Hasil untuk "History of Greece"

K. Fountoulakis, M. Apostolidou, Marina B Atsiova et al.

Introduction There are only a few published empirical data on COVID‐19′s effects on the mental health. Material and Methods During lockdown, an online questionnaire registered demographic, health data, previous psychiatric history, current anxiety, depression and suicidality, believing in conspiracy theories and other domains. Data from 3399 persons were used (81.08% females; aged 34.02 ± 9.72 and 18.27% males; aged 36.38±10.33). Distress and clinical depression were identified with the use of cut-off and a previously developed algorithm respectively. Statistical Analysis A post-stratification method was used; descriptive statistics were calculated. Chi-square tests, multiple forward stepwise linear regression analyses and Factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tested relations among variables. Results Clinical depression was present in 9.31% of the stratified sample, while 8.5% had severe distress; increased anxiety was present in more than 45%. Suicidal thoughts increased in 10.40% and decreased in 4.42%. Beliefs in conspiracy theories were widely prevalent; at least half of cases were following various misconceptions. A model for the development of depression was created with general health status, previous history of depression, self-harm and suicidal attempts, family responsibility, economic change, and age acting as risk factors, while keeping a daily routine, pursuing religiousness/spirituality, and believing in conspiracy theories acting as protective factors. Conclusions The model developed here revealed multiple vulnerabilities and an interplay leading from simple anxiety to clinical depression and suicidality through distress. This could be of practical utility since most of these factors are modifiable. Future research, as well as interventions, should focus specifically on them.

Josep Antoni Clúa Serena

According to a fragment by Sophocles (Soph. fr. 479 Radt), the πεττεία was supposedly invented by Palamedes, Odysseus’s enemy. This paper aims to elucidate the role of Palamedes’s invention of board games (ἐφεῦρε πεσσοὺς κυβοὺς τε) and its connotations of cleromancy (in the expression ‘καὶ τὸν ἀπὸ γραμμᾶς κινεῖ λίθον,’ that is, ‘and she moves the pebble from the (sacred) line,’ in Theocritus Idyll VI, 18). This is a ‘sign of despair’ or ‘being in an imposible position’ and has a complementary connotation of κλῆρος, of a random nature (‘to try one’s luck’), in the interpretation of the proverb (the πεττεία was invented by Palamedes, Odysseus’s enemy, and Daphnis personifies Odysseus). This paper also compares the symbology of the universe and the cosmic harmony, as quoted in the Chronographia of Malalas (Book V): The chessboard symbolizes the universe as a whole, the pieces thrown onto the board depict the planetary motions: ‘it was he who invented first the game of dice and gambling drawing inspiration from the motion of the seven planets which bring joy and sorrow to men according to a partial destiny, since thanks to its merit the board for playing dice represents the earthly world, the twelve squares symbolize the number of the signs of the Zodiac.’

G. Lusztig

The history of the canonical basis and crystal basis of a quantized enveloping algebra and its representations is presented

Robert J. Kolesar, Rok Spruk

This study examines the effect of fiscal austerity measures on infant mortality in Greece. Austerity measures were initiated by the tripartite committee and implemented between 2010 and 2017 to counteract deep fiscal deficit and large public debt. By comparing Greece with a plausible donor pool of OECD and Mediterranean member states in the period 1991-2020, we estimate a series of missing counterfactual scenarios to evaluate the infant mortality effects of large-scale reduction in spending on health care. A series of hybrid synthetic control and difference-in-differences estimates indicate a unique and pervasive increase in infant mortality after the implementation of austerity measures. Compared to a plausible OECD and Mediterranean counterfactual scenario, pro-cyclical austerity measures are associated with derailed and permanently increased infant mortality up to the present day. Our estimates suggest that compared to a plausible counterfactual scenario, the cumulative infant mortality cost of austerity policies exceeds 10,000 infant deaths or slightly less than 850 deaths for each year of the austerity policies. Notably, mortality increases are concentrated among boys. The estimated impacts survive a battery of rigorous robustness and placebo tests.

Vladimir V. Olkhovik, Roman S. Afanasev, Edvardas Juchnevicius et al.

The issue of stimulating domestic production is multifaceted and has a long history of study. At present, it is particularly relevant due to the introduction of restrictive measures, including the termination of supplies of a number of foreign goods to the Russian Federation. As one of the possible measures to increase the production of goods by Russian companies and entrepreneurs, the authors consider a new incentive mechanism of redistribution of value added tax (VAT) received by the federal budget, which implies the direction of the amounts of social grants taking into account the economic activity of the region associated with the production of value added on its territory. The purpose of the article is to justify a new methodology that includes a financial mechanism for redistributing the amounts of VAT in the form of grants to producers, aimed at creating effective budgetary incentives for regions to organize their own production of goods. For this purpose, the experience of VAT distribution in two BRICS countries — Brazil and China — is considered. In addition, the article summarizes effective measures of Germany, France, Greece, Austria and Norway to optimize calculation and payment of VAT, which resulted in economic growth. Discussion. One notable approach proposed by the authors to create a new incentive mechanism for redistribution of VAT revenues to the federal budget. This mechanism involves the allocation of social grants depending on the economic activity of the regions, particularly related to the production of valueadded goods on their territory. This approach represents a departure from traditional fiscal policies aimed at aligning incentives with local production. Results. This research represents a significant contribution to the ongoing debate on stimulating domestic production. By advocating a new mechanism of VAT redistribution and drawing on international experiences, the study seeks to address the challenges posed by restrictive measures and promote economic growth in the Russian Federation.

Myrtille Rémond

Theocritus’ Idyll 15th contains an extraordinary bestiary for the attentive reader. If we exclude the Sirens and Mormo, the catalog of animals includes the ant and the elephant, the weasel, the sheep, and baby nightingales, to name a few.Three categories of animals are involved in this Idyll: animals mobilized for dramatic reasons; animals whose presence is indirect, conveyed by objects and thirdly, animals evoked by language, most often metaphorically.This essay aims to provide a detailed observation of this remarkable bestiary and interpretations of the pervasive presence of animality in this text, which one can quickly identify as an urban mime. Importantly, Theocritus offers, together with this bestiary, a reflection on language and poetry.Finally, and this is not necessarily foreign to this metapoetic reflection, for the first time in Greek literature, a character, Praxinoa, expresses her phobia for two animals. The text stages her in direct confrontation with one of them. It will be shown that her pathology could be linked to both political and poetical considerations.

Ioannis Kontopoulos, Antonios Makris, Konstantinos Tserpes et al.

In recent years, the increased urbanization and industrialization has led to a rising water demand and resources, thus increasing the gap between demand and supply. Proper water distribution and forecasting of water consumption are key factors in mitigating the imbalance of supply and demand by improving operations, planning and management of water resources. To this end, in this paper, several well-known forecasting algorithms are evaluated over time series, water consumption data from Greece, a country with diverse socio-economic and urbanization issues. The forecasting algorithms are evaluated on a real-world dataset provided by the Water Supply and Sewerage Company of Greece revealing key insights about each algorithm and its use.

Michael A. Garrett

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) is a research activity that started in the late 1950s, predating the arrival of "Big History" and "Astrobiology" by several decades. Many elements first developed as part of the original SETI narrative are now incorporated in both of these emergent fields. However, SETI still offers the widest possible perspective, since the topic naturally leads us to consider not only the future development of our own society but also the forward trajectories (and past histories) of many other intelligent extraterrestrial forms. In this paper, I present a provocative view of Big History, its rapid convergent focus on our own planet and society, its oversimplified and incomplete view of events in cosmic history, and its limited appreciation of how poorly we understand some aspects of the physical world. Astrophysicists are also not spared - in particular those who wish to understand the nature of the universe in "splendid isolation", only looking outwards and upwards. SETI can help re-expand all of our horizons but the discovery of extraterrestrial intelligence may also require its own practitioners to abandon preconceptions of what constitutes intelligent, sentient, thinking minds.

Somaye Hamidi, Hashem Ghaderi

Opinion on the concept of state has a deep root in the history of western political thought. Although there have been brief and marginal studies in this area in ancient Greece, we notice more attention to the concept of state and its coordinates since the Renaissance. Germany, during eighteenth century, is one of the most important arenas on this concept. As one of its thinkers and contemporary of Hegel, Schopenhauer has also paid attention to the issue of state during his discussions. The problem of the present study is the nature of state in Schopenhauer's political thought. The hypothesis of the present paper is that Schopenhauer's theory of state as opposed to Hegelian thought, rejects the totalitarian and the Hegelian ideal state on one hand, and, based on the rule of the concept of evil and how he views metaphysics in its philosophical apparatus on the other hand, takes on a minimalist and protective nature.

Mikhail G. Katz

We compare several approaches to the history of mathematics recently proposed by Blasjo, Fraser--Schroter, Fried, and others. We argue that tools from both mathematics and history are essential for a meaningful history of the discipline. In an extension of the Unguru-Weil controversy over the concept of geometric algebra, Michael Fried presents a case against both Andre Weil the "privileged observer" and Pierre de Fermat the "mathematical conqueror." We analyze Fried's version of Unguru's alleged polarity between a historian's and a mathematician's history. We identify some axioms of Friedian historiographic ideology, and propose a thought experiment to gauge its pertinence. Unguru and his disciples Corry, Fried, and Rowe have described Freudenthal, van der Waerden, and Weil as Platonists but provided no evidence; we provide evidence to the contrary. We analyze how the various historiographic approaches play themselves out in the study of the pioneers of mathematical analysis including Fermat, Leibniz, Euler, and Cauchy.

Elissavet Dotsika, Georgios Diamantopoulos, Spyridon Lykoudis et al.

We review the stable isotopic data of recovered Greek bones from the Early Neolithic to the Late Bronze period in order to examine dietary changes over time. As an isotopic baseline we use the published fauna data of the periods. The analysis revealed a diet that included a significant proportion of foods based on C3 plants, and the bulk of the animal protein must have been provided by terrestrial mammals with a small but detectable proportion of marine protein for coastal and island populations. A more significant contribution of marine protein is observed for Bronze Age populations while the enrichment in both C and N isotopes is connected, for some areas, to the introduction of millet during the Bronze Age, and to freshwater consumption. An extensive database of Greek food sources is presented and compared to the fauna from the prehistoric periods (Early Neolithic to Late Bronze Age) of the literature. We propose that this database can be used in palaeodiet reconstruction studies.

Tanja Itgenshorst

This article builds on comments by Pierre Lévêque and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, in 1964, about Cleisthenes the Athenian as political thinker, from an interdisciplinary perspective. It brings several significant elements as a complement to the way they reconstruct political thinking in Ancient Greece. First and in opposition to the Hegelian conception of reason as an actor in History that prevails in their work, the article presents the various thinkers as actors themselves within their own social and political context. Then the body of the sources referred to is extended to archaic poetry, going back to the beginnings of the literary tradition. Though often fragmentary, these works have recently been put forward as actual means of expression and exchange of political ideas in archaic times. Finally, the article reexamines the historiographic issue whether the Athenian reformer can be considered a political thinker or not. Against the background of recent studies on the circulation of knowledge in archaic times, Pierre Lévêque and Pierre Vidal-Naquet’ s hypothesis that Cleisthenes might have drawn inspiration from other “ intellectual” projects of reconstruction of the civic body (Thales, Demonax) seems convincing enough. Therefore it is still worth reading their work and discussing it in depth.

Catherine Goldstein

Mathematical concepts and results have often been given a long history, stretching far back in time. Yet recent work in the history of mathematics has tended to focus on local topics, over a short term-scale, and on the study of ephemeral configurations of mathematicians, theorems or practices. The first part of the paper explains why this change has taken place: a renewed interest in the connections between mathematics and society, an increased attention to the variety of components and aspects of mathematical work, and a critical outlook on historiography itself. The problems of a long-term history are illustrated and tested using a number of episodes in the nineteenth-century history of Hermitian forms, and finally, some open questions are proposed.

Maria Anna Bazmpani, Alexandra Arvanitaki, Maria Toumpourleka et al.

Objectives: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare, distinct pulmonary vascular disease, and therefore, there is a lack of data regarding its clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management at a national basis. We aimed to describe the demographics and management of patients with CTEPH in Northern Greece. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational study by a joint collaboration between two pulmonary hypertension expert centers in Greece, and the study included patients diagnosed with CTEPH. The patient population was divided into two groups depending on their operability. Results: Overall, 27 consecutive patients were included (59% female, mean age 59.3±15.1 years). Dyspnea and fatigue were the most common presenting symptoms. History of pulmonary embolism was present in 82%. Of patients, 18 (67%) were assessed as operable, of whom 10 (55%) finally underwent pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA). There were no differences in symptoms, WHO functional class, 6-min walking test distance, and hemodynamics between the operable and nonoperable groups. At the end of follow-up, all non-operable and operable patients who did not receive surgical treatment were treated with at least one pulmonary hypertension-specific drug. Conclusion: This is the first report that presents data of patients diagnosed with CTEPH in Greece. The percentage of patients who underwent surgical treatment is lower but approaches the reported rates in large registries. Considering that PEA is a relatively safe and potentially curative surgical procedure, we emphasize the need for establishing a designated PEA center in Greece. Keywords: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary endarterectomy, registry, riociguat

Edgar Straehle

This paper aims to tackle Arendt’s thinking in connection with our current knowledge on the history of Greece, in order to examine the philosopher’s interpretation of the Greek world – a special emphasis will be placed on the concepts of action, <em>nomos </em>and freedom, as well as on the importance of the agora’s political space. Furthermore, I intend to put into question those readings that attribute a kind of naïve hellenophilia to Arendt, also pointing out the limitations that she herself observed within the political approach of the polis. I argue that Arendt does not find, in Ancient Greece, any of the resorts that can counterbalance action and which she considers necessary in order for it to avoid falling into <em>hybris</em>, such as: forgiving, promise and authority. Finally, I claim that the Roman concept of <em>lex</em>, due to its relational dimension, is closer to her account of politics than the Greek concept of <em>nomos</em>.

Lea Hoefer, Savas Tsikis, George Bethimoutis et al.

HPV is associated with malignancy in men, yet there is a lack of data on HPV knowledge, vaccine acceptability, and factors affecting vaccine acceptability in Greek men. This study aims to identify determinants of knowledge and willingness to vaccinate against HPV among high-risk Greek men. Men (n = 298) between the ages of 18 and 55 were enrolled from the STI and HIV clinics at “Andreas Syggros” Hospital in Athens, Greece from July-October 2015. Participants completed a survey on demographics, economic factors, sexual history, HPV knowledge, and vaccine acceptability. The majority of participants were younger than 40 (76.6%) and unmarried (84.6%). Our sample was 31.2% MSM (men who have sex with men), and 20.1% were HIV-positive. Most participants (>90%) were aware that HPV is highly prevalent in both men and women; however, fewer identified that HPV causes cancers in both sexes (68%) and that vaccination protects men and women (67%). Amongst participants, 76.7% were willing to vaccinate themselves against HPV, 71.4% an adolescent son, and 69.3% an adolescent daughter. HIV-positive men were more likely to be willing to vaccinate themselves (OR 2.83, p = .015), a son (OR 3.3, p = .015) or a daughter (3.01, p = .020). Higher income levels were associated with increased willingness to vaccinate oneself (OR 1.32, p = .027), a son (1.33, p = .032) or daughter (1.34, p = .027). Although there is a HPV knowledge gap, HPV vaccine acceptability is high despite lack of vaccine promotion to Greek men. Future studies should include lower-risk men to adequately inform public health efforts.

Maarten W. A. Wijntjes

While automatic computational techniques appear to reveal novel insights in digital art history, a complementary approach seems to get less attention: that of human annotation. We argue and exemplify that a 'human in the loop' can reveal insights that may be difficult to detect automatically. Specifically, we focussed on perceptual aspects within pictorial art. Using rather simple annotation tasks (e.g. delineate human lengths, indicate highlights and classify gaze direction) we could both replicate earlier findings and reveal novel insights into pictorial conventions. We found that Canaletto depicted human figures in rather accurate perspective, varied viewpoint elevation between approximately 3 and 9 meters and highly preferred light directions parallel to the projection plane. Furthermore, we found that taking the averaged images of leftward looking faces reveals a woman, and for rightward looking faces showed a male, confirming earlier accounts on lateral gender bias in pictorial art. Lastly, we confirmed and refined the well-known light-from-the-left bias. Together, the annotations, analyses and results exemplify how human annotation can contribute and complement to technical and digital art history.

Michael Eckert

The transition from laminar to turbulent flow has been a notorious riddle in fluid dynamics since the nineteenth century. Hydrodynamic instabilities were regarded as a cause for the onset of turbulence, but their theoretical investigation led to paradoxical results. I focus on studies about the instability of laminar boundary-layer flow along a flat plate. The experimental discovery of boundary-layer oscillations (Tollmien-Schlichting waves) in the USA during World War II vindicated a long-disputed theory developed in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s. However, the instability which causes these oscillations marks only the initial phase of the onset of turbulence; higher-order instabilities had to be assumed in order to extend the analysis to the regions of the transition zone where more complex phenomena (such as "turbulent spots") mark the onset of turbulence. There is still no theory to describe these processes in a satisfactory manner. The emphasis on the fundamental character of the problem, however, tends to obscure the practical interests which motivated the study of boundary-layer instabilities throughout its long history. The disputed theories played a role in the quest for "laminar airfoils" and other practical applications. Theory and practice are entangled more intimately than it would appear from the rhetoric about the fundamental character of the "turbulence problem".

Christophe Cusset

Makar Plakhotnyk

We show the results on the history of the invention of the conjugacy $h(x)=\frac{2}π\arcsin\sqrt{x}$ of one-dimensional $[0,\, 1]\rightarrow [0,\, 1]$ maps $f(x)=4x(1-x)$ and $g(x)=1-|1-2x|$.