Hasil untuk "Engineering geology. Rock mechanics. Soil mechanics. Underground construction"

Hong-ke Gao, Qi Wang, Fenglin Ma et al.

Zhenfeng Qiu, Qi Meng, Yan Liu et al.

Abstract This study investigates the shear dilatancy behavior of rock-soil mixtures (RSM), sourced from the Three Gorges Reservoir area, using a triaxial testing apparatus, with a focus on the effects of stone content, relative density, and gradation. These factors are of critical importance in marine geotechnical engineering, particularly in the construction of seawalls, underwater foundations, and other coastal infrastructures. The results of this study provide valuable insights into improving the stability and longevity of marine structures under harsh environmental conditions. A triaxial testing apparatus was employed to perform consolidation drainage shear tests under various confining pressures. The results indicate that stone content, relative density, and characteristic particle size significantly affect the Duncan-Zhang model parameters and the deformation behavior of RSM. Improved shear dilatancy equations for RSM were developed, incorporating phase change stress ratios (Md) specific to different influencing factors. The proposed equations provide accurate predictions of shear contraction and dilatancy, enhancing the understanding and prediction of RSM performance in engineering applications, particularly in the context of marine geotechnical engineering. This study offers a novel approach and a valuable tool for examining soil mechanics, paving the way for further theoretical research and practical applications in both terrestrial and marine environments. Graphical Abstract Improved shear dilatancy equations, the study offers accurate predictions of shear contraction and dilatancy behavior, contributing valuable insights into the design and performance assessment of engineering structures involving RSM. HIGHLIGHTS Investigation of shear dilatancy characteristics of rock-soil mixtures (RSM). Influence of stone content, relative density, and gradation on RSM deformation and shear dilatancy. Development of improved shear dilatancy equations incorporating phase change stress ratios (Md). Accurate predictions of shear contraction and dilatancy behavior in RSM.

Junchen Ye, Yuhao Mao, Ke Cheng et al.

Given the swift proliferation of structural health monitoring (SHM) technology within tunnel engineering, there is a demand on proficiently and precisely imputing the missing monitoring data to uphold the precision of disaster prediction. In contrast to other SHM datasets, the monitoring data specific to tunnel engineering exhibits pronounced spatiotemporal correlations. Nevertheless, most methodologies fail to adequately combine these types of correlations. Hence, the objective of this study is to develop spatiotemporal recurrent neural network (ST-RNN) model, which exploits spatiotemporal information to effectively impute missing data within tunnel monitoring systems. ST-RNN consists of two moduli: a temporal module employing recurrent neural network (RNN) to capture temporal dependencies, and a spatial module employing multilayer perceptron (MLP) to capture spatial correlations. To confirm the efficacy of the model, several commonly utilized methods are chosen as baselines for conducting comparative analyses. Furthermore, parametric validity experiments are conducted to illustrate the efficacy of the parameter selection process. The experimentation is conducted using original raw datasets wherein various degrees of continuous missing data are deliberately introduced. The experimental findings indicate that the ST-RNN model, incorporating both spatiotemporal modules, exhibits superior interpolation performance compared to other baseline methods across varying degrees of missing data. This affirms the reliability of the proposed model.

Tao Wang, Yu Shi

We investigate the adiabatic elimination of fast variables in relativistic stochastic mechanics, which is analyzed by using the equation of motion and the distribution function, with relativistic corrections explicitly derived. A new dimensionless parameter is introduced to characterize the timescale. The adiabatic elimination is compared with the path integral coarse graining, which is more general yet computationally demanding.

Debadrita Ghosh, Urbasi Sinha

Physicist and Nobel Laureate Richard P. Feynman once remarked ``We choose to examine a phenomenon which is impossible, absolutely impossible, to explain in any classical way, and which has in it the heart of quantum mechanics. In reality, it contains the only mystery. We cannot make the mystery go away by ``explaining'' how it works. We will just tell you how it works. In telling you how it works, we will have told you about the basic peculiarities of all quantum mechanics'' [Feynman RP, Leighton RB, Sands M (1963 and 1965)]. The phenomenon of interference is ubiquitous in the quantum world and indeed holds within itself the explanation for many counterintuitive quantum phenomena. In this review, we choose to focus on a few ramifications and manifestations of quantum interference that have deep implications for the foundations of quantum mechanics. These include single-photon or second-order interference, two-photon or fourth-order interference and higher-order interference.

Min Qi, Rong Yi, Kaiguo Jia et al.

Urban underground space, a vital natural and strategic resource for cities, includes dense geological bodies (rock, soil, water, gas), natural caves, and artificial facilities like goafs, basements, underground transport, and municipal networks. Its development forms an industrial chain covering geological survey, planning, construction, equipment manufacturing, and operation management. This paper focuses on geological exploration at the chain’s forefront, advocating "overall planning-led, prior geological survey." It systematically defines key detection elements of geological surveys, establishing a targeted index system of geological factors. The system addresses differentiated needs across urban planning stages (preliminary, design, construction) and geological types (karst, soft soil, fractured rock). It specifies critical engineering parameters (e.g., rock-soil mechanics, groundwater, geological structures) and environmental factors (e.g., seismic risks, karst intensity) for each scenario. The findings provide a structured framework for geological exploration in underground space development, enhancing safety, scientific rigor, and sustainability in resource utilization.

Hanqing Wang, Meng Han, Xiaobin Zhang et al.

To bridge the gap between data and its application, the Sinopec Exploration and Production Research Institute and the Schlumberger Digital and Integration Group combined the capabilities of Sinopec's Exploration and Exploration Business Cooperation Platform (EPBP) and the Open Underground Data Universe (OSDU) for data governance in a private cloud infrastructure. To test the viability from data to application, rock mechanics parameters were derived from the direct standardization of both single well and seismic data. An exclusive application programming interface (API) was formulated, facilitating the automated data transition and from EPBP to OSDU. Consequently, the standard data is seamlessly extracted from OSDU for processing and subsequent computational applications. It underscores the potential for a consolidated approach to data standards, platforms, and service interfaces. This synergistic combination of EPBP, serving as the comprehensive data source for various data samplings, with OSDU, the vanguard for data quality assurance, emerges as a powerful tool. This integrated method performs 15% better on average in computation efficiency than standard rock mechanics parameter calculations. Impressively, the maximum error margin remains confined below 10%. It not only pioneers a novel methodology for calculating rock mechanics parameters but also lays the groundwork for future strategies in data management. Rock mechanical parameters, encompassing both elastic (e.g., Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio) and strength metrics (e.g., tensile strength and internal friction angle), serve as the nexus between geological and engineering reservoir sweet spots. These parameters are indispensable for simulating reservoir stress fields, understanding fracture dynamics, and pinpointing the engineering sweet spot (Mas Ivars et al., 2011). Their influence spans multiple disciplines, including drilling design, oil and gas development, and completion reconstruction. Studying the determinants of rock mechanics in target formations allows for a more nuanced understanding of stress characteristics, providing a robust theoretical foundation for further exploration in the field (Zhu et al., 2020). While experimentation remains the gold standard for ascertaining rock mechanics parameters, its limitations—high costs, time consumption, and specific depth constraints—often relegate it to a calibration role.

Stephen Wu, Yu Otake, Yosuke Higo et al.

This paper elucidates the challenges and opportunities inherent in integrating data-driven methodologies into geotechnics, drawing inspiration from the success of materials informatics. Highlighting the intricacies of soil complexity, heterogeneity, and the lack of comprehensive data, the discussion underscores the pressing need for community-driven database initiatives and open science movements. By leveraging the transformative power of deep learning, particularly in feature extraction from high-dimensional data and the potential of transfer learning, we envision a paradigm shift towards a more collaborative and innovative geotechnics field. The paper concludes with a forward-looking stance, emphasizing the revolutionary potential brought about by advanced computational tools like large language models in reshaping geotechnics informatics.

Yajie Weng, Junjie Zheng, Hanjiang Lai et al.

Calcium salt is an important contributing factor for calcium-based biomineralization. To study the effect of calcium salt on soil biomineralization using crude soybean urease, the calcium salts, including the calcium chloride (CaCl2), calcium acetate ((CH3COO)2Ca) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), were used to prepare the biotreatment solution to carry out the biomineralization tests in this paper. Two series of biomineralization tests in solution and sand column, respectively, were conducted. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed to determine the microscopic characteristics of the precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals. The experimental results indicate that the biomineralization effect is the best for the CaCl2 case, followed by (CH3COO)2Ca, and worst for Ca(NO3)2 under the test conditions of this study (i.e. 1 mol/L of calcium salt-urea). The mechanism for the effect of the calcium salt on the biomineralization of crude soybean urease mainly involves: (1) inhibition of urease activity, and (2) influence on the crystal size and morphology of CaCO3. Besides Ca2+, the anions in solution can inhibit the activity of crude soybean urease, and NO3− has a stronger inhibitory effect on the urease activity compared with both CH3COO− and Cl−. The co-inhibition of Ca2+ and NO3− on the activity of urease is the key reason for the worst biomineralization of the Ca(NO3)2 case in this study. The difference in biomineralization between the CaCl2 and (CH3COO)2Ca cases is strongly correlated with the crystal morphology of the precipitated CaCO3.

Xingyu CHEN, Zhijie ZHANG, Li WAN et al.

Significane The analysis of source-to-sink system is a comprehensive study of tectonic geology, sedimentology, and sequence stratigraphy. Because of its integral, dynamic, and semiquantitative-quantitative characteristics, it has attracted widespread attention. Progress This review first introduces the key issues of the deep-time source-to-sink systems (pre-Quaternary systems), which include the quantitative characterization of sediment mass balance and the control of the transport process on the sediment. Due to the lack of stratigraphic records and the difficulty in obtaining parameters, the research is still challenging.Second, it reviews the quantitation methods of deep-time source-to-sink systems that can be classified into three categories, namely, geochronology, uniformitarianism, and sedimentology. By obtaining information such as geomorphological parameters, hydraulic parameters, erosion rates, and sediment flux, various methods establish the quantitative relationships between "sources" and "sinks" and then rebuild the sedimentary basin infilling history. This article introduces the principles and related parameters of different methods and then compares the advantages and limitations to provide a reference for future research. It is believed that geochronology is widely used, and the core lies in provenance analysis. The key to uniformitarianism is the analogy of geological background and the selection of geological parameters. The sedimentology is controlled by multiple variables, and the tectonic-climate background and research scale need to be considered comprehensively. Conclusions and Prospects Finally, this review states the development of quantitative analysis of deep-time source-to-sink systems. Under the guidance of the important idea of "the present is the key to the past", the research needs to focus on the provenance systems, sediment routing systems, sediment dispersal, and redistributive process, and coupling relationship between various parameters. Research also needs to pay attention to quantitative analysis at multiple timescales and multidisciplinary dynamic analysis. Compared with continental margin source-to-sink systems, continental lacustrine source-to-sink system patterns and prediction models need to be further improved.

Fan Feng, Zhiwei Xie, Tianxi Xue et al.

Deep rock mass mechanics is a professional course which is offered to undergraduate and postgraduate students in some mining universities. This course mainly includes the following topics: the geological structure of deep rock mass, the mechanical properties of deep rocks, the strength theory of deep rock masses, stability analysis and control of deep surrounding rock classification of engineering rock masses, and the application of deep rock mechanics in underground mining engineering The purpose of this course is to present students with a basic theoretical knowledge of deep rock mass engineering. Analyzing the limitations of traditional deep rock mass mechanics teaching methods, here, we propose integrating a combined FEM/DEM (Finite Element Method/Discrete Element Method) approach into the teaching of a course on deep rock mass mechanics. The mechanical behaviors and failure instability process of rock at laboratory and engineering scales were analyzed using ELFEN software (a finite/discrete element code). The results show that a combined FEM/DEM approach as a deep rock mass mechanics teaching method is completely feasible and reasonable; this approach has the advantages of strong intuition, high reliability, time and labor savings, and low cost, which can offset the shortcomings of traditional teaching methods. Moreover, the proposed approach can stimulate students’ interests in a mining course on deep rock mass mechanics, deepen students’ understanding of the course curriculum, and cultivate students’ innovative abilities and subjective initiatives.

Zi Zhu, Fei Sun, Jiaqi Guo

Rockburst disaster seriously threatens the construction schedule of underground tunnel engineering and the safety of construction workers. Rockburst prediction has become one of the critical methods for evaluation of surrounding rock stability and safe construction of deep underground engineering. To further understand the occurrence mechanism of rockburst disaster and predict rockburst in underground engineering more accurately, firstly, the typical rockburst tendency criterion and the critical factors affecting the rockburst development process are systematically summarized and analyzed, and the main control factors reflecting the whole process of rockburst development are screened and analyzed: mechanics, brittleness, integrity, and energy storage factor. Secondly, according to the comprehensive consideration of the main control factors, based on the energy conversion and overall failure mechanism in the process of rock failure, a new multi-parameter rockburst tendency criterion is proposed by comprehensively considering the stress states of rock unit under different stress paths. Finally, the rockburst criterion proposed in this paper is applied to typical engineering cases to verify its rationality and accuracy. Based on a rockburst section in the Sangzhuling tunnel, the possible location of rockburst is simulated based on the 3D discrete element numerical simulation platform, and the rockburst criterion proposed in this paper is further verified by actual engineering. The results show that: the rockburst criterion considering the mechanical factor(σθ/σc), brittleness factor(σc/σt), integrity factor (Kv) and energy storage factor (Ue/U0) can comprehensively and truly reflect the rockburst development process; based on the rockburst tendency criterion proposed in this paper, the occurrence of rockburst in typical engineering cases is calculated and verified, and the predicted results are in good agreement with the actual situation; the numerical simulation of the typical rockburst section prediction in the Sangzhuling tunnel shows that the distribution characteristics of rockburst tendency based on the criterion in this paper are consistent with the on-site rockburst occurrence, and there is a strong rockburst tendency on the right of the tunnel vault, which further verifies the effectiveness and engineering applicability of the criterion in the rockburst tendency prediction. The results of the research can provide some reference for predicting the tendency of rockburst in deep underground engineering.

Ye Zhang, Jinqiao Chen, Yanlong Li

Objective Borehole Televiewer (BHTV) imaging serves as an effective tool for analyzing deep rock formations in geological engineering, offering crucial insights into surface discontinuity extensions and the distribution of buried discontinuities, especially within complex geological environments associated with hydraulic engineering projects. Recognizing the current issues of subjectivity and low efficiency, prevalent in the manual calculation of rock discontinuity morphological characteristics within rock masses, we propose an intelligent approach for segmenting geometric data from digital borehole images. Leveraging the segmentation outcomes, an image thinning technique is employed to facilitate precise quantitative analysis of borehole data. Methods In this research, we employ deep learning models to intelligently identify fractures within BHTV images, utilizing various network structures such as Unet, SegNet, and DeepLabV3. The recognition results are compared with traditional image processing methods, demonstrating the advantages of deep models in accurately segmenting complex geological images. Furthermore, we enhance the model's performance by incorporating an attention mechanism into the encoder-decoder process.Once precise segmentation of rock discontinuities is achieved, the fracture skeleton is extracted using the image thinning method, representing fractures as one-pixel-width curves. Ultimately, automated calculations is completed for dip strike, dip angle, and fracture thickness. Results This method is applied to segment and calculate borehole televiewer images in hydraulic engineering. Comparing the results of manual extraction and automatic extraction of fracture information, the error of dip strike and dip angle is less than 3°, and the fracture thickness error is less than 0.65 mm. Conclusion The results verify that the intelligent calculation method of fracture information proposed in this paper. The proposed method has wide application prospects in hydraulic engineering.

ZHANG Yaguo 1, XIAO Shuxiong 1, YANG Yun 1, LI Tonglu 2

To study the contact problem between unsaturated soil and structure, based on the state-dependent concept and the critical state theory, by considering the influences of suction on the yield function, flow rule and hardening law and so on, an elastoplastic interface model is established with the net normal stress and the suction serving as stress state variables. The reliability of the model is demonstrated through the shearing tests on sand-steel and sand-geotextile interface. The results show that the proposed model can describe the mechanical behaviors of sand-structure interfaces under different initial states, and can predict the variations of shear stress, normal displacement and stress path of interface subjected to different boundary conditions (i.e., constant normal load, constant normal stiffness and constant volume condition) as well. Thereafter, the shearing test results of unsaturated silt-steel and completely decomposed granite (CDG)-cement interface under different suctions are predicted, finding that with the increase of suction, the shear strength of interfaces increases, the strain softening and dilatancy behaviors become more significant, and the shear displacement corresponding to phase transformation point representing the transition from contraction to dilation decreases. Compared to those of the existing models, the parameters of the proposed model are easier to be calibrated, the calculated results are closer to the measured data, and the decreasing trend of the shear displacement corresponding to the peak strength with suction can be reflected, indicating that the model here captures the effects of suction on the peak strength, critical state and hardening behaviors of the interface better.

Rahim Abdollahzadeh kahrizi, Amir Hossein Kokabinezhad Moghaddam, Edris Merufinia

IntroductionThe increase in demand for water resources due to population growth and economic development along with water wastage and a decrease in rainfall, on the other hand, has made it significant to pay attention to water demand and make sound policies. Our country is facing the risk of a water crisis in the coming years, mainly due to its location in a dry and semi-arid climate, as well as the ever-increasing growth of water consumption. To alleviate the water crisis, international trade in agricultural products can play a significant role in redistributing water resources because traded goods contain a large amount of virtual water. Water restriction in Iran is an undeniable fact, for this purpose, trading based on virtual water can be a solution to reduce the effects of water restriction. Due to being located in a dry and semi-arid climate, Iran is facing the risk of a water crisis in the coming years. Therefore, in order to deal with it, it is necessary to be more sensitive to the types of water consumption. Among these uses is virtual water. The water used in the production process of goods is called virtual water, a part of which is kept in the product. Virtual water trade occurs when goods are imported into global markets. Virtual water trading is expected to reduce water consumption at the national and international levels due to more efficient and specialized use of water. Today, the concept of virtual water is one of the most critical issues in water resources management. Today, the problem of water shortage has become a serious concern due to climate changes and uneven distribution of rainfall in most regions and countries, including Iran, and is considered the most important obstacle to the economic development of these countries. Trade as a tool to prevent the unnecessary withdrawal of water resources, focusing on the strategy of virtual water trade, can play an essential role in achieving the economic development of countries. Materials and Methods The study area of the research is the Shiblo-Poldasht plain in the northwest of Iran. This area is located in the east of the Poldasht study area and in the north of the Qara Ziauddin study area. The aim of this research was to investigate the statistical status of the cultivated area, the production performance, and the evaluation of the productivity and virtual water of agricultural crops in the Poldasht plain. The time frame of the research is from 2011 to 2021 in an 11-years period. Accurate calculation and determination of water requirement (m3 ha-1). The amount of water required by a plant for its proper growth, taking into account the loss of evaporation and transpiration of the plant, is called the water requirement of the plant. Therefore, the water requirement of the plant depends on the amount of evaporation and transpiration of the plant. It is worth noting that due to different climates and weather conditions, plant growth conditions and as a result, the amount of water needed by plants are also different. In the present research, the various productivity indicators and virtual water of the crops of Dasht-Poldasht have been examined. Moreover, according to the objectives of the research, the physical and financial indicators of water productivity, including the performance index per unit of water volume (CDP), income per unit of water volume (BPD), and net return per unit of water volume (NBPD) have been calculated. Results and Discussion In this research, the amount of virtual water and the productivity index as well as the net and gross economic value of the major crops grown in Poldasht city in West Azarbaijan province were investigated. In this regard, first, data and information related to crops were collected through relevant organizations and institutions, and NETWAT, CROPWAT, and CLIMWAT programs and Excel programs were used to draw graphs and graphical results. Then the yield of crops was calculated by dividing the amount of crops produced by the area of ​​planting crops and the productivity index and virtual water. The results of this research show that the watermelon crop with a harvesting area of ​​5789 ha and a production rate of 237951000 kg and a production yield of 41103.99 kg ha-1 with a water requirement of 2760 m3 ha-1 has a productivity of 14.89 kg m-3 and has The highest level of productivity is also the results show that the alfalfa product is the lowest level of productivity. It is worth noting that despite the fact that the watermelon product has high production and productivity at a very low harvest level, it is also a very water-loving product that has a relatively high water requirement, and generally experts are looking for an alternative product due to the lack of water resources. Finally, it is suggested that traditional (submerged) irrigation methods should be replaced by modern pressurized irrigation methods so that in addition to increasing efficiency and productivity, we can see a reduction in water consumption and its wastage. It is also suggested that the water requirements of agricultural crops be compared with each other using the data of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the aforementioned programs, and its effect on the amount of water consumed and its savings, as well as the net and gross values ​​of the production of crops, and the final results It is compared with the national water document to fully verify the amount of water needed. Conclusion Despite the fact that the watermelon product has high production and productivity at a very low harvest level, it is also a very water consuming product possessing a relatively high water requirement, and generally experts are looking for an alternative product, due to the lack of water resources. Finally, it is suggested that traditional flood irrigation methods should be replaced by modern pressurized irrigation methods, so that in addition to increasing efficiency and productivity, we can encounter with a reduction in water consumption and its wastage. It is also suggested that the water requirement of agricultural crops should be compared with each other using the data of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the aforementioned programs, and its effect on the amount of water consumed and its saving, as well as the net and gross values of crop production, should be evaluated. Finally, the results have been compared with the national water document so that the amount of water needed can be fully verified.

LIU Xiaoyan 1, 3, 4, LIU Lulu 2, 3, 4, CAI Guojun 3, 4, LIU Songyu 4

The buffer materials are the last engineering barrier for the repository of high-level radioactive wastes. It is necessary to have a deep understanding of the swelling characteristics of unsaturated buffer materials under the action of temperature and chemical fields. The bentonite-sand-graphite (BSG) buffer materials are taken as the research object. Based on the self-developed swelling pressure test devices, the influences of temperature and chemical solution on the swelling pressure of the BSG mixture are systematically studied. The results show that the high temperature and chemical solution reduce the swelling pressure. The influences of cation type are explained by the difference of its chemical activity. Ca2+ has higher exchange capacity than Na+. The influences of temperature on the swelling pressure are more than those of cation type. At room temperature, the swelling pressure of the BSG mixture with CaCl2 solution is higher than that with NaCl solution, while the rule is opposite at high temperature. The swelling pressure decreases with the increase of pH value of NaOH solution. At higher temperatures, the rate of decline depends on the pH of the NaOH solution. High OH- concentration is conducive to double-layer swelling and rearrangement of soil structure. The influences of NaOH solution with different concentrations on the swelling pressure are shown by the interaction of Na+and OH-. The increase and decrease of the double-layer swelling pressure caused by the rearrangement of soil structure are controlled by the decrease of the double-layer thickness and the dissolution of montmorillonite and silicate minerals, respectively.

Tuan A. Pham, Amirhossein Hashemi, Melis Sutman et al.

In unsaturated soil mechanics, the soil–water retention curve (SWRC) continues to play an important role, since it provides the necessary links between the properties and behaviour of unsaturated soils with a variety of engineering challenges. The temperature has been identified as the main factor influencing SWRC as compared to a variety of other parameters. The goal of this research is to describe theoretical and experimental aspects of the temperature effect on unsaturated soil water retention phenomena. Theoretically, a brief review of the constitutive laws governing the thermal-hydro-mechanical (THM) behaviour of unsaturated soils is presented, along with links between variations in suction with water content, temperature, and void ratio. It also provides a broad framework that would to be well adapted to describing many specific circumstances. Through a closed-form predictive relationship that is developed in this framework, the effect of temperature is examined. By using this relationship, the soil–water retention curve at arbitrary temperature could be determined from one at a reference temperature, therefore significantly decreasing the number of tests necessary to describe the thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of a soil. Besides, the SWRC of kaolinite clay was also measured at three different temperatures in an experimental program. The test findings reveal that when the temperature rises, the SWRC decreases significantly. The experimental results were then integrated with sixteen other available data sets covering a wide range of soil types, densities, and suction to create a complete verification program for analytical models. The proposed model has a good performance and reliability in forecasting the fluctuation of non-isothermal SWRC than any existing model, according to statistical assessment results. The analytical model can be used to examine the thermo-hydro-mechanical characteristics of unsaturated soils in numerical simulations.

Kenric P. Nelson

Nonextensive Statistical Mechanics has developed into an important framework for modeling the thermodynamics of complex systems and the information of complex signals. Upon the 80th birthday of the field's founder, Constantino Tsallis, a review of open problems that can stimulate future research is provided. Over the thirty-year development of NSM a variety of criticisms have been published ranging from questions about the justification for generalizing the entropy function to interpretation of the generalizing parameter q. While these criticisms have been addressed in the past and the breadth of applications has demonstrated the utility of the NSM methodologies, this review provides insights on how the field can continue to improve the understanding and application of complex system models. The review starts by grounding q-statistics within scale-shape distributions and then frames a series of open problems for investigation. The open problems include using the degree of freedom to quantify the difference between entropy and its generalization; clarifying the physical interpretation of the parameter q; improving the definition of the generalized product using multidimensional analysis; defining a generalized Fourier transform applicable to signal processing applications; and re-examination of the normalization of nonextensive entropy. The review concludes with a proposal that the shape parameter is a candidate for defining the statistical complexity of a system.

Xiaohong Cao, Yanjun Shang, Tao Xu et al.

: The implementation of China's "One Belt, One Road" initiative and the construction of the Xinjiang Core Pilot Area have presented both opportunities and challenges for the development of applied undergraduate colleges and universities. These initiatives have also provided a catalyst for the reform of geological engineering education. The essence of building applied undergraduate institutions lies in nurturing high-quality applied talents. This requires an urgent shift in teachers' teaching methods and concepts. In the process of developing these high-quality talents, the adoption of the Outcome-Based Education (OBE) teaching philosophy is crucial. This approach, combined with blended learning that focuses on real-world engineering problems, aims to enhance student ability development as the primary goal. Establishing a progressive and dynamic evaluation system that covers the entire nurturing process is essential. There is a pressing need for a large number of highly skilled dual-role teachers, such as engineers who participate in teaching basic and professional courses, both in theory and practice. Increasing the involvement of enterprise engineers in evaluating student performance is also important. Emphasizing the entire process of practical teaching in geological engineering is vital. This focus on practical teaching aims to improve the seamless integration between theoretical instruction and hands-on practice, continually enhancing teaching to create a more systematic knowledge structure in undergraduate training.

JU Ming-he, TAO Ze-jun, LI Xiao-feng et al.

Particle impact, a new drilling technology, has been applied in drilling and gas and oil exploitation. Also, it is considerably promising as an assisting rock-breaking method for the excavation of tunnels in extremely hard rocks. In this paper, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of particle impact number, particle strength, and particle impact velocity on the damage and fragmentation characteristics of surface impact crater in extremely hard granite. The three-dimensional morphology, rock fragments, and mineral fragmentation properties in the impact crater were quantitatively analyzed. The results indicate that the maximum depth of the impact crater increases in a parabolic way, while both the volume and surficial area of the impact crater grow linearly with the impact number. Moreover, the impact crater volume first increases and then decreases with the particle impact velocity, with a critical velocity of nearly 82.5 m /s. In addition, the difference in mesoscopic fragmentation mechanism inside and outside the crater center causes the double-peak characteristics of average size of rock fragments. The volume, surficial area and maximum depth of the impact crater increase linearly with the kinetic energy of impacting particles in the double logarithmic coordinate system. The fractal dimension variations of internal crack distribution in main minerals around the impact crater under different impact velocities and numbers were obtained through image processing method. The experimental results manifest that the damage scale of rock crater is enlarged through improving particle velocity and impact number, while particle velocity exerts a more significant effect than impact number does.