Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

M. Ptak, T. Amnuaylojaroen, M. Sojka

Marta Waliszewska-Prosół, Karol Marschollek, S. Budrewicz et al.

The ‘Migraine in Poland’ study is a large-scale nationwide cross-sectional online survey that assessed symptomatology, consulting, diagnosis, treatment, and burden of migraine in Poland, conducted from August 2021 to June 2022. The purpose of this paper is to define migraine phenotype and patterns of care for Polish men. Participants were recruited through various channels, primarily targeting individuals experiencing headaches. The questionnaire evaluated healthcare system utilization, headache features, history of diagnosis, comorbidities, burden, as well as the use of acute or preventive treatment. The survey included questions that allowed for diagnosis according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders-3. 3225 individuals aged 13 to 80 (mean age 38.9) responded to the survey (87.1% were women). Migraine without aura diagnosis was confirmed in 1679 (52.7%) of subjects, and this group was included in further analysis. The current study group consisted of 244 men (14.6%) and 1431 women (85.4%). Men tended to experience fewer types of headaches compared to women (p < 0.001) and were significantly less likely to report visual and sensory symptoms accompanying the worst headache than women (p < 0.001). Premonitory symptoms preceding the onset of headache were more likely, and the time required to return to normal functioning was longer in men than in women (median 24 and 10 h, respectively; p < 0.001). The use of acute treatment was significantly higher in men, regarding both physician-prescribed medications (80.3% vs. 69.3%; p < 0.001) and over-the-counter medications (77% vs. 52.2%; p < 0.001), as well as natural-based or alternative remedies (43% vs. 15.4%; p < 0.001). Men were more likely to use combination drugs (66% vs. 57.9%; p = 0.017) and often fulfilled the criteria for medication overuse (29.5% vs. 22%; p = 0.01). Prophylactic treatment was less frequently used in men (21.7% vs. 38%; p < 0.001). Men reported spending more money on medications monthly than women (p < 0.001). Both on the MIDAS (p < 0.001) and PHQ-9 (p = 0.002) scales, men scored lower than women. Our study confirms the existence of significant gender differences in the course of migraine, both in terms of clinical characteristics of the disease and patterns related to health behaviors and access to medical care.

G. Lusztig

The history of the canonical basis and crystal basis of a quantized enveloping algebra and its representations is presented

Klaudia Khan

Although platform work is becoming increasingly important, and increasingly present in the public discourse, its representation in the media remains insufficiently researched. In Poland, the simultaneous changes brought about by platformisation and the growing diversification of society due to immigration are evident, with many migrants choosing platform work for various reasons. Media functions as a site where competing meanings of platformisation and migration are articulated, contested, and potentially normalised. This research paper examines how migrant platform workers are represented in Polish online media between 2022 and 2024, a period marked by significant changes in migration flows and platform labour regulation. Drawing on a corpus of 80 news articles published across outlets of diverse political orientations, the study applies a qualitative framing analysis informed by social constructionism and media theory. The analysis identifies three dominant frames – neoliberal, portraying migrants as flexible entrepreneurs and economic assets; solidarity, emphasising precarity, exploitation, and empathy; and securitisation, constructing migrants as sources of risk or threat. The findings highlight how narratives about platforms and migration are fragmented and often contradictory, oscillating between inclusion, protection, and exclusion. The study contributes to debates on platformisation and migration by showing how Polish media discourses not only reflect but also participate in the production of “common sense” understandings of digital labour, mobility, and worker rights.

Szymon Kazusek

The general scarcity of sources available for research on the Vistula rafting in the Partition era is partially alleviated by the contemporary press sources, and in particular by “Dziennik Handlowy” [The Commercial Journal] – the most important Polish post-1772 newspaper on the matters of economy. It contains valuable information on the political, legal and economic conditions of the rafting trade, water transport and technical support for rafting, statistics on ship traffic and the flow of goods, as well as difficulties in inland navigation.

Benedek Varga

For the second time, the legal historians of the Faculty of Law of the University of Szeged participated in the international research group supported by the Visegrad Grant. The central topic of the project, which was implemented between 2021-2022, was the comparative study of the development of Polish, Czech and Hungarian legal systems between the two World Wars. The consortium project “(Dis)continuity of Legal Systems in Czechoslovakia, Hungary & Poland after WWII: Difficult Heritage”, launched in February 2024, focused on the Sovietisation of the legal systems of Central and Eastern European countries, but the methodology remained the same, as the socialist legislation was examined using the methodology of comparative law, in which the international conference organised in the framework of the project played a significant role. Five universities were involved in the research: the Jagellonian University and the University of Bialystok in Poland, the University of Trnava in Slovakia, the University of Plzeň in the Czech Republic, the and the Hungarian Department of Legal History of the University of Szeged in Hungary.

Babak Ghazi, Rajmund Przybylak, Piotr Oliński et al.

Study region: Poland, with the regions of Baltic Coast and Pomerania, Masuria-Podlasie, Greater Poland, Masovia, Silesia, and Lesser Poland located in the basins of the Baltic Coast rivers, the Vistula River and the Oder River. Study focus: This study focused on completing the documentation of historical floods in Poland before the 19th century and providing a valuable source for historical hydrology studies in Europe. To this end, a comprehensive database of all floods for the 17th–18th centuries was used, that was based on documentary evidence from 293 sources and 978 weather notes describing all flood occurrences. New hydrological insights for the region: The finding of this study revealed the occurrences of 678 floods, including 37 new cases that have been discovered and documented only in this research. Spatial analysis of the results revealed that most of the floods occurred in the Vistula River basin. The number of floods by season was greatest for summer (JJA) (47 %) and smallest for autumn (7 %). Investigation of the origin of floods indicated that rain was the main factor contributing to occurrences of floods in Poland (38 %). The estimation of the intensity of floods showed that most of the floods were “smaller, regional floods” (257 cases) based on the Brázdil et al. (2006b) classification and “extraordinary” (501 cases) in the Barriendos &amp; Coeur (2004) classification.

Mohamed MAKKAOUI, Fatima-Zahra HANNOUN, Khalid OUAZIZI et al.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between spirituality at work and employees' psychological well-being in the Moroccan context. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive, and quantitative study involved a sample of 1,110 employees, of which 57.8% were men. Data were collected using an online questionnaire that included sociodemographic data, the “Spirituality at Work” scale, and the Psychological Well-being scale. Descriptive statistics and correlational analyses were utilized to analyse the data and investigate the research objectives of interest. Results: Our findings indicated a positive correlation between spirituality at work and well-being at work, with a significant impact indicated by a beta coefficient of 0.635 (p < 0.001). Among the dimensions of workplace spirituality, meaningful work emerged as a key predictor of well-being with a beta coefficient of 0.893. At the same time, a sense of community also showed a strong correlation with well-being at 0.724. The dimension of inner life had a moderate impact, reflected by a beta coefficient of 0.417. In terms of psychological well-being, dimensions such as autonomy (β = 0.363), positive relationships with others (β = 0.421), personal growth (β = 0.534), and purpose in life (β = 0.188) were all significantly associated, though purpose in life had the lowest correlation. Discussion: This study demonstrates that enhancing spirituality at work significantly contributes to employees' psychological well-being. Meaningful work and a strong sense of community are critical components of this relationship. The findings suggest that organizations should institutionalize spiritual values to foster a supportive and productive work environment, ultimately enhancing employee well-being and organizational effectiveness.

J. Grabowski, Shira Klein

ABSTRACT This essay uncovers the systematic, intentional distortion of Holocaust history on the English-language Wikipedia, the world’s largest encyclopedia. In the last decade, a group of committed Wikipedia editors have been promoting a skewed version of history on Wikipedia, one touted by right-wing Polish nationalists, which whitewashes the role of Polish society in the Holocaust and bolsters stereotypes about Jews. Due to this group’s zealous handiwork, Wikipedia’s articles on the Holocaust in Poland minimize Polish antisemitism, exaggerate the Poles’ role in saving Jews, insinuate that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (Żydokomuna or Judeo–Bolshevism), blame Jews for their own persecution, and inflate Jewish collaboration with the Nazis. To explain how distortionist editors have succeeded in imposing this narrative, despite the efforts of opposing editors to correct it, we employ an innovative methodology. We examine 25 public-facing Wikipedia articles and nearly 300 of Wikipedia’s back pages, including talk pages, noticeboards, and arbitration cases. We complement these with interviews of editors in the field and statistical data gleaned through Wikipedia’s tool suites. This essay contributes to the study of Holocaust memory, revealing the digital mechanisms by which ideological zeal, prejudice, and bias trump reason and historical accuracy. More broadly, we break new ground in the field of the digital humanities, modelling an in-depth examination of how Wikipedia editors negotiate and manufacture information for the rest of the world to consume.

Julia D. Sigwart, Angelika Brandt, Angelika Brandt et al.

The abyssal plains are vast areas without large scale relief that occupy much of the ocean floor. Although long considered relatively featureless, they are now known to display substantial biological heterogeneity across different spatial scales. Ecological research in these regions benefits increasingly from non-destructive visual sampling of epifaunal organisms with imaging technology. We analysed images from ultra-high-definition towed camera transects at depths of around 3500 m across three stations (100–130 km apart) in the Bering Sea, to ask whether the density and distribution of visible epifauna indicated any substantial heterogeneity. We identified 71 different megafaunal taxa, of which 24 occurred at only one station. Measurements of the two most abundant faunal elements, the holothurian Elpidia minutissima and two xenophyophores morphotypes (the more common identifiable as Syringammina limosa), indicated significant differences in local densities and patchy aggregations that were strikingly dissimilar among stations. One station was dominated by xenophyophores, one was relatively depauperate in both target taxa as well as other identified megafauna, and the third station was dominated by Elpidia. This is an unexpected level of variation within comparable transects in a well-mixed oceanic basin, reinforcing the emerging view that abyssal habitats encompass biological heterogeneity at similar spatial scales to terrestrial continental realms.

Rafał Opulski

This essay outlines the sources of the myth of the Great Patriotic War that was used by the Soviet propaganda to legitimize the power of the authorities. It aims to discuss briefly the components of the myth, namely, emotions, the sacred element or sacrum, and the Great Russian nationalism. The German-Soviet 1941–1945 war has been described as a Manichaean confrontation between good and evil, sacrum and profanum, civilisation and barbarism. The significance of the myth is manifested to this day. On the one hand, Russian authorities still use it to validate the socio-political order. On the other, the memory of the victorious war is an important element of historical policy pursued by the countries that are part of the ‘Russkiy Mir’.

Jurkiewicz Magdalena, Hudecová Ľubica, Kyseľ Peter et al.

Many analogies can be drawn from the cadastre in Poland and Slovakia, because of the partly shared history of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, World Wars I and II, and the influence of the Communist regime. However, its development over the years has taken different forms and rules of operation in both countries. Currently, from a European perspective, there are efforts to standardise cadastral systems to expand their functionality for land administration and to accommodate social needs.

M. Żaczek, A. Górski, B. Weber-Dąbrowska et al.

The year 2020 marked 15 years of the Phage Therapy Unit in Poland, the inception of which took place just one year after Poland’s accession to the European Union (2004). At first sight, it is hard to find any connection between these two events, but in fact joining the European Union entailed the need to adapt the regulatory provisions concerning experimental treatment in humans to those that were in force in the European Union. These changes were a solid foundation for the first phage therapy center in the European Union to start its activity. As the number of centers conducting phage therapy in Europe and in the world constantly and rapidly grows, we want to grasp the opportunity to take a closer look at the over 15-year operation of our site by analyzing its origins, legal aspects at the local and international levels and the impressive number and diversity of cases that have been investigated and treated during this time. This article is a continuation of our work published in 2020 summarizing a 100-year history of the development of phage research in Poland.

M. Sokolski, Konrad Reszka, T. Suchocki et al.

Background: Patients with heart failure (HF) are at high risk of unfavorable courses of COVID-19. The aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with HF. Methods: Data of patients hospitalized in a tertiary hospital in Poland between March 2020 and May 2021 with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were analyzed. The study population was divided into a HF group (patients with a history of HF) and a non-HF group. Results: Out of 2184 patients (65 ± 13 years old, 50% male), 12% had a history of HF. Patients from the HF group were older, more often males, had more comorbidities, more often dyspnea, pulmonary and peripheral congestion, inflammation, and end-organ damage biomarkers. HF patients had longer and more complicated hospital stay, with more frequent acute HF development as compared with non-HF. They had significantly higher mortality assessed in hospital (35% vs. 12%) at three (53% vs. 22%) and six months (72% vs. 47%). Of 76 (4%) patients who developed acute HF, 71% died during hospitalization, 79% at three, and 87% at six months. Conclusions: The history of HF identifies patients with COVID-19 who are at high risk of in-hospital complications and mortality up to six months of follow-up.

P. Guzowski

Abstract The Black Death is a turning point in late medieval European history. Recent studies have shown that even regions ostensibly not affected by it directly, or only marginally affected by it, suffered from profound demographic and economic consequences. The scale and geographical range of the plague in Central Europe, including the Kingdom of Poland, remains, however, a matter of dispute. Important to note in this regard is that the outbreak of the plague in Western Europe coincided with the reign of King Casimir of the Piast dynasty, which is associated with Poland’s extraordinarily successful modernization. Thus far, neither the primary sources documenting this era nor the palynological data that refer it can testify to the demographic and economic changes that would have ensued if an outbreak of the plague similar to the one that ravaged Western Europe had occurred in the Kingdom of Poland during the mid-fourteenth century.

Adrian Marciszak, Grzegorz Lipecki, Wiktoria Gornig et al.

ABSTRACT The Pleistocene history of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in Europe has been documented by the material obtained from 312 localities, with the last dated ∼1.1 Myr. The relatively small and gracile form of the leopard was very rare during the late Early and Middle Pleistocene. Only after the disappearance of the jaguar (Panthera gombaszoegensis) did P. pardus spread widely in Europe, increasing in size and ecologically substituting P. gombaszoegensis. The number of late Middle Pleistocene localities with leopard remains, younger than 300 kyr, increased considerably. The leopard reached the maximum extension of its geographical range in the Late Pleistocene. The Iberian Peninsula was the last European refuge for this cat. Six sites, the Naciekowa, Obok Wschodniej, Radochowska, and Wschodnia Caves from the Sudety Mountains and the Biśnik and Dziadowa Skała Caves from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, have documented the presence of the leopard in Poland between MIS 10/9 and MIS 3. These records are from rocky regions with rugged terrain and are located in the territory of Silesia (southern Poland). A newly obtained radiocarbon date (43–42 kyr) from the Radochowska Cave directly confirms the occurrence of P. pardus in the Sudety Mountains in the middle part of MIS 3.

A A Watson

The origins of the series of European Cosmic-Ray Symposia are briefly described. The first meeting in the series, on Hadronic Interactions and Extensive Air Showers, held in Lodz, Poland in 1968, was attended by the author: some memories are recounted.

P. Churski, Tomasz Herodowicz, B. Konecka-Szydłowska et al.

The analysis aims to identify spatial variations of socio-economic development in Poland at the local level and to determine their correlation with conditions resulting from the historical political divisions of today’s areas of the country. The research procedure helps to verify the hypothesis that spatial differentiation of socio-economic development in Poland is permanent and does not show significant changes during periods of economic growth and crisis. We can emphasize at the same time the persisting differences between cities and their functional areas on the one hand and rural areas on the other. The study applied an innovative procedure of determining the synthetic index. The procedure of classifying local units presented in the text was based on the original random forest method. The outcomes confirm that contemporary spatial diversification at the level of socio-economic development in Poland is still strongly conditioned by history, especially by the socio-economic consequences of the partition of Poland between the three superpowers (Russia, Prussia and Austria). This is evident in the synthetic presentation of the level of socio-economic development. However, in the case of certain socio-economic phenomena, the values of indicators describing them no longer directly relate in their diversity to historical borders, particularly the former partition borders.

G. Soroka

This article explores the role played by the 1940 Katyń massacre in structuring foreign relations between post-communist Poland and Russia. In so doing, it offers a theoretical model through which to understand the combative politics over history that have burgeoned in Eastern and Central Europe after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Tracing how political discourse over the massacre has evolved from the late 1980s to the present, it examines the impact of exogenous influences and changing geopolitical realities on how this event is recalled within these two states, which exhibit markedly different relationships to their shared past. Questions of regime type, relative standing within the region, and how—as well as by whom—interstate discourse over contentious historical events is initiated are all central to the model of dispute origination developed herein, as is the presence of various institutional factors, chief among them membership in the supranational European Union (EU). A shadow study of Polish–Ukrainian relations concerning history, focusing on the mass killing of ethnic Poles that took place in Volhynia and eastern Galicia in the period 1943–1945, is also undertaken in order to illuminate the significant differences in how the past has been politically activated in relations between the respective post-Soviet dyads of Poland–Russia and Poland–Ukraine.

P. Koryś, M. Tymiński

This paper presents the estimates of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Congress Kingdom of Poland for the period 1870–1912. The authors used bottom-up methodology and calculated sectoral added values using historical economic, social, and demographic data. The presented results offer first ever insight into the structure of sectoral added values in the Congress Kingdom of Poland during the period of first globalization and first reliable estimates of GDP of the Congress Kingdom of Poland. All results are presented in Geary–Khamis dollars PPP1990 and are compatible with Maddison dataset.