Hasil untuk "History of Asia"

Eunike Sri Tyas Suci

Psychology as it has been taught in Indonesia has largely followed Western frameworks, grounded in Western modes of thought considered modern, namely, the scientific study of individual mental processes. Scientific inquiry in this tradition relies on empirical and objective methods, allowing findings to be tested and replicated. Historically, however, the early development of psychology in Indonesia was more pragmatic, emerging primarily from psychometric training courses rather than from a systematic engagement with psychology as a scientific discipline in line with established epistemological standards. This historical trajectory raises a critical and reflective question: Is there a form of psychology, or ilmu jiwa, rooted in Eastern values within the archipelago? And what distinguishes it from Western psychology? These questions form the foundation of the author’s historical and academic exploration, with a particular focus on Javanese thought. Javanese perspectives were chosen as the primary focus due to the relative accessibility and availability of relevant literature. Accordingly, this study first examines what is termed Nusantara Psychology. Through a careful review and verification of sources, the author focuses on four Javanese thinkers: Soemantri Hardjo Prakoso, Ki Ageng Suryomentaram, Panji Sosrokartono, and Muhammad Subuh. These thinkers share a defining characteristic that sets their conceptualizations of the human psyche apart from Western psychology: the central role of spirituality in understanding human psychological life. The psychological frameworks developed by these Javanese thinkers are expected to contribute to the future development of Indigenous Psychology as well as Indonesian Psychology (Psikologi Indonesia). Further research is encouraged to explore non-Javanese thinkers and to conduct comparative analyses, in order to deepen understanding of the mental processes of Indonesian people.

Zimeng Song, Sangzi Ze, Chunxiang Liu et al.

IntroductionThe genetic structure of species is shaped by natural (e.g., terrain, climate) and non-natural (e.g., human activities) factors. Geographical isolation and natural barriers are important causes of genetic structure formation of species. Here, we explored this issue in bamboo grasshopper, Ceracris kiangsu, which is an important pest that feeds on bamboo in East and Southeastern Asia.MethodsBased on 186 newly sequenced and 286 previously sequenced mitochondrial COI fragments, and 8 nuclear microsatellite loci, we examined the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of C. kiangsu.ResultsThe degree of genetic differentiation among populations was also high, and Mantel test showed that it was significantly correlated with geographical distance. Principal coordinate analysis and STRUCTURE results revealed two genetically different groups, a South China (S-China) Group and a Southeast Asia (SE-Asia) Group. Climate variables partly explained the population genetic structure. The demographic history and ABC showed that the S-China Group experienced population expansion, whereas the SE-Asia Group was consistently stable.DiscussionOur study demonstrates an obvious population structure maintained in this migratory insect and reveals the potential effect of past climatic change, geographical isolation, and ecological factors on the evolution of their genetic structure.

Santiago Sanchez-Pardo, Sebastián Mackenzie-Martinez, Samuel Martinez-Vernaza et al.

Human melioidosis is a serious infectious disease commonly known by being endemic in southeast Asia and northern Australia. It is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei a non-spore forming gram negative bacillus. Here we present the case of a 66-year-old woman with a history of stage IV lung adenocarcinoma that presented to the ER with 3 days of fever and altered mental status. Isolation from CSF culture was obtained confirming Burkholderia pseudomallei. Despite adequate antimicrobial treatment the patient continued to deteriorate and finally died 15 days after admission. To our knowledge there is only one additional reported case of Burkholderia pseudomallei meningitis in South America and the first one to be reported in Colombia.

E. V. Molodyakova

A. Belov

Reduction of government spending and decline in the number of high school graduates accelerated university reforms in Japan. The reforms have serious impact on access, quality and financing of university education. The Japan’s experience in university reforms could be useful in several countries, including Russia.

Laila Sari, Marjono Marjono, Sumardi Sumardi et al.

Perwujudan nasional merupakan langkah utama yang dilakukan oleh Orde Baru pada masa pemerintahannya (1966-1998). Perwujudan budaya nasional di bidang kebudayaan dilakukan dengan karya sastra yang bertentangan dengan nasional. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui latar belakang, implementasi dan dampak dari kebijakan pelarangan karya sastra. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah dan pendekatan institusionalisme politik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa latar belakang pelarangan karya sastra adalah munculnya resistensi kebijakan sastra. Implementasi kebijakan pelarangan karya sastra berupa pelarangan buku sastra dan tersingkirkan pengarang. Kata Kunci : Orde Baru, Karya Sastra, Literasi.

Logan Emlet

Ian Gibson

In Nepal’s public discourse, Christianity is often described as a divisive force, perhaps a plot by foreign powers to undermine the cohesion of Nepali society. In this article, I present ethnographic material from Bhaktapur suggesting that, at least with respect to family life, the social effects of conversion may often differ from this stereotypical picture. In Bhaktapur, I argue, conversion is more frequently a consequence of pre-existing conflicts within families than a source of new ones. Furthermore, in some contexts, the social, ethical, and ritual practices of Bhaktapurian churches can bring reconciliation to troubled families. In other contexts, conversion can heighten intrafamilial tensions, in particular through the commitment it brings to exclusivist theology. I explore how converts negotiate the conversion process and the tensions that precipitate and result from it, describing how familial power dynamics influence such negotiations. To give the reader a fleshed-out sense of the lived experience of Christian and part-Christian families in Bhaktapur, I give thick descriptions of the conversions of one church minister and his family, and of a church house fellowship in which post-conversion family tensions are discussed. Connecting this ethnography with wider research on Bhaktapurian Christianity, I delineate the competing forces at work in converts’ family lives. In light of the rapid growth of Christianity in Nepal, and the heated and sometimes violent nature of political responses to this, ethnographic research is urgently needed to examine not just the causes but also the longterm effects of Christian conversion; this will help to clarify whether patterns found in Bhaktapur are replicated elsewhere in the country.

Timo Duile

At the end of 2016, Islamist organisations proved able to mobilise hundreds of thousands of people for political purposes in Indonesia. In order to explain their success, the role of social media should not be underestimated, as Islamic movements rely heavily on agitation in online media. This article sheds light on the example of the Front Pembela Islam, using one of the organisation’s Facebook pages as a case study. Within the algorithmic enclave of a cyber tribe, narratives and symbols are applied in memes. The research examines how narratives and symbols evoke emotions in online memes and offline banners, what narratives are addressed, and how the memes make claims regarding commonly acknowledged signifiers such as the NKRI, Islam and Pluralism. The guiding thesis is that these memes express not simply anti-pluralist or anti-NKRI notions, as opponents of these groups frequently assert, but rather combinations of robust nationalism and their alternative version of pluralism with conservative Islamic approaches. Nonetheless, threats and enemies are inevitably present as a constitutive outside and suggest a highly exclusive version of Indonesianness. Thus similar narratives and symbols applied in online media also emerge within public spaces, blurring the distinction between the online and offline realms.

José Thiago Cintra

-

Narasingha Prosad Sil

The nineteenth-century priest of the Kālī temple at the village of Dakṣiṇeśvar near Calcutta, Rāmakṛṣṇa Paramahaṁsa, has been famous for his frequent bhava [emotional state or mood] or ecstasy, and samādhi or syncope [temporary loss of consciousness], believed to be a fallout of his divine madness [divyonmattata]. This madness is not to be understood as mental derangement but as a respectable erratic behaviour culturally associated with the state of a mystic. The Hindu Bhakti [devotional] movement produced numerous saints who appear, from the standpoint of society, as ‘crazy’, because of their indifference to the phenomenal world. In fact, Rāmakṛṣṇa consciously and forcefully imitated the reported ecstatic (and erratic) behaviour of Śrī Caitanya. This paper offers a critique of the pious and hagiographical accretions of the master’s divine madness and explores the motivations and modalities of his frequent withdrawal from the sensate world in large gatherings or in small groups, there being no clear or attestable account of his samādhi when no onlooker was around. Rāmakṛṣṇa’s reminiscence of his lone attempted suicide in the temple sanctum, thwarted by an epiphany, has been colourfully crafted and carefully circulated by his disciple biographer Svāmī Sāradānanda, but duly debunked by the saint’s famous record-keeper and biographer Mahendranāth Gupta. This paper thus mines the vernacular texts in search of the making of a Hindu mystic.

Julia Orell

In 1912 Josef Strzygowski founded the ‘Section for East Asian Art History’ at the University of Vienna, which attracted many students who would continue their careers in museums and at universities and thus established East Asian art history as an academic field. This paper examines these early art historical engagements with East Asian art: First, I discuss the role of East Asian art in Strzygowski’s agenda of broadening art history’s geographical scope beyond Europe and in his argument about the dominance of ‘Nordic’ artistic traditions in Europe and in Asia. Secondly, I introduce the work of two early students at the ‘Section for East Asian Art History’ in Vienna, Karl With and Alfred Salmony. Their respective approaches to East Asian art exemplify a range of methodological concerns of their time, from stylistic narratives, the concept of ars una, comparative frameworks, to ideas about cultural or national ‘purity’ in the arts, and an interest in cross-cultural adaption and transformation of motifs and symbolism.

Luc Benaiche

-

-

Carlos J Jaramillo, Luis F Perdomo, Esteban Cardona et al.

El síndrome de Brugada es una enfermedad autosómica dominante esporádica que afecta los canales de sodio de los miocardiocitos. Clínicamente se caracteriza por síncopes recurrentes y/o muerte súbita, que en el electrocardiograma simula un bloqueo de rama derecha, acompañado de elevación peculiar del segmento ST en las derivaciones precordiales derechas (V1, V2 y V3) sin alteración cardiaca estructural. Afecta principalmente a hombres en la cuarta década de la vida y tiene mayor prevalencia en el suroeste asiático. El caso que se describe corresponde a un paciente con antecedentes personales de síncopes, a quien se le encuentra un patrón electrocardiográfico tipo-2 de Brugada y quien además tiene un hermano con historia de síncopes. Con una prueba de mesa basculantes positivo para síncope mediado neuralmente se deja este diagnóstico, pero no se descarta la sospecha inicial de síndrome de Brugada.<br>Brugada syndrome is a sporadic autosomal dominant genetic disease that affects cardiac sodium channels. It is clinically characterized by recurrent syncope and/or sudden death with electrocardiographic manifestations that simulate a right bundle branch block accompanied by ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads (V1, V2 and V3) without structural cardiac changes. It mainly affects men in their fourth decade and is most prevalent in southwestern Asia. We present the case of a patient with history of syncope, type-2 Brugada electrocardiographic pattern and who has a brother also with history of syncope. The patient had a positive tilt test for neurocardiogenic syncope. He was diagnosed as neurocardiogenic syndrome, without discarding the initial suspicion of Brugada syndrome.

Philip M Clarke, Paul Glasziou, Anushka Patel et al.

Diabetes imposes a substantial burden globally in terms of premature mortality, morbidity, and health care costs. Estimates of economic outcomes associated with diabetes are essential inputs to policy analyses aimed at prevention and treatment of diabetes. Our objective was to estimate and compare event rates, hospital utilization, and costs associated with major diabetes-related complications in high-, middle-, and low-income countries.Incidence and history of diabetes-related complications, hospital admissions, and length of stay were recorded in 11,140 patients with type 2 diabetes participating in the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease (ADVANCE) study (mean age at entry 66 y). The probability of hospital utilization and number of days in hospital for major events associated with coronary disease, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, and nephropathy were estimated for three regions (Asia, Eastern Europe, and Established Market Economies) using multiple regression analysis. The resulting estimates of days spent in hospital were multiplied by regional estimates of the costs per hospital bed-day from the World Health Organization to compute annual acute and long-term costs associated with the different types of complications. To assist, comparability, costs are reported in international dollars (Int$), which represent a hypothetical currency that allows for the same quantities of goods or services to be purchased regardless of country, standardized on purchasing power in the United States. A cost calculator accompanying this paper enables the estimation of costs for individual countries and translation of these costs into local currency units. The probability of attending a hospital following an event was highest for heart failure (93%-96% across regions) and lowest for nephropathy (15%-26%). The average numbers of days in hospital given at least one admission were greatest for stroke (17-32 d across region) and heart failure (16-31 d) and lowest for nephropathy (12-23 d). Considering regional differences, probabilities of hospitalization were lowest in Asia and highest in Established Market Economies; on the other hand, lengths of stay were highest in Asia and lowest in Established Market Economies. Overall estimated annual hospital costs for patients with none of the specified events or event histories ranged from Int$76 in Asia to Int$296 in Established Market Economies. All complications included in this analysis led to significant increases in hospital costs; coronary events, cerebrovascular events, and heart failure were the most costly, at more than Int$1,800, Int$3,000, and Int$4,000 in Asia, Eastern Europe, and Established Market Economies, respectively.Major complications of diabetes significantly increase hospital use and costs across various settings and are likely to impose a high economic burden on health care systems.

Damson Dare

.

Susana B. C. Devalle

-

Carlos A. M. Lima, Kátia A. V. de Melo

.

Walburga Wiesheu

-