Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

Sozont Singh, Ekaterina Konopleva

The activity of the navy chaplains outside the framework of worship is still a little-studied aspect of the service of the Orthodox clergy in the navy. This article attempts, based on the analysis of various written sources, to reconstruct the activities of representatives of the naval clergy in organizing libraries on the ships of the Russian Imperial Navy in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. This is one of the least studied areas of ministry of navy chaplains. The authors, relying on personal sources, office materials and periodicals, analyze the existing practice in the fleet of creating and completing ship libraries, their types and features of functioning, and also determine the role of navy chaplains in these processes. It is important to note that many sources are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The authors came to the conclusion that, despite the frequent lack of initiative on the part of the officers or even with a certain opposition, the navy chaplains were directly related to the organization of both church and sailor's libraries. Some clerics acted quite effectively in this field, but they could not significantly change the general situation that had developed with librarianship on the ships of the Russian Imperial Navy.

Masomeh Mansouri, Mohammad Assadi Mehmandoost, Rahmatollah Farahzady

Imprisonment has been among the notable topics of thinkers and social reformers in different historical periods. After the emergence of Islam, this issue became one of the important and challenging issues of Quranic commentators, jurists and jurists in such a way that today we see various debates including agreement and opposition to this issue. Examining Quranic sources shows that because there is no clear prohibition of prison punishment in the Holy Quran, therefore Islamic governments have used this punishment as one of the most common punishments throughout history. In this research, which was carried out with the method of library study and descriptive-analytical approach, an attempt was made to investigate the issue of legitimacy of imprisonment from the perspective of the verses of the Holy Quran and traditions transmitted in Shia and Sunni hadith sources. The results of the research show that the legitimacy of imprisonment is accepted in terms of Islamic principles, but its examples and cases, especially in security and religious crimes, are disputed by different religions. This issue has created doubts about the illegitimacy of imprisonment in the minds of the public.

Sebastiano Marconcini

Museums are repositories of culture, knowledge, and values that everyone should be able to have access to. To this end, specific attention should be paid to the issue of disability when designing or operating such facilities. Despite an increased awareness, many designers still lack a full understanding of the complexity of people's needs and the topic of inclusion. Through an excursus of the evolving concept of diversity and how design can provide an enabling or disabling built environment, this paper aims at setting the cognitive framework to address the issue of broader fruition in museum spaces. Particularly, the focus of this contribution is on the European context, its historical cities and cultural heritage. Therefore, the needs of inclusion must be balanced with those of conservation, adding an extra layer of complexity. The museum will then be examined from an inclusive perspective, highlighting the issues to be addressed and providing some suggestions on the tools available to overcome them and grant everyone access to culture.

Zahra Jahan, Mohammadtaghi Imanpour, Javad Abbasi et al.

One of the most significant events in Iranian history that led to widespread change in this land is the victory of the Muslim Arabs in invading Iran. Following this important event, the Sassanid dynasty collapsed and Zoroastrianism lost its place in Iranian society, and Islam largely replaced Zoroastrianism in Iran, and it came under domination of Muslim Arabs. Because of the tremendous impact that this event has had on the life of the inhabitants of this land, this question has long been raised in the minds of many Iranians, and historians of ancient history that, as why and how the invading Muslim Arabs could rapidly defeat the Persians army and to end Sassanid dynasty. In response to this question, much research has been done and many theories have been put forward, most notably it has been emphasized over the existence of religious faith and motivation among Muslim on the one hand, and the existence of class and oppressive system among Sasanian and Zoroastrian clergy on the other. To answer this question, however, the present article attempts to extract and deduce historical data from ancient sources using a critical approach and a descriptive-analytical approach and critique of prior theories to examine the role of Iranian ruling families in the victory of the Muslim Arabs and the defeat of the Sassanid dynasty.

Inshah Mehraj Malik, Haley Duschinski

Sarah Kiyanrad

Shortly after the completion of Firdausī’s Šāhnāma, historical epics in modern Persian were being written. While sharing in the tradition of šāhnāma-nivīsī, these epics deal with a more recent past. This paper maps out the characteristics of Persian historical epics by means of three examples (ʿAbdallāh Hātifī: Timurnāma and Šāhnāma-yi Hātifī; Qāsimī Gunābādī: Šāhnāma-yi Ismāʿīl). Not only during the Ilkhanid era, but also during later eras these kinds of works were actively being produced in Iran, even though they are as yet largely unexplored. The three aforementioned epics dating from the late Timurid and early Safavid periods (15th and 16th c.) shall illustrate continuities in form and content that transgress the limits of dynastic history, while at the same time acknowledging the three epics’ characteristics to be understood within their particular historical context. It will become clear then that historical epics tied together poetry and historiography consciously. For centuries, the respective authors sought to follow up on Firdausī’s opus and thus to embed the depicted ruler or dynasty/dynasties in a narrative of Iranian history, which apparently greatly appealed to their envisaged audience.

Aadil Brar

Porfirije Perić

The paper discusses and systematically analyses the term μετάνοια (most commonly translated with the word repentance), and the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament. The general introductory part of the article explores the etymological and semantic meaning of the term μετάνοια in the original Greek language and classical Greek literature, as well as a brief history of the translation of this term into modern languages. The second part of the paper deals with the Hebrew biblical concepts ≫naham≪ ( נחם ) and ≫šub≪ ( שׁוּב ), which are related to the term metanoia, with an overview of their translation into Greek (LXX) and other modern languages, while the third, last part analyses the use of the term μετάνοια/μετανοεῖν in the New Testament, with particular emphasis on Luke's two-volume work (Gospels and Acts), which mostly uses these terms.

Michelle U. Grocke, Kimber H. McKay, Thomas Foor

Although the first road to ever be built into Humla, Nepal is still under construction, it has already spurred numerous sociocultural and economic changes, including an increased integration into the market economy, changing access to market-purchased foods, and new kinds of health-seeking behavior. This paper is part of a larger research project where we examined changing health and nutrition outcomes co-synchronous with the arrival of this road. In this paper, we focus on whether and how the road is affecting villagers’ subjective well-being (SWB). We studied this while living and working with people from two Humli villages, one that is on the road, and one that is far from it. In these villages, we developed two local models of SWB, using the villagers’ own conceptual frameworks and sense of the factors that play a role in wellbeing. Our analyses showed that villagers’ conceptualization of SWB varied substantially according to road proximity. Additionally, we quantified indices from villagers’ SWB assessments and tested which variables were significant determinants of wellbeing. We discovered a significant relationship between an individual’s well-being level and two variables: available resources per household and levels of social support. The purpose of this paper is threefold: to better understand how villagers from Upper Humla define SWB, to identify which subset of the population is not benefitting in terms of their SWB from the new road, and to present a mixed-methods, anthropologically-based approach for the development of a locally meaningful measure of SWB.

Javad Mousavi Dalini

In The history of economic thought reflect, thoughts and ideas of all schools of thought social, political and philosophical society in the establishment and development of school building. influenced That's the idea of economic, social and political conditions of the time are by the environment.Mercantilism credid as a moment of history almost from the beginning of the sixteenth century, beginning in( 1776 CE / 1191 AH) With the publication of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, loses its credibility. It represents the interests of the political elite school of mercantilism was at the beginning of the modern state. Since that time, the formation and consolidation of the nation-state had certain priorities, Economic activity also serves the purpose of creating strong government revenue. The Moment when the said period almost coincides with the beginning of the reign of the Safavid until the last years of the reign of Karim Khan in Iran. Although can not be exactly consistent with the views mercantile theorists know the Shah Abbas I and Nader Shah Afshar and karim khan, However, some functions and actions can be evaluated and analyzed them in this regard. This study of some characteristics of the mercantilist approach to understand the Iranian rulers at that time used, And through this effort, the theoretical framework applied research in data analysis and documentation. The results of this study show, Economic performance and the nature of the activities mentioned rulers must answer on the basis of wealth, power and more power for their security search.

حمید احمدی

The purpose of this article is to examine the internal, regional and international dimensions of British intervention in the Baloch region of Iran in 1916 during the First World War. The book of strikes on the frontier of General Reginald Dyer, commander of the British military operation in confronting the Iranian Baluchi commanders, is the only detailed explanation of this important local event in Iran. However, the narrative of the story does not give a complete picture of these confrontations and poses many questions about this event and its context and consequences. Proper awareness of this is only possible by examining national, regional and international contexts. The purpose of this research is to attempt to clarify these three dimensions of the context of the confrontation of the Baloch Commanders with the British and the military. The author writes that the struggles of the Iranian Baloch rulers with British colonialism in terms of understanding and coordinating with the constitutional and political elites of Iran at the national level, the impact of the jihadist fatwas against the Allies in the region on their regional-level struggles, and the use of Britain's Germans' The Baluchi Iran, which was not very real, was internationally motivated.

Christian Wevelsiep

Somin Nikolai

Toward the Question of the Victims’ Number of Political Repressions for Orthodox Belief in Russia in ХХ century Somin Nikolay Vladimirovich The author off ers the technique of the approximate estimate of the general number of orthodox believers suffering for the Christ during XX century in Russia. The technique is based on the process’s analysis of the data input of new persons to the Database of New Russian martyrs and Confessors which has been developed in PSTGU. The feature of it is the number of «twins» in the Database, i.e. persons who already are in the Base. It assists making the conclusion concerning the general number of victims. For experiments the author used the incoming stream received from Base of the subjected to repression persons, developed by the Society the Memorial. The author brings results of calculations and necessary historical inquiries. As a result he makes the conclusion, that the general number of the Victims of Political Repression for Orthodox Belief in Russia during XX c. was about 100 thousand persons (with a margin error in 40 %).

ولی ا... برزگر کلیشمی, زهرا خدایی قشلاق

The presence of classic colonialism in Muslim countries bought a common feeling of helplessness and serious backwardness in Muslim communities. It caused a continuous intellectual challenges in different fields between intellectual and political elites of the Islamic societies, to find a solution and remedy for that. In Egypt, for the first time this mental controversy due to comparison between Egypt’s inferiority and West’s superiority came in light and was expressed by Muhammad Ali Pasha. By reviewing his reformative measures it can be understood that according to his view point, the origins of European power were rooted in their success and hold on modern science and technology. Therefore, the formation of reformative policies of Muhammad Ali Pasha was based on western model and pursuing their policies. His stance towards modernity and western progression was lacking integration and had a contradictory nature. He has praised from one hand the new sciences and technology of the West and on the other, has not accepted all the necessities and requirements of modernity and sometimes his policies were in contradiction with the nature and spirit of modernity. In this article, we will analyze the reformative policies and measures of Muhammad Ali Pasha and the stances of the pros and cons of his policies and its consequence of reform carried on Egyptian society, it will attempt to elucidate the role of Mohammad Ali Pasha in order to advance the process of renovation and modernization in Egypt, and seen a picture of his understanding of modernity is also provided.

Sribnaia Anna

The article examines the labour organization of Russian sisters of mercy during World War One. The author indicates two periods which took place before and after the February Revolution. Based on archive documents and offi cial publications the article describes general structure of Russian Red Cross Society institutions and basic principles of sisters of mercy communities’ work. It examines the rules of new sisters’ employment, their training, service assignment and professional duties. The emphasis is put on nurses’ work in wartime. During first years of war sisters’ position was stable. Due to specifi c hierarchy in the managing structure sisters’ work was productive and demanded. After the February Revolution the managing system changed drastically as well as the status of sisters of mercy and their reception in society. The author gives a thorough examination of sisters’ position after reorganization of Russian Red Cross Society. In time of political instability Russian sisters of mercy were able to organize themselves into one big organization thus creating All-Russian Union of Sisters of Mercy. This article for the first time ever implements into scientific research a huge amount of documents which allowed a signifi cant extension of views on Bolsheviks’ political approaches to Russian Red Cross Society and institution of sisters of mercy.

حسن باستانی راد, دلآرا مردوخی

نام‌ها به تأثیر از عوامل گوناگون بر یک مکان جغرافیایی اطلاق می‌شوند و ریشه در نام موضوعات گوناگون دارند. جای‌نام‌ها با هویت ملی و پیشینة تاریخی یک جامعه و سرزمین در ارتباط هستند؛ نام ها جزئیاتی از فرهنگ و تاریخ و ادبیات یک منطقه را با خود منتقل می‌کنند و مانند تحولات و رویدادهای سیاسی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و فرهنگی، بیان‌کنندة اهداف، گرایش‌ها، بینش، عملکرد افراد، گروه‌ها و جوامع یک سرزمین هستند. از همین رو دگرگونی‌ها و تحولات یک سرزمین هم در نامگذاری مکان‌ها تأثیر دارد و هم بر اساس تغییرات نام‌ها می‌توان تغییر و تحول جامعه را بررسی کرد. گونه‌شناسی جای‌نام‌ها به عنوان بررسی ریشه‌شناختی نام‌های جغرافیایی نقش مهمی در شناخت نام‌ها و در نتیجه بررسی واقعیات تاریخی و فرهنگی دارد. ایران‌زمین از آنجا که در همه زمینه‌ها تنوع و گستردگی موضوعی دارد، از جای‌نام‌های جغرافیایی با گونه‌ها و زیرگونه‌های متعددی نیز برخوردار است. شناخت گونه‌های جای‌نام‌ها در انجام تحقیقات تاریخی بویژه از منظر تاریخ اجتماعی و فرهنگی اهمیت بسیار دارد و این مقاله می‌کوشد تا با تعیین ساختار و گونه‌شناسی تاریخی ـ جغرافیایی به دسته‌بندی انواع جای‌نام‌ها بر اساس علت‌یابی در نام‌گذاری‌ها بپردازد.

Hans-Joachim Sander, Rainer Bucher

Katharina von Kellenbach, Edna Brocke

Moritz Deecke

Messianic Jews can most easily be described as Jews that believe in Jesus as the Jewish Messiah. Those Messianic Jews living in Israel are in a difficult position: on the one hand they are forced to defend themselves against Christian missionaries that attempt to strip them of their »Jewishness«, on the other hand they are targeted by orthodox Jews that perceive them as a threat to the Jewish identity as a whole. The building of an individual and collective Messianic-Jewish identity thus seems paradoxical. This article is focused on the question how Messianic Jews bridge the gap between the antagonistic Jewish and Christian poles. Based on a theory-governed analysis of ten biographical interviews with Messianic Jews in Israel, the author of this article concludes, that they split their religious activities into a decidedly Jewish-appearing practical (and therefore visible) dimension, which is uncomplicated in Israel, and a far less apparent theoretical dimension, dominated by Christian implications which are problematic in the Israeli context, but, however, remain hardly visible.