebb-Laplace' doctrines: the former produces dynamical systems which optimize the posteriors of Gaussian models; and the latter produces systems which additionally optimize the parameters (or `weights') which determine their predictions.
In this work we use Equal Oppportunity (EO) doctrines from political philosophy to make explicit the normative judgements embedded in different conceptions of algorithmic fairness. We contrast formal EO approaches that narrowly focus on fair contests at discrete decision points, with substantive EO doctrines that look at people's fair life chances more holistically over the course of a lifetime. We use this taxonomy to provide a moral interpretation of the impossibility results as the incompatibility between different conceptions of a fair contest -- foward-looking versus backward-looking -- when people do not have fair life chances. We use this result to motivate substantive conceptions of algorithmic fairness and outline two plausible procedures based on the luck-egalitarian doctrine of EO, and Rawls's principle of fair equality of opportunity.
Gödel's Dialectica interpretation was conceived as a tool to obtain the consistency of Peano arithmetic via a proof of consistency of Heyting arithmetic in the 40s. In recent years, several proof-theoretic transformations, based on Gödel's Dialectica interpretation, have been used systematically to extract new content from classical proofs, following a suggestion of Kreisel. Thus, the interpretation has found new relevant applications in several areas of mathematics and computer science. Several authors have explained the Dialectica interpretation in categorical terms. In our previous work, we introduced an intrinsic categorical presentation of the Dialectica construction via a generalisation of Hofstra's work, using the notion of Gödel fibration and its proof-irrelevant version, a Gödel doctrine. The key idea is that Gödel fibrations can be thought of as fibrations generated by some basic elements playing the role of quantifier-free elements. This categorification of quantifier-free elements is crucial not only to show that our notion of Gödel fibration is equivalent to Hofstra's Dialectica fibration in the appropriate way, but also to show how Gödel doctrines embody the main logical features of the Dialectica Interpretation. To show that, we derive the soundness of the interpretation of the implication connective, as expounded by Troelstra, in the categorical model. This requires extra logical principles, going beyond intuitionistic logic, namely Markov Principle and the Independence of Premise principle, as well as some choice. We show how these principles are satisfied in the categorical setting, establishing a tight correspondence between the logical system and the categorical framework. Finally, to complete our analysis, we characterise categories obtained as results of the tripos-to-topos of Hyland, Johnstone and Pitts applied to Gödel doctrines.
Phosphorus (P) is considered to be one of the key elements for life, making it an important element to look for in the abundance analysis of spectra of stellar systems. Yet, there exists only a handful of spectroscopic studies to estimate the P abundances and investigate its trend across a range of metallicities. We have observed full HK band spectra at a spectral resolving power of R=45,000 with IGRINS instrument. Abundances are determined using SME in combination with 1D MARCS stellar atmosphere models. The investigated sample of stars have reliable stellar parameters estimated using optical FIES spectra (GILD; Jönsson et al. in prep.). In order to determine the P abundances from the 16482.92 Angstrom P line, we take special care of the CO($ν=7-4$) blend. We determine the C, N, O abundances from atomic carbon and a range of non-blended molecular lines (CO, CN, OH) which are aplenty in the H band region of K giant stars, assuring an appropriate modelling of the blending CO($ν=7-4$) line. We present [P/Fe] vs [Fe/H] trend for 38 K giant stars in the metallicity range of -1.2 dex $<$ [Fe/H] $<$ 0.4 dex. We find that our trend matches well with the compiled literature sample of prominently dwarf stars and limited number of giant stars. Our trend is found to be higher by $\sim$ 0.05 - 0.1 dex compared to the theoretical chemical evolution trend in Cescutti et al. 2012 resulting from core collapse supernova (type II) of massive stars with the P yields from Kobayashi et al. (2006) arbitrarily increased by a factor of 2.75. Thus the enhancement factor might need to be $\sim$ 0.05 - 0.1 dex higher to match our trend. We also find an empirically determined primary behaviour for phosphorus. Furthermore, the phosphorus abundance is found to be elevated by $\sim$ 0.6 - 0.9 dex in two metal poor s-enriched stars compared to the theoretical chemical evolution trend.
Desde finales del siglo XIX y durante el XX se produjo una reactivación de la actividad misional a nivel global. En Colombia, este renacer otorgó un papel protagónico a la Iglesia Católica en las tareas de incorporar a la nación a las poblaciones indígenas que vivían al margen del Estado. Los estudios que analizan el papel de las misiones en el avance estatal hacia territorios «baldíos» en Colombia no han tenido en cuenta las representaciones que los religiosos construyeron sobre los pueblos originarios que debían «civilizar». En estas representaciones se clasificó a dichas poblaciones a partir de criterios raciales y culturales que dotaban de sentido a la actuación misional y, a su vez, legitimaban el nuevo orden republicano. Por ello, en este artículo se analizan las representaciones que los misioneros carmelitas descalzos construyeron sobre el pueblo gunadule de la región del golfo de Urabá. Para emprender esta tarea utilizaremos unas fuentes poco trabajadas, las fotografías.
Substructural logics naturally support a quantitative interpretation of formulas, as they are seen as consumable resources. Distances are the quantitative counterpart of equivalence relations: they measure how much two objects are similar, rather than just saying whether they are equivalent or not. Hence, they provide the natural choice for modelling equality in a substructural setting. In this paper, we develop this idea, using the categorical language of Lawvere's doctrines. We work in a minimal fragment of Linear Logic enriched by graded modalities, which are needed to write a resource sensitive substitution rule for equality, enabling its quantitative interpretation as a distance. We introduce both a deductive calculus and the notion of Lipschitz doctrine to give it a sound and complete categorical semantics. The study of 2-categorical properties of Lipschitz doctrines provides us with a universal construction, which generates examples based for instance on metric spaces and quantitative realisability. Finally, we show how to smoothly extend our results to richer substructural logics, up to full Linear Logic with quantifiers.
A. C. Umuhire, J. Uwamahoro, K. Sasikumar Raja
et al.
Solar radio type II bursts serve as early indicators of incoming geo-effective space weather events such as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). In order to investigate the origin of high-frequency type II bursts (HF type II bursts), we have identified 51 of them (among 180 type II bursts from SWPC reports) that are observed by ground-based Compound Astronomical Low-cost Low-frequency Instrument for Spectroscopy and Transportable Observatory (CALLISTO) spectrometers and whose upper-frequency cutoff (of either fundamental or harmonic emission) lies in between 150 MHz-450 MHz during 2010-2019. We found that 60% of HF type II bursts, whose upper-frequency cutoff $\geq$ 300 MHz originate from the western longitudes. Further, our study finds a good correlation $\sim $ 0.73 between the average shock speed derived from the radio dynamic spectra and the corresponding speed from CME data. Also, we found that analyzed HF type II bursts are associated with wide and fast CMEs located near the solar disk. In addition, we have analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristics of two of these high-frequency type II bursts and compared the derived from radio observations with those derived from multi-spacecraft CME observations from SOHO/LASCO and STEREO coronagraphs.
Recent event of ousting Rohingyas from Rakhine State by the Tatmadaw provoked worldwide public-and-academic interest in history and social evolution of the Rohingyas, and this is to what the article is devoted. As the existing literature presents a debate over Who are the Rohingyas?, and How legitimate is their claim over Rakhine State?, the paper reinvestigates the issues using a qualitative research method. Compiling a detailed history, the paper finds that Rohingya community developed through historically complicated processes marked by invasions and counter-invasions. The paper argues many people entered Bengal from Arakan before British brought people into Rakhine state. The Rohingyas believe Rakhine State is their ancestral homeland and they developed a sense of Ethnic Nationalism. Their right over Rakhine State is as significant as other groups. The paper concludes that the UN must pursue solution to the crisis and the government should accept the Rohingyas as it did the land or territory.
We provide a thorough algebraic analysis of three known completions having a central role in the exact completions of Lawvere's doctrines: the one adding comprehensive diagonals (i.e. forcing equality on terms to coincide with the equality predicate), the one adding full comprehensions and the one adding quotients. We show that all these 2-adjunctions are 2-monadic and that the 2-monads arising from these adjunctions are all property-like. This entails that comprehensive diagonals, full comprehensions and quotients are algebraic properties of an elementary doctrine. Finally, we discuss and present the distributive laws between these 2-monads.
Este artículo analiza cómo ente 1920 y 1960 la comunidad griega disfrutó su tiempo libre a través de la música, los bailes, el teatro y los clubes sociales. Se explica de qué manera la conformación de un espacio social más urbanizado facilitó la apropiación de expresiones de ocio y hábitos de esparcimiento semejantes a las practicadas por la burguesía josefina. El estudio se basa en información del Archivo Nacional, actas municipales, periódicos, fuentes orales y documentación fotográfica.
El libro reseñado aquí centra su análisis en la producción cultural cubana desde el triunfo de la Revolución Cubana hasta el presente. Haciendo uso del concepto de hegemonía cultural de Gramsci, este texto muestra cómo se ha desarrollado la relación entre cultura y política en el contexto cubano, cuáles han sido sus puntos de encuentro y cuáles han sido sus discrepancias. El análisis histórico del libro muestra cómo la producción cultural ha jugado el rol de fuente de poder en la vida política y social de Cuba, y cómo los diferentes tipos de artistas se dan desempeñado como intelectuales orgánicos en la vida cultural de la isla.
A previous study of symmetric collisions of massive nuclei has shown that current models of multi-nucleon transfer (MNT) reactions do not adequately describe the transfer product yields. To gain further insight into this problem, we have measured the yields of MNT products in the interaction of 977 (E/A = 4.79 MeV) and 1143 MeV (E/A = 5.60 MeV) $^{204}$Hg with $^{208}$Pb. We find that the yield of multi-nucleon transfer products are similar in these two reactions and are substantially lower than those observed in the reaction of 1257 MeV (E/A = 6.16 MeV) $^{204}$Hg + $^{198}$Pt. We compare our measurements with the predictions of the GRAZING-F, di-nuclear systems (DNS) and improved quantum molecular dynamics (ImQMD) models. For the observed isotopes of the elements Au, Hg, Tl, Pb and Bi, the measured values of the MNT cross sections are orders of magnitude larger than the predicted values. Furthermore, the various models predict the formation of nuclides near the N=126 shell, which are not observed.