Hasil untuk "Comparative grammar"

Lucia VIŞINESCU

compte rendu

Adam Dabrowski, Ayako Yokogawa

Flow is described as a state in which people become so involved or engrossed in an activity that nothing else seems to matter (Csikszentmihalyi, 2009). This state of consciousness seems to occur when a person is involved in a task and seemingly unable to stop. Flow states are marked by (a) a perceived balance of skills and challenge, (b) opportunities for intense concentration, (c) clear task goals, (d) feedback that one is succeeding at the task, (e) a sense of control, (f) a lack of self-consciousness, and (g) the perception that time passes more quickly (Egbert, 2003). The Japanese Flow State Scale (JFSS) is an instrument which was created specifically to measure flow states experienced during deliberate vocabulary study and is a working component of the first author's Doctor of Philosophy research project, which focuses on the deliberate study of vocabulary with augmented reality (AR) and physical word cards. Analyses with mixed effects models indicated that statistically significant differences in markers of states of flow elicited with the JFSS of 179 L1 Japanese participants on the basis of four deliberate vocabulary study activities (AR, word card study, Quizlet live, and intensive reading) appear to exist.

Justine Simon

The article questions the notions of virality and interdisciplinarity through the semiodiscursive analysis of memes of #ChatonsMignons threads in the context of the pre-campaign of the 2022 French presidential elections. The analysis underlines how mobilized interdisciplinary references serve an argumentative dimension.

Joe Bathelt, Kathleen Rastle, J. S. H. Taylor

Safouane El Ghazouali, Arnaud Gucciardi, Francesca Venturini et al.

Object detection in remotely sensed satellite pictures is fundamental in many fields such as biophysical, and environmental monitoring. While deep learning algorithms are constantly evolving, they have been mostly implemented and tested on popular ground-based taken photos. This paper critically evaluates and compares a suite of advanced object detection algorithms customized for the task of identifying aircraft within satellite imagery. Using the large HRPlanesV2 dataset, together with a rigorous validation with the GDIT dataset, this research encompasses an array of methodologies including YOLO versions 5 and 8, Faster RCNN, CenterNet, RetinaNet, RTMDet, and DETR, all trained from scratch. This exhaustive training and validation study reveal YOLOv5 as the preeminent model for the specific case of identifying airplanes from remote sensing data, showcasing high precision and adaptability across diverse imaging conditions. This research highlight the nuanced performance landscapes of these algorithms, with YOLOv5 emerging as a robust solution for aerial object detection, underlining its importance through superior mean average precision, Recall, and Intersection over Union scores. The findings described here underscore the fundamental role of algorithm selection aligned with the specific demands of satellite imagery analysis and extend a comprehensive framework to evaluate model efficacy. The benchmark toolkit and codes, available via https://github.com/toelt-llc/FlightScope_Bench, aims to further exploration and innovation in the realm of remote sensing object detection, paving the way for improved analytical methodologies in satellite imagery applications.

Andrea Nini, Oren Halvani, Lukas Graner et al.

Authorship Verification (AV) is a key area of research in digital text forensics, which addresses the fundamental question of whether two texts were written by the same person. Numerous computational approaches have been proposed over the last two decades in an attempt to address this challenge. However, existing AV methods often suffer from high complexity, low explainability and especially from a lack of clear scientific justification. We propose a simpler method based on modeling the grammar of an author following Cognitive Linguistics principles. These models are used to calculate $λ_G$ (LambdaG): the ratio of the likelihoods of a document given the candidate's grammar versus given a reference population's grammar. Our empirical evaluation, conducted on twelve datasets and compared against seven baseline methods, demonstrates that LambdaG achieves superior performance, including against several neural network-based AV methods. LambdaG is also robust to small variations in the composition of the reference population and provides interpretable visualizations, enhancing its explainability. We argue that its effectiveness is due to the method's compatibility with Cognitive Linguistics theories predicting that a person's grammar is a behavioral biometric.

Jushi Kai, Shengyuan Hou, Yusheng Huang et al.

Grammar induction has made significant progress in recent years. However, it is not clear how the application of induced grammar could enhance practical performance in downstream tasks. In this work, we introduce an unsupervised grammar induction method for language understanding and generation. We construct a grammar parser to induce constituency structures and dependency relations, which is simultaneously trained on downstream tasks without additional syntax annotations. The induced grammar features are subsequently incorporated into Transformer as a syntactic mask to guide self-attention. We evaluate and apply our method to multiple machine translation tasks and natural language understanding tasks. Our method demonstrates superior performance compared to the original Transformer and other models enhanced with external parsers. Experimental results indicate that our method is effective in both from-scratch and pre-trained scenarios. Additionally, our research highlights the contribution of explicitly modeling the grammatical structure of texts to neural network models.

Abdou Elimam

<p class="western" align="justify"><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">After defeating and pushing aside the Carthaginians, the Romans named the territory of north Africa Mauretania and</span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"> its population, </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Mauri</span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">. Later on, historians have had to reflect on the origin of the term mauri to</span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"> designate the population or </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Mauretania </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">to name the territory. Besides the signification of the Latin/Greek word « mauri » which means « black », it is admitted, as well, that the word Mauri is a transcription, into the Latin alphabet, of a punic word meaning « the west » or « the westerners ». If the latter meaning is 2000 years old, the other approbation is relatively modern and suspected of ideological biases. The punic word </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">maġaribis, </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">transcribed </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">mauri/ma’ari/mahauri</span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">, really makes sense since it means </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">the west </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">in Punic - the 15 century-long North African </span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">lingua franca</span></span></span><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">.</span></span></span></p><p class="western" align="justify"><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR"><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="western" align="justify"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Received: 11 February 2023 </span></span></span></strong></p><p class="western" align="justify"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Accepted: 21 February 2023 </span></span></span></strong></p><p class="western" align="justify"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Published: 20 March 2023</span></span></span></strong></p>

Greg Martin, Pu Justin Scarfy Yang, Aram Bahrini et al.

The goal of this annotated bibliography is to record every publication on the topic of comparative prime number theory (through mid-2024) together with a summary of its results. We use a unified system of notation for the quantities being studied and for the hypotheses under which results are obtained.

Danuta Grzesiak-Witek

Trudności w nabywaniu sprawności językowych oraz komunikacyjnych stanowią wyzwanie dla logopedy. Artykuł dotyczy problematyki niedokształcenia mowy o typie afazji motorycznej. Zaburzenia rozwoju mowy mają negatywny wpływ na czynności poznawcze dziecka, dlatego tak ważna jest rzetelna diagnoza i właściwie zorganizowana terapia. Po uporządkowaniu terminologii związanej z zaburzeniami rozwoju językowego, wynikających z uszkodzeń struktur mózgowych, ma miejsce prezentacja przyczyn i charakterystyka typu niedokształcenia mowy o typie afazji motorycznej. Autorka przedstawia procedurę diagnostyki tego typu zaburzenia w oparciu o studium przypadku 3-letniego chłopca oraz dokonuje szczegółowego opisu trudności w zakresie ekspresji u badanego dziecka. W artykule zawarta została także propozycja terapii logopedycznej z naciskiem na zminimalizowanie zaburzeń motorycznych.

Sean Deyo, Veit Elser

We implement a divide-and-concur iterative projection approach to context-free grammar inference. Unlike most state-of-the-art models of natural language processing, our method requires a relatively small number of discrete parameters, making the inferred grammar directly interpretable -- one can read off from a solution how to construct grammatically valid sentences. Another advantage of our approach is the ability to infer meaningful grammatical rules from just a few sentences, compared to the hundreds of gigabytes of training data many other models employ. We demonstrate several ways of applying our approach: classifying words and inferring a grammar from scratch, taking an existing grammar and refining its categories and rules, and taking an existing grammar and expanding its lexicon as it encounters new words in new data.

Dana Fisman, Dolav Nitay, Michal Ziv-Ukelson

The problem of identifying a probabilistic context free grammar has two aspects: the first is determining the grammar's topology (the rules of the grammar) and the second is estimating probabilistic weights for each rule. Given the hardness results for learning context-free grammars in general, and probabilistic grammars in particular, most of the literature has concentrated on the second problem. In this work we address the first problem. We restrict attention to structurally unambiguous weighted context-free grammars (SUWCFG) and provide a query learning algorithm for \structurally unambiguous probabilistic context-free grammars (SUPCFG). We show that SUWCFG can be represented using \emph{co-linear multiplicity tree automata} (CMTA), and provide a polynomial learning algorithm that learns CMTAs. We show that the learned CMTA can be converted into a probabilistic grammar, thus providing a complete algorithm for learning a structurally unambiguous probabilistic context free grammar (both the grammar topology and the probabilistic weights) using structured membership queries and structured equivalence queries. A summarized version of this work was published at AAAI 21.

Urh Primožič, Ljupčo Todorovski, Matej Petković

Probabilistic context-free grammars have a long-term record of use as generative models in machine learning and symbolic regression. When used for symbolic regression, they generate algebraic expressions. We define the latter as equivalence classes of strings derived by grammar and address the problem of calculating the probability of deriving a given expression with a given grammar. We show that the problem is undecidable in general. We then present specific grammars for generating linear, polynomial, and rational expressions, where algorithms for calculating the probability of a given expression exist. For those grammars, we design algorithms for calculating the exact probability and efficient approximation with arbitrary precision.

Elena Alfaya-Lamas, Menchu Garrote Espantoso

The concept of representativeness is the main distinguishing characteristic of specialised corpora in comparison to other sets of texts. The Coruña Corpus of English Scientific Writing currently comprises four published subcorpora (astronomy, life sciences, history, and philosophy) plus three others under compilation (physics, chemistry and linguistics). In this paper we aim to assess the lexical density of the text samples in CETA, the Corpus of English Texts on Astronomy, by means of the ReCor tool, a posteriori. The study is motivated by the following question: does quantitative representativeness analysis using ReCor provide, in the form of a cross-check, further validation of previous research on the representativeness of CETA? Previous work (Crespo and Moskowich, 2010) has indicated that the CETA corpus is well designed and valid for the purposes for which it was intended. We will here suggest metrics to measure these findings. The most important contribution of this study is to offer quantitative data collection results using the ReCor tool, which allows data triangulation and consequently ensures overall data quality. Results show that data analysis with the ReCor tool supports previous findings, and thus we are able to verify that CETA is indeed representative of the language of its time and register.

فاطمه عسگری

برنامه‌های آموزشی و فرهنگی تبادل دانشجو و دوره‌های کوتاه‌مدت آموزش زبان و فرهنگ خارجی که معمولاً در دانشگاه‌های جامعۀ هدف که زبان آن مورد مطالعه دانشجویان زبان است، فرصت مناسبی برای گسترش مهارت‌های زبانی و اجتماعی- فرهنگی برای زبان‌آموزان فراهم می‌آورد. در دهه‌های گذشته، معمولاً در برنامه‌های آموزشی اینگونه دوره‌های زبان در کنار نکات مربوط به‌دستور زبان، با پخش قطعه‌ای از یک فیلم در کلاس زبان، مدرس سعی بر انتقال مفاهیم فرهنگی و اجتماعی جامعۀ مقصد به‌زبان‌آموز داشت. حال آنکه چنین رویکردی به‌فرهنگ، در بطن آموزش زبان، چندان موفق نبود چرا که چنین رویکردی قادر به‌خلق ارتباط و پل بینافرهنگی با زبان‌آموز نبود. در این مقاله،  برنامۀ آموزشی که در سال‌های اخیر در یکی از این دوره‌های کوتاه مدت زبان و فرهنگ در یکی از دانشگاه‌های ایتالیایی ارائه شده، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. با تحلیلی بر داده‌های گرداوری شده طی  مصاحبه با دو زبان‌آموز که دانشجوی مقطع کارشناسی در رشته زبان ایتالیایی در دانشگاه تهرانند، سعی بر این شده است تا با عنایت به‌مطالعات بین‌المللی انجام شده در حیطه توانش کنشگری بینافرهنگی و مسئله مهارت فرهنگی-اجتماعی زبان ببینیم چقدر این دوره‌های کوتاه مدت، با اتکا بر برنامه‌های آموزشی مناسب و هوشمند، در کسب مهارت‌های فرهنگی زبان به‌دانشجویان کمک می‌کنند.

Akinmameji Oluwayemisi Olusola

Literature abounds on the way gender issues are foregrounded in both literary and non-literary texts. Many of these studies, especially from the linguistic perspective, fail to pay attention to how proverbs and figurative expressions are used to expose feminist ideology in discourse. This study, therefore, considers the way these cultural elements are used to ex-press the feminist beliefs of Femi Osofisan in some of his drama texts to lend credence to the argument that every genre of text and talk is capable of bearing ideological nuances. The study deploys Norman Fairclough’s socio-cultural model of CDA which incorporates aspects of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) as theoretical model. Three of Osofisan’s drama texts, which mostly express his feminist tendencies; Morountodun, YungbaYungba and the Dance Contest and Tegonni: An African Antigone are purposively sampled to explain the expressive capabilities of women. Proverbs and figurative expressions are subjected to descriptive linguistic analysis to bring out the underlying gender rhetoric. Osofisan projects women’s ability to use proverbs and figures of speechto express power. There is the overrid-ing feminist ideology of women as expressive and dynamic in the texts.

Krist Wongsuphasawat

There are so many libraries of visualization components nowadays with their APIs often different from one another. Could these components be more similar, both in terms of the APIs and common functionalities? For someone who is developing a new visualization component, how should the API look like? This work drew inspiration from visualization grammar, decoupled the grammar from its rendering engine and adapted it into a configurable grammar for individual components called Encodable. Encodable helps component authors define grammar for their components, and parse encoding specifications from users into utility functions for the implementation. This paper explains the grammar design and demonstrates how to build components with it.

Dolav Nitay, Dana Fisman, Michal Ziv-Ukelson

The problem of identifying a probabilistic context free grammar has two aspects: the first is determining the grammar's topology (the rules of the grammar) and the second is estimating probabilistic weights for each rule. Given the hardness results for learning context-free grammars in general, and probabilistic grammars in particular, most of the literature has concentrated on the second problem. In this work we address the first problem. We restrict attention to structurally unambiguous weighted context-free grammars (SUWCFG) and provide a query learning algorithm for structurally unambiguous probabilistic context-free grammars (SUPCFG). We show that SUWCFG can be represented using co-linear multiplicity tree automata (CMTA), and provide a polynomial learning algorithm that learns CMTAs. We show that the learned CMTA can be converted into a probabilistic grammar, thus providing a complete algorithm for learning a structurally unambiguous probabilistic context free grammar (both the grammar topology and the probabilistic weights) using structured membership queries and structured equivalence queries. We demonstrate the usefulness of our algorithm in learning PCFGs over genomic data.

Zhanna Evgenievna Vavilova, John Taylor Broadbent

Fossilization was first defined in 1972 as a failure, or an ultimate attainment in adult second language acquisition that falls short of native-speaker competence. It represents a final stage in the interlanguage development of the individual learner and characterizes all but a very few adult second language learners. Over the 40 years or so since the term appeared, fossilization in adult second language acquisition has come to be widely accepted by scholars as a genuinely existing phenomenon. Fossilization is now viewed as permanent and resistant to correction either through instruction or acculturation. However, no universally accepted definition or explanation of fossilization has achieved universal acceptance. This paper attempts to add an extralinguistic perspective on fossilization and its possible outcome in the communicative practice of adult L2 speakers by building a bridge between linguistics and teaching languages, on the one hand, and philosophy of communication, on the other. Habermasian concept of communicative rationality is applied to demonstrate that oratory and writing skills ensure a more significant role in a dialogue, which seems to be sufficient grounds for fighting fossilization. In terms of the theory of speech acts, the paper attempts to trace the mechanism of fossilizing in a transition from the inner space of an individual consciousness and intent (illocution) to the outer space of the perlocutionary consequence when a locutionary distortion of the speech itself does not affect the speaker’s intent and he / she receives no feedback of the error made. Several factors inhibiting the effectiveness of such corrective feedback are touched upon, as well as certain strategies adopted by second language learners in their communicative efforts.

Jason Grafmiller, Benedikt Szmrecsanyi, M. Röthlisberger et al.

This special collection brings together research exploring and evaluating probabilistic variation patterns from a comparative perspective, thus highlighting current work situated at the crossroads of research on usage-based theoretical linguistics, variationist linguistics, and sociolinguistics. The contributions in the collection advance our understanding of the plasticity of syntactic knowledge on the part of language users with diverse regional and/or cultural backgrounds, and demonstrate how a probabilistic approach to grammatical variation can offer insight into the scope and limits of language variation. In this general introduction to the special collection, we provide some essential background for perspective, and subsequently summarize the contributions in the collection.