Hasil untuk "Disasters and engineering"

O. Kammouh, P. Gardoni, G. Cimellaro

Abstract Resilience indicators are a convenient tool to assess the resilience of engineering systems. They are often used in preliminary designs or in the assessment of complex systems. This paper introduces a novel approach to assess the time-dependent resilience of engineering systems using resilience indicators. A Bayesian network (BN) approach is employed to handle the relationships among the indicators. BN is known for its capability of handling causal dependencies between different variables in probabilistic terms. However, the use of BN is limited to static systems that are in a state of equilibrium. Being at equilibrium is often not the case because most engineering systems are dynamic in nature as their performance fluctuates with time, especially after disturbing events (e.g. natural disasters). Therefore, the temporal dimension is tackled in this work using the Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN). DBN extends the classical BN by adding the time dimension. It permits the interaction among variables at different time steps. It can be used to track the evolution of a system's performance given an evidence recorded at a previous time step. This allows predicting the resilience state of a system given its initial condition. A mathematical probabilistic framework based on the DBN is developed to model the resilience of dynamic engineering systems. Two illustrative examples are presented in the paper to demonstrate the applicability of the introduced framework. One example evaluates the resilience of Brazil. The other one evaluates the resilience of a transportation system.

W. Gong, C. Juang, J. Wasowski

Abstract Mountainous regions are inherently susceptible to geohazards, such as landslides and debris flows, with the threat of natural disasters compounded by human activities (mainly settlements). Lessons learned from past events that involved the interactions between human activities and geohazards are helpful for future site selections of human settlements in mountainous regions. To this end, the events associated with county seat relocations in Badong, a typical county in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, China, are studied from an engineering geologist's perspective. Over its history, the county seat was relocated multiple times, with the first relocation traced back to the Song dynasty (960–1279 CE) and the last two relocations linked to the Three Gorges Dam project. By studying geohazards and their interactions with human activities in these county-seat relocations, and through the reconstruction of these events, we secure insights into decision-making for these events. As part of the reconstruction of these relocation events, we analyze a giant pre-historic landslide, whose discovery ultimately prompted the third relocation. Using the case history of this landslide, we also discuss and emphasize the importance of proactive monitoring of geohazards for disaster resilience enhancement, recognizing that our knowledge of nature is vastly incomplete.

Jiaqi Yao, Zimeng Zhao, Ming Pan et al.

Abstract Floods are destructive, yet quantifying 3D dynamics remains challenging for traditional satellites. The SWOT mission provides Water Surface Elevation (WSE) measurements for flood monitoring. We assessed the catastrophic Miyun flood (July 2025) where rainfall was extreme. We developed the SWOT-FVE framework to reconstruct hydrographs and volumes, revealing level rises up to 3.2 m and volume increases of 1.54 billion m³. These findings demonstrate SWOT’s unique capability to resolve 3D flood responses, advancing flood assessment and resilience planning.

Tim Wittenborg, Ildar Baimuratov, Ludvig Knöös Franzén et al.

The aerospace industry operates at the frontier of technological innovation while maintaining high standards regarding safety and reliability. In this environment, with an enormous potential for re-use and adaptation of existing solutions and methods, Knowledge-Based Engineering (KBE) has been applied for decades. The objective of this study is to identify and examine state-of-the-art knowledge management practices in the field of aerospace engineering. Our contributions include: 1) A SWARM-SLR of over 1,000 articles with qualitative analysis of 164 selected articles, supported by two aerospace engineering domain expert surveys. 2) A knowledge graph of over 700 knowledge-based aerospace engineering processes, software, and data, formalized in the interoperable Web Ontology Language (OWL) and mapped to Wikidata entries where possible. The knowledge graph is represented on the Open Research Knowledge Graph (ORKG), and an aerospace Wikibase, for reuse and continuation of structuring aerospace engineering knowledge exchange. 3) Our resulting intermediate and final artifacts of the knowledge synthesis, available as a Zenodo dataset. This review sets a precedent for structured, semantic-based approaches to managing aerospace engineering knowledge. By advancing these principles, research, and industry can achieve more efficient design processes, enhanced collaboration, and a stronger commitment to sustainable aviation.

Nasir U. Eisty, Jeffrey C. Carver, Johanna Cohoon et al.

In the evolving landscape of scientific and scholarly research, effective collaboration between Research Software Engineers (RSEs) and Software Engineering Researchers (SERs) is pivotal for advancing innovation and ensuring the integrity of computational methodologies. This paper presents ten strategic guidelines aimed at fostering productive partnerships between these two distinct yet complementary communities. The guidelines emphasize the importance of recognizing and respecting the cultural and operational differences between RSEs and SERs, proactively initiating and nurturing collaborations, and engaging within each other's professional environments. They advocate for identifying shared challenges, maintaining openness to emerging problems, ensuring mutual benefits, and serving as advocates for one another. Additionally, the guidelines highlight the necessity of vigilance in monitoring collaboration dynamics, securing institutional support, and defining clear, shared objectives. By adhering to these principles, RSEs and SERs can build synergistic relationships that enhance the quality and impact of research outcomes.

Oz Levy, Ilya Dikman, Natan Levy et al.

This paper explores how generative AI can help automate and improve key steps in systems engineering. It examines AI's ability to analyze system requirements based on INCOSE's "good requirement" criteria, identifying well-formed and poorly written requirements. The AI does not just classify requirements but also explains why some do not meet the standards. By comparing AI assessments with those of experienced engineers, the study evaluates the accuracy and reliability of AI in identifying quality issues. Additionally, it explores AI's ability to classify functional and non-functional requirements and generate test specifications based on these classifications. Through both quantitative and qualitative analysis, the research aims to assess AI's potential to streamline engineering processes and improve learning outcomes. It also highlights the challenges and limitations of AI, ensuring its safe and ethical use in professional and academic settings.

Lekshmi Murali Rani

The study of behavioral and social dimensions of software engineering (SE) tasks characterizes behavioral software engineering (BSE);however, the increasing significance of human-AI collaboration (HAIC) brings new directions in BSE by presenting new challenges and opportunities. This PhD research focuses on decision-making (DM) for SE tasks and collaboration within human-AI teams, aiming to promote responsible software engineering through a cognitive partnership between humans and AI. The goal of the research is to identify the challenges and nuances in HAIC from a cognitive perspective, design and optimize collaboration/partnership (human-AI team) that enhance collective intelligence and promote better, responsible DM in SE through human-centered approaches. The research addresses HAIC and its impact on individual, team, and organizational level aspects of BSE.

Max Neuwinger, Dirk Riehle

The design of effective programming languages, libraries, frameworks, tools, and platforms for data engineering strongly depends on their ease and correctness of use. Anyone who ignores that it is humans who use these tools risks building tools that are useless, or worse, harmful. To ensure our data engineering tools are based on solid foundations, we performed a systematic review of common programming mistakes in data engineering. We focus on programming beginners (students) by analyzing both the limited literature specific to data engineering mistakes and general programming mistakes in languages commonly used in data engineering (Python, SQL, Java). Through analysis of 21 publications spanning from 2003 to 2024, we synthesized these complementary sources into a comprehensive classification that captures both general programming challenges and domain-specific data engineering mistakes. This classification provides an empirical foundation for future tool development and educational strategies. We believe our systematic categorization will help researchers, practitioners, and educators better understand and address the challenges faced by novice data engineers.

Youhong Guo, Guihua Yu

ConspectusSafe and adequate water is a global challenge due to the growing population and pollution in the wake of natural disasters. Access to clean water is a cornerstone for the further developm...

L. Ceferino, Yvonne Merino, Sebastián Pizarro et al.

Earthquakes injure millions and simultaneously disrupt the infrastructure to protect them. This perspective argues that the current post-disaster investigation paradigm is insufficient to protect communities’ health effectively. We propose the Earthquake Survival Chain as a framework to change the current engineering focus on infrastructure to health. This framework highlights four converging research opportunities to advance understanding of earthquake injuries, search and rescue, patient mobilizations, and medical treatment. We offer an interdisciplinary research agenda in engineering and health sciences, including artificial intelligence and virtual reality, to protect health and life from earthquakes. This Perspective provides insightful discussion in how engineers can aid human health and safety during earthquake disasters. From search and rescue, helping mobilize patients, and securing medical facilities and treatment engineering can work towards bettering earthquake response.

Jie Hu, Manchao He, Zhigang Tao et al.

The complicated geological environment of deep rocks poses new challenges to tunnel and mining engineering. Some thorny disasters such as large deformation of soft rock and rockburst are becoming more and more prominent. However, the classic tunnelling methods represented by the mine tunnelling method and the new Austrian tunnelling method are generally unsatisfactory in addressing these issues due to the limited self-stability of surrounding rock mass. Therefore, the excavation compensation method (ECM) with the core of active stress compensation has been proposed and applied in practical engineering construction to solve the above problems. After extensive engineering practice, the theoretical foundation, key technologies, and construction system of ECM have been established and improved. This article provides a comprehensive overview of this novel tunnelling method. In addition, its controlling effects on surrounding rock are demonstrated by two typical engineering examples. It could provide some new ideas and references for the development of future tunnelling technology. The excavation effect and support compensation principles are analyzed. The ECM for the challenging rock tunnelling is introduced. The key technologies of ECM are comprehensively summarized. Successful applications of ECM in both hard and soft rocks are realized. The excavation effect and support compensation principles are analyzed. The ECM for the challenging rock tunnelling is introduced. The key technologies of ECM are comprehensively summarized. Successful applications of ECM in both hard and soft rocks are realized.

E. S. Okem, Zamathula Queen, Sikhakhane Nwokediegwu et al.

Civil engineering plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safety and sustainability of communities, especially in the face of increasing natural and man-made disasters. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of innovations in civil engineering that contribute to disaster resilience and the creation of safe, sustainable communities. As the frequency and intensity of disasters continue to rise globally, adopting advanced engineering solutions that mitigate risks and enhance infrastructure resilience is imperative. This review explores cutting-edge technologies and civil engineering methodologies that address disaster-prone regions' challenges. It encompasses a range of innovations, from resilient structural designs and materials to advanced geotechnical engineering practices. The integration of smart technologies, such as sensors and monitoring systems, is discussed as a means to provide early warning systems and real-time data for disaster response. The paper also delves into sustainable practices within civil engineering, emphasizing the importance of eco-friendly construction materials and energy-efficient designs. The role of urban planning and land-use management in disaster risk reduction is highlighted, emphasizing the need for resilient infrastructure that can withstand diverse environmental threats. Furthermore, the review explores case studies and success stories from around the world, showcasing instances where innovative civil engineering practices have effectively minimized the impact of disasters and contributed to the creation of resilient communities. Lessons learned from these experiences offer valuable insights for future projects and policy development. This paper underscores the critical intersection of civil engineering and disaster resilience, providing a foundation for further research and development in creating safer, sustainable communities. By embracing these innovations, the field of civil engineering can contribute significantly to building a resilient future in the face of an increasingly uncertain world.

Shuli Shen

Natural disasters such as cyclones, earthquakes, floods, wildfires, and so on, have a profound influence on real estate. It often results in fluctuations in property values, demand dynamics, and development patterns within affected regions. Reconstruction efforts following natural disasters are critical for restoring property values in affected areas. This study aims to analyze the complex relationship between natural disasters and their effects on real estate trends and examines the role of engineering practices in post‐disaster reconstructions. The data for this investigation was gathered from 411 participants including disaster management experts, real estate professionals, and engineers, and SPSS was exploited to analyze it. The findings identified that natural disasters strongly affect the trends in the real estate market and lead to modifications in the values, demand, and development patterns of properties. The analysis reveals that the use of engineering practices in reconstruction efforts leads to improved structural resilience and long‐term sustainability in disaster‐affected real estate. The novelty of this study lies in the exploration of how natural disasters impact real estate trends and the innovative engineering practices employed in post‐disaster reconstructions, providing insight into crucial strategies for disaster‐resilient real estate development. The result identified that the use of engineering practices in reconstruction positively affects property demand as buyers seek resilient and safe real estate options. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that stringent government policies promote disaster‐resilient real estate development and reconstruction.

M. Kotek, V. Kopecký

Hongjun Joo, Wonyoung Choi, Chansoo Jeon

Abstract Floods are the most frequent types of natural disasters. From the perspective of disaster management, indicators associated with floods are important for accurate flood risk assessment. However, the application of all indicators related to flood risk assessment decreases the evaluation efficiency, because the definitions of the indicators may overlap. Moreover, the volume of data required for collection and evaluation is significantly large, making the evaluation practically impossible. Thus, a scientific and objective method to select indicators for flood risk assessment based on the entropy theory was developed herein. First, the existing 28 assessment indicators were analyzed and probability‐based data were constructed for each indicator considering 28 districts in a midwestern region of Korea. The information quantity for each indicator was then obtained using marginal entropy and mutual information generated in the entropy theory. Next, the total information quantity based on the numbers of combination of indicators was derived by considering the information quantity for each indicator and the overlapping mutual information between the indicators. The maximum amount of information (161.55) was obtained by combining 18 out of the 28 flood risk indicators. The selected 18 indicators reflected regional characteristics better than those used in the existing method, demonstrating that the flood risk of the target area could be adequately assessed.

Muntasser Ahmed Mosleh Mosleh, Nurettin Umurkan

In the field of electrical engineering, there is an increasing concern among managers and operators about the secure and cost-efficient operation of smart power systems in response to disturbances caused by physical cyber attacks and natural disasters. This paper introduces an innovative framework for the hybrid, coordinated control of Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFCs) and Power System Stabilizers (PSSs) within a power system. The primary objective of this framework is to enhance the system’s security metrics, including stability and resilience, while also considering the operational costs associated with defending against cyber-physical attacks. The main novelty of this paper lies in the introduction of a real-time online framework that optimally coordinates a power system stabilizer, power oscillation damper, and unified power flow controller to enhance the power system’s resilience against transient disturbances caused by cyber-physical attacks. The proposed approach considers technical performance indicators of power systems, such as voltage fluctuations and losses, in addition to economic objectives, when determining the optimal dynamic coordination of UPFCs and PSSs—aspects that have been neglected in previous modern research. To address the optimization problem, a novel multi-objective search algorithm inspired by Harris hawks, known as the Multi-Objective Harris Hawks (MOHH) algorithm, was developed. This algorithm is crucial in identifying the optimal controller coefficient settings. The proposed methodology was tested using standard IEEE9-bus and IEEE39-bus test systems. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of this approach in achieving optimal system recovery, both technically and economically, in the face of cyber-physical attacks.

Guangjun Cui, Chunhui Lan, Cuiying Zhou et al.

Micron-scale crack propagation in red-bed soft rocks under hydraulic action is a common cause of engineering disasters due to damage to the hard rock–soft rock–water interface. Previous studies have not provided a theoretical analysis of the length, inclination angle, and propagation angle of micron-scale cracks, nor have they established appropriate criteria to describe the crack propagation process. The propagation mechanism of micron-scale cracks in red-bed soft rocks under hydraulic action is not yet fully understood, which makes it challenging to prevent engineering disasters in these types of rocks. To address this issue, we have used the existing generalized maximum tangential stress (GMTS) and generalized maximum energy release rate (GMERR) criteria as the basis and introduced parameters related to micron-scale crack propagation and water action. The GMTS and GMERR criteria for micron-scale crack propagation in red-bed soft rocks under hydraulic action (abbreviated as the Wmic-GMTS and Wmic-GMERR criteria, respectively) were established to evaluate micron-scale crack propagation in red-bed soft rocks under hydraulic action. The influence of the parameters was also described. The process of micron-scale crack propagation under hydraulic action was monitored using uniaxial compression tests (UCTs) based on digital image correlation (DIC) technology. The study analyzed the length, propagation and inclination angles, and mechanical parameters of micron-scale crack propagation to confirm the reliability of the established criteria. The findings suggest that the Wmic-GMTS and Wmic-GMERR criteria are effective in describing the micron-scale crack propagation in red-bed soft rocks under hydraulic action. This study discusses the mechanism of micron-scale crack propagation and its effect on engineering disasters under hydraulic action. It covers topics such as the internal-external weakening of nano-scale particles, lateral propagation of micron-scale cracks, weakening of the mechanical properties of millimeter-scale soft rocks, and resulting interface damage at the engineering scale. The study provides a theoretical basis for the mechanism of disasters in red-bed soft-rock engineering under hydraulic action.

Buping ZHANG, Xinghua ZHU, Xi CHENG et al.

Due to the influence of extreme rainfall and high intensity human engineering activities, the advance speed of the gully head in the Loess Tableland is intensified, which seriously threatens the economic and social development of the Loess Tableland. In recent years, although large-scale Gully Consolidation and Highland Protection (GCHP) projects have effectively inhibited the development of traceable erosion on Loess tableland, there are still serious problems of soil and water erosion. Based on this situation, this study investigated and analyzed the soil erosion diseases of the typical GCHP Projects through field investigation, literature review, and comprehensive analysis. The results show that the hydrology regulation function of GCHP Projects can be divided into the table-land intercept area, gully head cut row area, gully slope cutting line of energy dissipation, and channel held area. Currently, the GCHP suffers from surface water erosion, subsurface erosion of loess engineering geological interface, blockage of drainage channels, and disaster chain of loess gully. The unclear hydrological control mechanism and the mechanism of soil and water mutual feeding erosion disasters are the key scientific challenges of the project. In the future, attention should be paid to the application of biological soil crust, new soil improvement materials, and the complete quality supervision of gully protection tableland engineering. This study can provide basic information for future research on the mechanism of soil and water erosion disasters and engineering planning and design of the Gugou Plateau.

José Luiz Pessoa Maia, Jhonathan Lima de Souza, Vinnicius Vale Dionizio França et al.

As correntes de retorno estão identificadas como uma das principais causas de afogamentos em praias de todo o mundo. No Brasil, algumas das principais metrópoles encontram-se no litoral, e as praias representam um espaço democrático de lazer para essa população e demais turistas. Nesse contexto, surge o risco de afogamento envolvendo banhistas. Este trabalho visa analisar a relação entre o número de afogamentos e a ocorrência de correntes de retorno em praias da região metropolitana de Natal/RN. Para alcançar o objetivo definido para este trabalho, foi realizada uma discussão teórica sobre os riscos e a dinâmica costeira nas praias estudadas. Além disso, foi realizado o tratamento e análise de dados entre 2017 e 2021, que resultaram em gráficos e geoespacialização dos casos de afogamento e resgates, tendo sido ainda realizado um trabalho de campo nas praias para a aquisição de fotos com auxílio de helicóptero. Os resultados mais expressivos foram verificados nas praias urbanas de Natal/RN, no que concerne ao número de afogamento e resgates tendo em vista a identificação de um maior número de correntes de retorno próximo aos espigões das praias. Dessa forma, o estudo supre a lacuna de informações sobre o tema no município em estudo, para que os órgãos de proteção e defesa civil possam melhor gerir as equipes de guarda-vidas nas áreas de maior ocorrência.

Adrian Bajraktari, Michelle Binder, Andreas Vogelsang

Modern science is relying on software more than ever. The behavior and outcomes of this software shape the scientific and public discourse on important topics like climate change, economic growth, or the spread of infections. Most researchers creating software for scientific purposes are not trained in Software Engineering. As a consequence, research software is often developed ad hoc without following stringent processes. With this paper, we want to characterize research software as a new application domain that needs attention from the Requirements Engineering community. We conducted an exploratory study based on 8 interviews with 12 researchers who develop software. We describe how researchers elicit, document, and analyze requirements for research software and what processes they follow. From this, we derive specific challenges and describe a vision of Requirements Engineering for research software.