Hasil untuk "Comparative law. International uniform law"

Abdallah Alqudah, Hazlina Shaik Md Noor Alam, Mohd Shahril Nizam Md Radz

This study examines the fraud exception in documentary credits under Egyptian and Jordanian law, focusing on its role as a limitation to the principle of autonomy that governs letters of credit. Documentary credits are designed to ensure certainty and efficiency in international trade by obligating banks to deal exclusively with documents rather than the underlying transaction. However, allegations of fraud challenge this principle and raise complex legal and procedural questions. The research aims to analyze the legal foundations, scope, and practical application of the fraud exception in both jurisdictions, highlighting similarities and differences in statutory provisions, judicial approaches, and available remedies. Adopting a qualitative doctrinal methodology supported by comparative legal analysis, the study examines relevant commercial and civil legislation, judicial decisions, and international banking rules, particularly the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 600). The findings reveal that neither Egyptian nor Jordanian law expressly regulates fraud in documentary credits, leading courts to rely on general principles of fraud, civil law doctrines, and international commercial customs. The study concludes that while both legal systems recognize the necessity of the fraud exception to prevent abuse, the absence of clear statutory regulation results in legal uncertainty. Accordingly, the research proposes interpretive guidelines to enhance legal predictability and balance commercial certainty with fraud prevention.

Ugur Korkut Pata, Mustafa Tevfik Kartal, Zahoor Ahmed et al.

Abstract This study analyzes the influence of green bonds on carbon neutrality. It examines the daily data of sectoral CO2 emissions of the top five CO2-emitting nations from January 2, 2019 to December 30, 2022 using wavelet transform coherence, quantile-on-quantile regression, Granger causality in quantiles, and quantile regression approaches. The results revealed that (i) green bonds are strongly related to sectoral CO2 emissions; (ii) green bonds reduce transport sector CO2 emissions in China, the US, and Japan while causing an upsurge in India and Russia; (iii) green bonds reduce industrial sector CO2 emissions only in the US; (iv) green bonds have a declining influence in energy sector CO2 emissions at lower quantiles in India, China, and the US, whereas the impact increases at higher quantiles; and (v) green bonds decrease residential sector CO2 emissions in the US, Russia, and Japan. The study revealed that green bonds help reduce CO2 emissions in the residential sector in various quantiles. Therefore, the US, Russia, and Japan should raise household awareness of green energy utilization by promoting them with green bonds. In addition, green bonds can effectively reduce transportation sector CO2 emissions in China and the US. Therefore, the policymakers of the two global powers should contribute to global CO2 reduction by promoting green transportation and clean energy transition in the transportation sector through green bonds. Thus, green bonds can play an effective role in the fight against global warming.

Murat Bayram

Mathematics is often given as an example of the precision and perfection of reasoning. The success achieved through the methods of mathematics has encouraged the use of mathematical techniques in various fields and among thinkers. In particular, the logical axioms, which are the indisputable truths about mathematical concepts, have been applied in the field of law with the success seen in the natural sciences. Logic has often served as a tool for law, helping it achieve its purpose. Lawyers use logical techniques to address deficiencies in legal practice. In this regard, logical techniques are considered to provide mathematical certainty in law. Positivists and natural law theorists approach mathematical certainty differently. While the positivist approach focuses on the purely axiomatic dimension of mathematics, the natural law perspective emphasizes the a priori domain. In this context, we discuss whether the synthetic a priori plane of mathematical propositions is valid for legal rules. By examining the historical development of logic and mathematics, this study explores their influence on the mathematical certainty of law and its relationship with legal concepts and the world of existence. This study also aims to evaluate the ontological domains of mathematics and law from a philosophical perspective. The main objectives of this study are to evaluate the ontological relationship between mathematics and law and to examine the extent to which mathematical precision can be applied in the field of law.

N. M, M. S, S. S

Over many centuries, gender has been categorized and recognized by society into two, male and female, while marginalizing transgender persons. In the recent era of modernization and progression in our society has significantly expanded the concept of gender. Although, our Indian constitution in many cases such as NALSA v. Union of India (2014), Puttuswamy v. Union of India (2017) and Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) have upheld and affirmed the rights of persons who identify themselves as another gender and their autonomy regarding their personal choices and rights, trans women still face discrimination in many other areas. The lack of a proper uniform legal definition of a “Woman” creates significant gaps in the protection of rights and implementation across various statutes. This paper utilizes doctrinal and comparative legal research by analyzing constitutional provisions, statutes, judicial decisions to construe an inclusive pathway for the definition of “woman”. This paper investigates how these inconsistencies cause hindrance in selected domains where the gendered legal classification has direct consequences: workplace protection under the POSH Act, women-specific welfare schemes, protection against violence and gender-linked provisions in criminal law. This paper explores the need for a unified constitutional framework as per Articles 14, 15, and 21 of the Constitution to ensure equality and dignity and the failure of existing frameworks like Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. This paper analyzes recent court judgments, statutory ambiguities and international standards such as Yogakarta principles, in order to incorporate self-identification with statutory purpose and proportionality review. Also, the paper covers comparison with other countries for taking it as a model for inclusive legal drafting. This paper seeks to redefine and analyze the statutory definition of “woman” and suggest some practical reforms to elevate the welfare of trans women.

Han Chen

Digital legacy indicates the bundle of accounts, data and digital assets that continue to exist after a natural person’s death. This paper addresses three questions: what policy-ready definition and taxonomy of “digital legacy” best guide governance; how comparative regimes perform in practice; and what China-specific pathway under the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China (CCPRC) can effectuate user intent, protect post-mortem dignity and third-party privacy, and enable lawful succession at scale. Using a comparative doctrinal and policy-analysis approach, the study triangulates primary legal sources (statutes, regulations, case law), official platform documentation and 2022-2025 peer-reviewed scholarship. It first consolidates a functional taxonomy spanning direct-value digital assets, derivative-value accounts and sentimental/cultural records. It then synthesizes international experience: the Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act (RUFADAA) authority hierarchy in the United States; the EU’s exclusion of deceased persons in General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) paired with Member-State rules (e.g., France’s post-mortem directives); Germany’s inheritable-contract doctrine; evolving industry guidance; and heterogeneous platform tooling (designation, memorialization, export and scoped access). Building on these findings, the paper proposes a China roadmap that clarifies concepts and authority, mandates privacy-preserving, auditable disclosure via standardized evidence packages and Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), and scales pre-death designations through usable defaults. The contribution is a layered governance model—statutory baselines, standards, platform implementation and user planning—that is legally coherent, operationally feasible and culturally sensitive.

M. Sitnikov

Today, the necessary grounds for considering the prospect of deep integration of metaverse technology in the life of society already exist. Modern scientific studies indicate that many legal institutions will be transformed along with the development of metaverses. Hence, there is a need to study the development of theoretical and practical issues regarding the convergence of law and metaverses. The author attempts to generalize some problems pertaining to the legal regulation of public relations in metaverse conditions and offers scientifically grounded options for their possible solution. The dominant method used in this study is legal modelling, which makes it possible to form a general concept of the future synergy of law and metaverses. The author also employed scientific research methods, including legal prediction, comparative-legal, formal-legal, and others. The study made it possible to draw the following conclusions: (1) Today, the possibility of developing uniform international regulation pertaining to metaverses is still unlikely. Countries need to develop their own metaverses, which simplifies the development of corresponding legislation. (2) Creating metaverses in Russia will ensure the country’s international leadership in the digital economy. A regulatory sandbox mechanism can be used to shape legislation on metaverses. (3) Based on the specifics of the Russian legal system, the author has identified certain areas where legislation can be transformed to apply to metaverses. The results of the study will contribute to the development of Russian legal thought on metaverses.

F. Sourgens, Edward A. Baldwin, Catherine Banet

Undertaken in Dubai in 2023, the ‘first global stocktake’ under the Paris Agreement called for a tripling of installed global renewable energy capacity. Achieving this goal will require significant financial, technical, and legal effort, and a key task in meeting it will be to ‘derisk’ global renewable energy projects by making the rules governing these projects more transparent, predictable, and uniform. This book aids this task by providing a unified and comprehensive analysis of the transnational law that currently governs renewable energy projects, thus providing a transnational legal approach. Drawing on regulatory frameworks and practice in public international law, comparative law, and transnational case law, the book establishes the first transnational lex regenerativa, or transnational law of renewable energy. The volume covers a range of regulatory topics relating to transnational renewable energy projects, including the regulation of their entry into the market and financial support mechanisms. It also covers commercial topics from construction to joint operation to financing, as well as further addressing the role of renewable energy in advancing global sustainable development. The book will appeal to practitioners and government officials, as well as students and academics doing research regarding global renewable energy projects.

Raphael Boldt

A partir de uma abordagem criminológico-crítica que se projeta desde o trabalho pioneiro dos frankfurtianos (Rusche e Kirchheimer), o presente artigo analisa os principais reflexos no campo do controle penal decorrentes do capitalismo de vigilância, reconfiguração produzida pela chamada revolução digital, compreendida como mais uma das etapas da modernidade, consistente, sobretudo, na glorificação das novas tecnologias, ideologia que autoriza a emergência das novas fronteiras e conquistas da técnica moderna.

Antonio Sergio Altieri de Moraes Pitombo

O artigo trata da questão da decretação de prisão cautelar como instrumento de agentes da Justiça Criminal  para influir na autodeterminação do preso quanto à ampla defesa, constrangendo-o a barganhar direitos, por meio de colaboração processual. Discute-se se a teoria do dilema do prisioneiro não se exibe uma forma de tortura psicológica, sob a perspectiva dos tratados internacionais.

Parisa Foroutan, Salim Lahmiri

Abstract The notion that investors shift to gold during economic market crises remains unverified for many cryptocurrency markets. This paper investigates the connectedness between the 10 most traded cryptocurrencies and gold as well as crude oil markets pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19. Through the application of various statistical techniques, including cointegration tests, vector autoregressive models, vector error correction models, autoregressive distributed lag models, and Granger causality analyses, we explore the relationship between these markets and assess the safe-haven properties of gold and crude oil for cryptocurrencies. Our findings reveal that during the COVID-19 pandemic, gold is a strong safe-haven for Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Monero while demonstrating a weaker safe-haven potential for Bitcoin Cash, EOS, Chainlink, and Cardano. In contrast, gold only exhibits a strong safe-haven characteristic before the pandemic for Litecoin and Monero. Additionally, Brent crude oil emerges as a strong safe-haven for Bitcoin during COVID-19, while West Texas Intermediate and Brent crude oils demonstrate weaker safe-haven properties for Ether, Bitcoin Cash, EOS, and Monero. Furthermore, the Granger causality analysis indicates that before the COVID-19 pandemic, the causal relationship predominantly flowed from gold and crude oil toward the cryptocurrency markets; however, during the COVID-19 period, the direction of causality shifted, with cryptocurrencies exerting influence on the gold and crude oil markets. These findings provide subtle implications for policymakers, hedge fund managers, and individual or institutional cryptocurrency investors. Our results highlight the need to adapt risk exposure strategies during financial turmoil, such as the crisis precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic.

B.U. Turegeldiyev, Alpysbai Zhussupov, N. Askarbekkyzy et al.

This study seeks to investigate the impact and relevance of Supreme Court normative decrees in criminal law practice in Kazakhstan. Our objective is to explore their influence on law enforcement prac-tices as well as harmonization between national laws and international standards. Among the primary directions of inquiry lies theoretical analysis of legal nature decrees as well as historical development studies and comparative legal research.Scientific and practical significance of this work lies in its comprehensive examination of how nor-mative decrees affect uniform judicial practice and law enforcement stability. Research methodology included content analysis, comparative legal method interpretation legal interpretation as well as statisti-cal analysis.The primary findings of this research indicated that normative decrees of the Supreme Court play an essential role in shaping law enforcement practices and guaranteeing uniform and stable interpretations of criminal law. These findings underscore the necessity of further aligning Kazakhstani legislation with international standards to enhance law enforcement efficiency and promote human rights protection.Research’s value lies in filling gaps in existing literature and offering recommendations to enhance law enforcement practices in Kazakhstan. Practical applications of research results include their potential use by judges, lawyers, and others practicing criminal law

Ewa Michałkiewicz-Kądziela, Goran Šimić

Abstract The discussion of legal aspects of euthanasia and assisted termination of life has been going on for many years. It touches upon complex topics such as legal, moral, health, religious or societal issues. In terms of human rights, it focuses primarily on juxtaposing the right to life with other rights, such as the right to privacy, the right to decide for oneself, or freedom from torture and inhumane treatment. At the level of international law, the European Court of Human Rights has not decided to establish uniform standards for the protection of the right to life regarding euthanasia and assisted termination of life, allowing the application of the principle of freedom of assessment by the signatory states of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The consequence of this is the establishment by individual countries of non-uniform legal regulations, which leads to a differentiation in the legal situation of their citizens. The purpose of this article is to determine whether it is possible to derive a universal right to dignified death, and what the consequences of a lack of an international standard on legal regulations in the field of euthanasia and assisted termination of life are for the protection of human rights.

Miklós Szirbik, Sára Bernáth

A Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság 2023 januárjában „Szabadság és biztonság a digitalizálódó világban” címmel közzétett aktuális stratégiája értelmében a hatóság egyebek között a digitális szolgáltatásokról, valamint a digitális piacokról szóló európai uniós rendeletek alkalmazásából eredő és azokat kiegészítő hazai szabályozási igények vizsgálatát, szabályozási javaslatok előkészítésének szabályozási és szakértői támogatását határozta meg egyik kiemelt feladataként. A Gazdasági Versenyhivatal 2023 márciusában tagságot nyert abban a magas szintű nemzetközi munkacsoportban, amely az Európai Bizottságot segíti a digitális piacokról szóló rendelet szabályainak betartatásában. A jelen tanulmány a Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság, a Gazdasági Versenyhivatal és egyéb érintett hazai döntéshozók, ágazati szereplők stratégiájához és feladatköreik ellátásához oly módon kíván szakmai támogatást nyújtani, hogy részletesen bemutatja a német jogrendszerben körvonalazódó változásokat, gyakorlatokat a digitális szolgáltatásokról és a digitális piacokról szóló jogi aktusokkal kapcsolatban. A kutatást a német piac mérete és az ebből fakadó számos jogeset indokolja. Fontos tényező továbbá, hogy a német társadalom hagyományosan érzékeny az adatvédelem, a média és a demokrácia, továbbá a fenntartható gazdaság közötti kapcsolatokra, így a digitális szolgáltatásokról és a digitális piacokról szóló rendeletek végrehajtása során sok impulzusra számíthatunk Németország részéről, amely – a kevés ilyen tagállam egyikeként – már az uniós jogalkotást megelőzve, saját nemzeti jogszabályokban foglalt versenyjogi vagy médiaszabályozási eszközökkel beavatkozott a digitális piacok folyamataiba.

Оганесян С. С., Шамсунов С. Х.

Введение: статья посвящена проблемам, которые стали для пенитенциарной системы актуальными лишь в последние два–три десятилетия, поскольку ни в годы СССР, ни в начальный период становления России в качестве суверенного государства тема профилактики и противодействия экстремизму не вставала так остро. Цель: раскрыть проблемы, возникшие перед уголовно-исполнительной системой России в связи с активизацией экстремистских и террористических проявлений как в нашей стране, так и за ее пределами, а также предложить возможные пути их решения. Назрела потребность в создании комплексной системы подготовки специальных кадров из числа сотрудников пенитенциарной системы России, а также научного и организационного сопровождения деятельности, направленной на профилактику и противодействие противоправной деятельности носителей экстремистских и террористических воззрений. Результаты: научную и практическую значимость данного исследования мы видим в том, что в нем впервые раскрывается необходимость учета специфики каждого из видов экстремистской и террористической деятельности с точки зрения мотивов, обусловленных ментальной спецификой носителей экстремистских и террористических воззрений, и подготовки специальных кадров из числа сотрудников пенитенциарной системы России для профилактики и противодействия данным крайне деструктивным явлениям. Методы: для решения поставленных исследовательских задач эффективно использовано сочетание логического, системного методов, а также концептуальных видов анализа современного состояния профилактики и противодействия экстремистской деятельности в УИС. Также применялись герменевтические, сравнительные и экзегетические методы исследования источников, которые предопределяют сознание, когнитивные способности и поведение современных экстремистов и террористов. Вывод: авторы констатируют актуальность исследуемой проблемы, ее многоаспектность и предлагают с учетом сформулированных в статье результатов разработку концепции профилактики и противодействия самым разнообразным видам экстремистских и террористических воззрений, которая, в свою очередь, должна найти отражение в концепциях психологической, воспитательной, оперативной и режимной служб и всей системы ФСИН России. Кроме того, не менее важной задачей, которая все еще не решена, представляется введение в учебные планы высших и средних учебных заведений ФСИН России цикла предметов, связанных с профилактикой экстремистских и террористических воззрений с учетом специальности обучаемых.

Băieșu Aurel, Professor Ph. D. in Law

K. Garnowski

The article presents the issue of liability for damage caused by the performance of the so-called right of disposal, which in broad terms includes the ability to amend the contract of carriage of goods and withdraw from it. The author conducts a comparative analysis of the regulations provided for in the uniform international conventions regulating road transport (CMR Convention), rail transport (CIM Convention) and air transport (Montreal Convention) and in Polish domestic law (Transport Law and Civil Code). On this basis, an assessment of the norms adopted in the respective acts and the choice of the optimal way to regulate particular issues are made. The author comes to the conclusion that each of the analysed acts contains regulations that deserve approval and stand out from others, but at the same time certain defects are evident in each of them. Taking into account the conclusions formulated, in the final part of the article author proposes possible directions for the development of Polish domestic law.

Jelena Perović-Vujačić

The paper addresses the rules governing the conclusion of contract from the aspect of the prevailing international standards in this area and their comparison with the appropriate solutions of the Serbian Law of Obligations. The international standards in the field of conclusion of contracts have been analysed primarily in the light of the relevant rules of the CISG, as one of the most widely accepted international conventions in the field of contract law, while also giving due consideration to the solutions of other important international documents and projects of uniform contract law, such as UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, Principles of European Contract Law and the Draft Common Frame of Reference for European Private Law. Among the plethora of issues relevant to the conclusion of the contract, the paper places the focus on those which seem most important from the perspective of their comparative analysis with the solutions of the Serbian Law of Obligations: negotiations, offer (contents of the offer, to whom the offer is addressed, revocability of the offer), acceptance of the offer (contents of the statement indicating acceptance of the offer) and the time of conclusion of the contract. Each of these issues has been separately analysed and evaluated in an endeavour to identify those solutions that contribute to achieving a higher degree of legal certainty in the relations arising from the contract conclusion, without standing in the way of party autonomy in this area.

حسن فرج مهرابی, محسن محبی

این مقاله در صدد یافتن ضابطة جبران خسارت وارده به سرمایه‌گذار خارجی ناشی از نقض معاهدة بین‌المللی دو یا چندجانبة سرمایه‌گذاری در مواردی غیر از سلب مالکیت است. مطالعة رویة داوری به‌عنوان منبع مهم حقوق سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی نشان می‌دهد که به‌طور کلی میزان غرامت در این موارد با توجه به ضابطة جبران خسارت مندرج در رأی پروندة کارخانة کورزو و نیز موازین مربوطه در طرح مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت‌ها تعیین می‌شود. در مورد نحوة اعمال این ضابطه، اگر نقض شروط معاهده منجر به سلب مالکیت شده باشد، غرامت قابل پرداخت، همانند سلب مالکیت غیرمشروع محاسبه می‌شود. در غیر این صورت، میزان غرامت با توجه به رابطة سببیت میان رفتار متخلفانة دولت میزبان و خسارات وارده به سرمایه‌گذار تعیین می‌شود. علی­رغم انسجام نسبی آرای محاکم در مورد ضابطة تعیین میزان غرامت در این موارد، نحوة احراز رابطة سببیت در رویة داوری سرمایه‌گذاری به­شدت متشتت بوده و به پیش‌بینی­پذیری نظام داوری سرمایه‌گذاری آسیب می‌زند.

Vicente Bagnoli

O objetivo do artigo é investigar a concorrência nos mercados digitais e o papel da política de concorrência nas economias em desenvolvimento para um crescimento inclusivo e prosperidade compartilhada com ferramentas inovadoras para uma melhor aplicação da lei. Sua metodologia analisa relatórios e pesquisas internacionais. As economias em desenvolvimento devem fortalecer sua capacidade de desenhar políticas de concorrência nos mercados digitais de acordo com suas particularidades sociais e econômicas de desenvolvimento, observando o que as economias desenvolvidas vêm fazendo em seu próprio mercado. A UE tem conduzido a política de concorrência nos mercados digitais, e o Digital Markets Act e o Digital Services Act são mais duas iniciativas capazes de facilitar as economias em desenvolvimento na concepção de sua própria regulamentação nos mercados digitais. O resultado do artigo indica que não existe um formato único e, como conclusão, a experiência e os bons padrões devem ser avaliados e ajustados.

Darío Páez

The book is part of the Psychology in Latin America series of the American Psychological Association (APA) edited by Judith Gibbons and Patricio Cumsille. The book presents a series of chapters written by Latin American researchers from Argentina, Colombia, Chile, El Salvador and Peru on different topics relevant to political psychology in Latin America. The problem of human rights violations and how to confront them, socio-political conflicts and the building of a culture of democracy and peace are transversal axes of the chapters of this book.