Hasil untuk "Epistemology. Theory of knowledge"

T. V. Rodrigues

This paper examines the epistemic and ethical dimensions of Luciano Floridi’s (2025a) concept of “distant writing,” a form of AI-assisted composition in which large language models (LLMs) are used to generate, refine, or structure literary and argumentative texts. Drawing on analytic epistemology and virtue theory, and further informed by Floridi's (2025b) thesis on AI as agency without intelligence, it argues that distant writing constitutes a distributed epistemic activity, wherein the human author retains epistemic agency while delegating generative labor to non-agential systems. Central to this analysis is a distinction between epistemic instrumentality and epistemic agency, which clarifies the role of LLMs as sophisticated tools rather than co-authors. The paper explores how procedural, evaluative, and semantic knowledge inform the author’s control over AI-generated content and assesses the epistemic risks introduced by the plausibility and opacity of such outputs. In response to concerns about plagiarism, it proposes a normative reformulation of attribution standards, emphasizing transparency and epistemic conscientiousness over traditional notions of originality. Ultimately, the paper situates distant writing within an emerging epistemic ecology in which creativity, authorship, and intellectual responsibility are collaboratively negotiated between human and machine. It advocates for a taxonomy of AI involvement to guide ethical disclosure and preserve the integrity of authorship in an age of synthetic textual production.

Fernanda de Souza Farias, Antònio Augusto Ferreira de Oliveira

Este artigo propõe uma abordagem ontológica para diferenciar dado cadastral e indício tributário no processo de desenvolvimento de um sistema cadastral nacional. A distinção entre os conceitos fortalece a governança de dados, a justiça fiscal e a função multifinalitária do cadastro, contribuindo para a efetividade de políticas públicas e para os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, especialmente o ODS 11. Com base no Land Administration Domain Model (ISO 19152), a proposta apoia a implantação do Sistema Nacional de Gestão de Informações Territoriais (Sinter) e do Cadastro Imobiliário Brasileiro (CIB), promovendo interoperabilidade e padronização nacional entre os múltiplos sistemas cadastrais existentes.

Vidya Venkatesan, Aomawa L. Shields, Russell Deitrick et al.

Eccentric planets may spend a significant portion of their orbits at large distances from their host stars, where low temperatures can cause atmospheric CO2 to condense out onto the surface, similar to the polar ice caps on Mars. The radiative effects on the climates of these planets throughout their orbits would depend on the wavelength-dependent albedo of surface CO2 ice that may accumulate at or near apoastron and vary according to the spectral energy distribution of the host star. To explore these possible effects, we incorporated a CO2 ice-albedo parameterization into a one-dimensional energy balance climate model. With the inclusion of this parameterization, our simulations demonstrated that F-dwarf planets require 29% more orbit-averaged flux to thaw out of global water ice cover compared with simulations that solely use a traditional pure water ice-albedo parameterization. When no eccentricity is assumed, and host stars are varied, F-dwarf planets with higher bond albedos relative to their M-dwarf planet counterparts require 30% more orbit-averaged flux to exit a water snowball state. Additionally, the intense heat experienced at periastron aids eccentric planets in exiting a snowball state with a smaller increase in instellation compared with planets on circular orbits; this enables eccentric planets to exhibit warmer conditions along a broad range of instellation. This study emphasizes the significance of incorporating an albedo parameterization for the formation of CO2 ice into climate models to accurately assess the habitability of eccentric planets, as we show that, even at moderate eccentricities, planets with Earth-like atmospheres can reach surface temperatures cold enough for the condensation of CO2 onto their surfaces, as can planets receiving low amounts of instellation on circular orbits.

Leoncio Jimenez

To conceptualize living systems based on the processes that create them, rather than their interactions with the environment, as in systems theory. Maturana and Varela (1969) at the University of Chile introduced the term autopoiesis (from Greek self and production). This concept emphasizes autonomy as the defining feature of living systems. It describes them as self-sustaining entities that preserve their identity through continuous self-renewal to preserve their unity. Furthermore, these systems can only be understood in reference to themselves, as all internal activities are inherently self-determined by self-production and self-referentiality. This thesis introduces the Fuzzy Autopoietic Knowledge Management (FAKM) model, which integrates the system theory of living systems, the cybernetic theory of viable systems, and the autopoiesis theory of autopoietic systems. The goal is to move beyond traditional knowledge management models that rely on Cartesian dualism (cognition/action) where knowledge is treated as symbolic information processing. Instead, the FAKM model adopts a dualism of organization/structure to define an autopoietic system within a sociotechnical approach. The model is experimentally applied to a manufacturing company in the Maule Region, south of Santiago, Chile.

Mohammad Eisa Ruhullah, Thameem Ushama

This research paper, titled explores the conceptualization of time in the Qur'an and its integration into Islamic epistemology through Al-Ghazali’s theoretical framework. The study addresses the research problem of how Qur'anic depictions of time intersect with contemporary scientific theories, particularly focusing on their implications for understanding the nature of time and its relevance to modern scientific and philosophical discussions. Utilizing a secondary descriptive analysis methodology, the research systematically reviews and compares Qur'anic verses about time with current scientific theories such as Einstein's theory of relativity and cosmological concepts. The aim is to identify points of convergence and divergence between Qur'anic insights and scientific understandings, enriching the discourse on the interplay between religious wisdom and empirical knowledge. The findings reveal a harmonious interaction between spiritual and scientific narratives, demonstrating that the Qur'an’s portrayal of time as a complex, relative phenomenon aligns with modern scientific perspectives. This integration of the Integration of Knowledge (IOK) concept fosters a holistic understanding of time, bridging theological and scientific viewpoints and contributing to broader discussions in political and democratic domains. The study underscores the significance of interdisciplinary knowledge in addressing societal issues and highlights the potential for mutual enrichment between ancient wisdom and contemporary science. Future research should continue to explore these intersections and their implications for education and societal development. Makalah penelitian ini mengeksplorasi konseptualisasi waktu dalam Al-Qur'an dan integrasinya ke dalam epistemologi Islam melalui kerangka teori Al-Ghazali. Penelitian ini membahas masalah penelitian tentang bagaimana penggambaran waktu dalam Al-Qur'an bersinggungan dengan teori-teori ilmiah kontemporer, terutama berfokus pada implikasinya untuk memahami sifat waktu dan relevansinya dengan diskusi ilmiah dan filosofis modern. Dengan menggunakan metodologi analisis deskriptif sekunder, penelitian ini secara sistematis meninjau dan membandingkan ayat-ayat Al-Qur'an tentang waktu dengan teori-teori ilmiah saat ini seperti teori relativitas Einstein dan konsep-konsep kosmologi. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengidentifikasi titik-titik konvergensi dan divergensi antara wawasan Al-Qur'an dan pemahaman ilmiah, memperkaya wacana tentang interaksi antara kebijaksanaan agama dan pengetahuan empiris. Temuan-temuan tersebut mengungkapkan interaksi yang harmonis antara narasi spiritual dan ilmiah, yang menunjukkan bahwa penggambaran Al-Qur'an tentang waktu sebagai fenomena yang kompleks dan relatif selaras dengan perspektif ilmiah modern. Integrasi konsep Integrasi Ilmu Pengetahuan (IOK) ini menumbuhkan pemahaman holistik tentang waktu, menjembatani sudut pandang teologis dan ilmiah serta berkontribusi pada diskusi yang lebih luas dalam domain politik dan demokrasi. Penelitian ini menggarisbawahi pentingnya pengetahuan interdisipliner dalam menangani masalah-masalah sosial dan menyoroti potensi untuk saling memperkaya antara kebijaksanaan kuno dan ilmu pengetahuan kontemporer. Penelitian di masa depan harus terus mengeksplorasi persimpangan ini dan implikasinya bagi pendidikan dan pembangunan masyarakat.

N. N. Kostyukova, V. A. Bekhalo

Relevance. Gonorrhea is a widespread infection. More than 80 million cases of this disease occur annually. The problem is compounded by the growing resistance of gonococcus to antibiotics worldwide. The only way out in this situation may be the immunization of certain groups of the population against this infection. Despite the numerous efforts of specialists, there is currently no registered vaccine against gonorrhea, which is due to the characteristics of the pathogen. However, over the past 30 years, reliable observations have accumulated that vaccines containing N. meningititidis serogroup B outer membrane proteins (OMP), developed for prophylaxis meningococcal infection, can also prevent a significant proportion of gonorrhea cases. Aims. To give a brief overview of publications on the reduction of the incidence of gonorrhea in individuals who received vaccines containing N. meningitidis serogroup B outer membrane vesicles, followed by an analysis of information about the nature of these proteins and methods of their study, as a promising platform for creating a vaccine against gonococcus. Conclusions. There is a theoretical and real possibility of creating a preventive drug against gonorrhea. Our analysis of literature sources showed that during the period 2006–2016 from 31% to 59% of those vaccinated with the protein meningococcal vaccine В were protected from gonorrhea. It is necessary to continue studying meningococcal OMV in terms of their preventive properties against gonorrhea, improve the set of models to identify their protective effect, and find adjuvants that enhance the immunogenicity of potential vaccine candidates.

Taha Sochi

In this paper of "The Epistemology of Contemporary Physics" series we investigate the epistemological significance and sensibility (and hence interpretability and interpretation) of classical mechanics in its Newtonian and non-Newtonian formulations. As we will see, none of these formulations provide a clear and consistent framework for understanding the physics which they represent and hence they all represent valid formalism without proper epistemology or sensible interpretation.

Aakash Mahalingam, Vinesh Kumar Gande, Aman Chadha et al.

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems have become pivotal in leveraging vast corpora to generate informed and contextually relevant responses, notably reducing hallucinations in Large Language Models. Despite significant advancements, these systems struggle to efficiently process and retrieve information from large datasets while maintaining a comprehensive understanding of the context. This paper introduces SKETCH, a novel methodology that enhances the RAG retrieval process by integrating semantic text retrieval with knowledge graphs, thereby merging structured and unstructured data for a more holistic comprehension. SKETCH, demonstrates substantial improvements in retrieval performance and maintains superior context integrity compared to traditional methods. Evaluated across four diverse datasets: QuALITY, QASPER, NarrativeQA, and Italian Cuisine-SKETCH consistently outperforms baseline approaches on key RAGAS metrics such as answer_relevancy, faithfulness, context_precision and context_recall. Notably, on the Italian Cuisine dataset, SKETCH achieved an answer relevancy of 0.94 and a context precision of 0.99, representing the highest performance across all evaluated metrics. These results highlight SKETCH's capability in delivering more accurate and contextually relevant responses, setting new benchmarks for future retrieval systems.

Soonwook Park, Donghoon Lee, Hogun Park

In the rapidly advancing realm of educational technology, it becomes critical to accurately trace and understand student knowledge states. Conventional Knowledge Tracing (KT) models have mainly focused on binary responses (i.e., correct and incorrect answers) to questions. Unfortunately, they largely overlook the essential information in students' actual answer choices, particularly for Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs), which could help reveal each learner's misconceptions or knowledge gaps. To tackle these challenges, we propose the Concept map-driven Response disentanglement method for enhancing Knowledge Tracing (CRKT) model. CRKT benefits KT by directly leveraging answer choices--beyond merely identifying correct or incorrect answers--to distinguish responses with different incorrect choices. We further introduce the novel use of unchosen responses by employing disentangled representations to get insights from options not selected by students. Additionally, CRKT tracks the student's knowledge state at the concept level and encodes the concept map, representing the relationships between them, to better predict unseen concepts. This approach is expected to provide actionable feedback, improving the learning experience. Our comprehensive experiments across multiple datasets demonstrate CRKT's effectiveness, achieving superior performance in prediction accuracy and interpretability over state-of-the-art models.

Zhang Zheng

This paper proposes a knowledge-enhanced disease diagnosis method based on a prompt learning framework. The method retrieves structured knowledge from external knowledge graphs related to clinical cases, encodes it, and injects it into the prompt templates to enhance the language model's understanding and reasoning capabilities for the task.We conducted experiments on three public datasets: CHIP-CTC, IMCS-V2-NER, and KUAKE-QTR. The results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms existing models across multiple evaluation metrics, with an F1 score improvement of 2.4% on the CHIP-CTC dataset, 3.1% on the IMCS-V2-NER dataset,and 4.2% on the KUAKE-QTR dataset. Additionally,ablation studies confirmed the critical role of the knowledge injection module,as the removal of this module resulted in a significant drop in F1 score. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method not only effectively improves the accuracy of disease diagnosis but also enhances the interpretability of the predictions, providing more reliable support and evidence for clinical diagnosis.

Jennifer C. Mueller

Directing attention to racial ignorance as a core dimension of racialized social systems, this article advances a process-focused Theory of Racial Ignorance (TRI), grounded in Critical Race Theory and the philosophical construct white ignorance. TRI embodies five tenets—epistemology of ignorance, ignorance as ends-based technology, corporate white agency, centrality of praxis, and interest convergence. TRI’s tenets explain how racial ignorance reinforces white domination, attending to mechanisms of white knowledge evasion and resistance that facilitate racial reproduction—in everyday life, through institutions, and across societies more broadly. I illustrate TRI’s assets by comparison to an extant theory of racial cognition—color-blind theory (CBT). I argue TRI generates returns by shifting from racial ideology to racial ignorance, and from era-defined structures to ongoing historical processes; and demonstrate TRI’s unique capacity to explain and predict changes in dominant logics, supporting more strategic resistance.

Георгій Гурамович УДЖМАДЖУРІДЗЕ

Стаття присвячена вивченню феномена політичної діяльності осіб. Метою статті є дослідження положень ціннісно-культурного підходу до пояснення чинників актуалізації та активізації політичної діяльності осіб. Використано методи аналізу та синтезу, індукції та дедукції, узагальнення та абстрагування, історичний, структурно-функціональний. Виокремлюються фактори модернізації, матеріального добробуту, високого рівня освіти, наявності соціальних зв’язків, політичної культури, національних ідентичностей, членства в добровольчих об’єднаннях, громадянського суспільства. Автор доходить висновків, що політична діяльність є реалізуючою силою вираження ціннісних орієнтацій особистості; її успіх, найбільшою мірою, залежить від соціального, інтелектуального, фінансового капіталів. Стаття має теоретичне значення для дослідження і трактування феномену політичної діяльності осіб. Її здобутки можуть бути застосовані для дизайну емпіричного дослідження. Подальші дослідження можуть бути направленні на розгляд інших підходів.

J. E. Horvath, R. R. Fernandes, T. P. Idiart

The goal of this article is to give an overview of the current limitations and epistemological barriers in Science and Scientific Philosophy from a very general point of view. We first list and define the types of knowledge nous, doxa and episteme, and the Subject-Observer and Object(s) of study, to proceed showing the different types of barriers that difficult the knowledge of the physical world: limitations in the language, in the logic of the Subject-Observer. Later, we discriminate between technological barriers, (temporary) limits and absolute epistemic barriers. The last type of limits are presented and discussed in some detail: the quantum of action, Planck's scale and quantum gravity (showing the importance of the trans-Planckian scale for structure formation), the cosmological horizon (a limit to the present observable Universe) and the event horizons (disconnecting the inside of some spacetimes from the rest of the Universe). We argue that physical problems in which absolute barriers seem to determine the end of the attainable knowledge, are in fact amenable to be studied, at least indirectly.

R. Chisholm

Karl Svozil

Functional epistemology is about ways to access functional objects by using varieties of methods and procedures. Not all such means are equally capable of reproducing these functions in the desired consistency and resolution. Dyson's argument against the perturbative expansion of quantum field theoretic terms, in a radical form (never pursued by Dyson), is an example of epistemology taken as ontology.

Apoorva Verma, Pranjal Gulati, Sarthak Gupta

This effort aims to reproduce the results of experiments and analyze the robustness of the review framework for knowledge distillation introduced in the CVPR '21 paper 'Distilling Knowledge via Knowledge Review' by Chen et al. Previous works in knowledge distillation only studied connections paths between the same levels of the student and the teacher, and cross-level connection paths had not been considered. Chen et al. propose a new residual learning framework to train a single student layer using multiple teacher layers. They also design a novel fusion module to condense feature maps across levels and a loss function to compare feature information stored across different levels to improve performance. In this work, we consistently verify the improvements in test accuracy across student models as reported in the original paper and study the effectiveness of the novel modules introduced by conducting ablation studies and new experiments.

Aman Kumar, Akshay G Bharadwaj, Binil Starly et al.

As the demands for large-scale information processing have grown, knowledge graph-based approaches have gained prominence for representing general and domain knowledge. The development of such general representations is essential, particularly in domains such as manufacturing which intelligent processes and adaptive education can enhance. Despite the continuous accumulation of text in these domains, the lack of structured data has created information extraction and knowledge transfer barriers. In this paper, we report on work towards developing robust knowledge graphs based upon entity and relation data for both commercial and educational uses. To create the FabKG (Manufacturing knowledge graph), we have utilized textbook index words, research paper keywords, FabNER (manufacturing NER), to extract a sub knowledge base contained within Wikidata. Moreover, we propose a novel crowdsourcing method for KG creation by leveraging student notes, which contain invaluable information but are not captured as meaningful information, excluding their use in personal preparation for learning and written exams. We have created a knowledge graph containing 65000+ triples using all data sources. We have also shown the use case of domain-specific question answering and expression/formula-based question answering for educational purposes.

J. Greco

How do we transmit or distribute knowledge, as distinct from generating or producing it? In this book John Greco examines the interpersonal relations and social structures which enable and inhibit the sharing of knowledge within and across epistemic communities. Drawing on resources from moral theory, the philosophy of language, action theory and the cognitive sciences, he considers the role of interpersonal trust in transmitting knowledge, and argues that sharing knowledge involves a kind of shared agency similar to giving a gift or passing a ball. He also explains why transmitting knowledge is easy in some social contexts, such as those involving friendship or caregiving, but impossible in contexts characterized by suspicion and competition rather than by trust and cooperation. His book explores phenomena that have been undertheorized by traditional epistemology, and throws new light on existing problems in social epistemology and the epistemology of testimony.

Susannah Kate Devitt

The rise of human-information systems, cybernetic systems, and increasingly autonomous systems requires the application of epistemic frameworks to machines and human-machine teams. This chapter discusses higher-order design principles to guide the design, evaluation, deployment, and iteration of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) based on epistemic models. Epistemology is the study of knowledge. Epistemic models consider the role of accuracy, likelihoods, beliefs, competencies, capabilities, context, and luck in the justification of actions and the attribution of knowledge. The aim is not to provide ethical justification for or against LAWS, but to illustrate how epistemological frameworks can be used in conjunction with moral apparatus to guide the design and deployment of future systems. The models discussed in this chapter aim to make Article 36 reviews of LAWS systematic, expedient, and evaluable. A Bayesian virtue epistemology is proposed to enable justified actions under uncertainty that meet the requirements of the Laws of Armed Conflict and International Humanitarian Law. Epistemic concepts can provide some of the apparatus to meet explainability and transparency requirements in the development, evaluation, deployment, and review of ethical AI.

A. C. Umuhire, J. Uwamahoro, K. Sasikumar Raja et al.

Solar radio type II bursts serve as early indicators of incoming geo-effective space weather events such as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). In order to investigate the origin of high-frequency type II bursts (HF type II bursts), we have identified 51 of them (among 180 type II bursts from SWPC reports) that are observed by ground-based Compound Astronomical Low-cost Low-frequency Instrument for Spectroscopy and Transportable Observatory (CALLISTO) spectrometers and whose upper-frequency cutoff (of either fundamental or harmonic emission) lies in between 150 MHz-450 MHz during 2010-2019. We found that 60% of HF type II bursts, whose upper-frequency cutoff $\geq$ 300 MHz originate from the western longitudes. Further, our study finds a good correlation $\sim $ 0.73 between the average shock speed derived from the radio dynamic spectra and the corresponding speed from CME data. Also, we found that analyzed HF type II bursts are associated with wide and fast CMEs located near the solar disk. In addition, we have analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristics of two of these high-frequency type II bursts and compared the derived from radio observations with those derived from multi-spacecraft CME observations from SOHO/LASCO and STEREO coronagraphs.