Hasil untuk "Commercial geography. Economic geography"

Krzysztof Janowicz, Gengchen Mai, Rui Zhu et al.

Understanding how AI will represent and reason about geography should be a key concern for all of us, as the broader public increasingly interacts with spaces and places through these systems. Similarly, in line with the nature of foundation models, our own research often relies on pre-trained models. Hence, understanding what world AI systems construct is as important as evaluating their accuracy, including factual recall. To motivate the need for such studies, we provide three illustrative vignettes, i.e., exploratory probes, in the hope that they will spark lively discussions and follow-up work: (1) Do models form strong defaults, and how brittle are model outputs to minute syntactic variations? (2) Can distributional shifts resurface from the composition of individually benign tasks, e.g., when using AI systems to create personas? (3) Do we overlook deeper questions of understanding when solely focusing on the ability of systems to recall facts such as geographic principles?

Ibrahim Fatwa Wijaya, Anis Widjajanto, Muhammad Agung Prabowo

Abstract We discuss the trust-building process as well as trust violation and distrust in financing for small businesses at Islamic and conventional banks, a topic that receives little attention in the literature. We interview managers of Islamic and conventional banks in Indonesia. We find that the trust-building process at Islamic and conventional banks financing relationships are qualitatively similar. Specifically, this means that: (1) the sources of soft information for both types of banks include the borrowers’ neighbors, suppliers, and customers; (2) bank managers are interested in exploring negative information on small business managers from third parties; (3) trust violation is caused mainly by isolated events, but distrust arises mainly because of values incongruence between bank managers and small business managers, primarily due to the small business managers’ dishonesty or lack of integrity (values-based trust); and (4) the dimensions of trustworthiness that bank managers want to explore are benevolence, integrity, honesty, openness, and ability.

Louis Boucherie

Complex systems are made up of many interacting components. Network science provides the tools to analyze and understand these interactions. Community detection is a key technique in network science for uncovering the structures that shape the behavior of these networks. This thesis introduces the Adaptive Cut, a novel method that improves clustering methods by employing multi-level cuts in hierarchical dendrograms. Overcoming the limitations of traditional single-level cuts-especially in unbalanced dendrograms-the Adaptive Cut provides a multi-level cut by optimizing a Markov chain Monte Carlo with simulated annealing. In addition, we propose the Balanceness score, an information-theoretic metric that quantifies dendrogram balance and predicts the benefits of multilevel cuts. Evaluations on over 200 real and synthetic networks show significant improvements in partition density and modularity. In the second part, our analysis shows that incorporating network geometry allows redefining administrative boundaries into non-contiguous regions that better reflect social and spatial dynamics. We also discuss the representation of hierarchical data in hyperbolic space through Poincare maps, which can represent tree-like structures in low dimension. In addition, we examine how geography constrains human mobility, an aspect often overlooked in scale-free characterizations of mobility. By incorporating geography via the pair distribution function from condensed matter physics, we separate geographic constraints from mobility choices. Analyzing datasets containing millions of individual movements, we identify a universal power law that spans five orders of magnitude, thereby bridging the divide between distance-based and opportunity-driven models of human mobility.

Yang He, Artan Sheshmani

We study the behavior of toric Landau-Ginzburg models under extremal contraction and minimal model program. We also establish a relation between the moduli space of toric Landau-Ginzburg models and the geography of central models. We conjecture that there is a correspondence between extremal contractions and minimal model program on Fano varieties, and degenerations of their associated toric Landau-Ginzburg models written explicitly. We prove the conjectures for smooth toric varieties, as well as general smooth Fano varieties in dimensions 2 and 3. As an application, we compute the elementary syzygies for smooth Fano threefolds.

LIVIU NEAMTU, ADINA CLAUDIA NEAMTU

The paper addresses the ways in which, a firm's strategy system and the set of options for achieving these strategies, are developed. This strategic system, in order to be implemented, requires multiple adaptations of the organizational structure that support the implementation of strategic options. Evidence from numerous studies shows that,9 in the absence of an adapted structure, following a clear and consistent vision, the chances of successfully sustainable strategy are reduced. Whether it is the case of major strategic approaches and a strong positioning in the industry and in the business market or whether it is the case of a portfolio strategy and diversification or specialization in the business field, the firm must support these strategies through coherent and sustainable organizational models.

Haicang Zhou, Weiming Huang, Yile Chen et al.

Road network representation learning aims to learn compressed and effective vectorized representations for road segments that are applicable to numerous tasks. In this paper, we identify the limitations of existing methods, particularly their overemphasis on the distance effect as outlined in the First Law of Geography. In response, we propose to endow road network representation with the principles of the recent Third Law of Geography. To this end, we propose a novel graph contrastive learning framework that employs geographic configuration-aware graph augmentation and spectral negative sampling, ensuring that road segments with similar geographic configurations yield similar representations, and vice versa, aligning with the principles stated in the Third Law. The framework further fuses the Third Law with the First Law through a dual contrastive learning objective to effectively balance the implications of both laws. We evaluate our framework on two real-world datasets across three downstream tasks. The results show that the integration of the Third Law significantly improves the performance of road segment representations in downstream tasks.

Bartosz Naskręcki, Piotr Pokora

This survey focuses on the geometric problem of log-surfaces, which are pairs consisting of a smooth projective surface and a reduced non-empty boundary divisor. In the first part, we focus on the geography problem for complex log-surfaces associated with pairs of the form $(\mathbb{P}^{2}, C)$, where $C$ is an arrangement of smooth plane curves admitting ordinary singularities. Specifically, we focus on the case in which $C$ is an arrangement consisting of smooth rational curves as its irreducible components. In the second part, containing original new results, we study log-surfaces constructed as pairs consisting of a complex projective $K3$ surface and a rational curve arrangement. In particular, we provide some combinatorial conditions for such pairs to have the log-Chern slope equal to $3$. Our survey is illustrated with many explicit examples of log-surfaces.

Adolfo Cristobal Campoamor, Osiris Jorge Parcero

This paper proposes a two blocks and three regions economic geography model that can account for the most salient stylized facts experienced by Eastern European transition economies during the period 1990 2005. In contrast to the existing literature, which has favored technological explanations, trade liberalization is the only driving force. The model correctly predicts that in the first half of the period, trade liberalization led to divergence in GDP per capita, both between the West and the East and within the East. Consistent with the data, in the second half of the period, this process was reversed and convergence became the dominant force.

Belay Mengstie Addisu

Abstract This study aims at assessing business landscape and growth determinants of micro- and small enterprises working in WASH sector. The study also investigates the effect of determinant factors on enterprise growth. The study population comprised 6000 enterprises working in six cities. The study used varieties of data collection instruments including questionnaire administered with randomly selected enterprises and collected valid data from a total of 300 enterprises; conducted 24 Key informant interviews with different officials in the Cities who are concerned with WASH products and services including private WASH goods and service suppliers; conducted 12 FGDs with utility officers; community representatives; enterprise owners to triangulate the data come up with the questionnaire result. The WASH business landscape in Ethiopia faced several challenges that hinder its ability to create demand for WASH products and services among enterprises. These challenges include inadequate and ineffective demand creation efforts, low capacity of private commercial operators, limited financial services available to both the private sector and households, inadequate business support services at the local level, and inadequate workspace for WASH enterprises. However, there are also several drivers of WASH sector development in the city, such as increased government commitment to supporting access to WASH services through policies and budget support, support from development partners like the World Bank, and an increase in the city’s population. The structural equation modeling result revealed that finance resources, administrative skills, marketing competence, and technical support were found to be significant. However, infrastructure facility was found insignificant. The study recommended that the government and stakeholders come together to support enterprises and play their roles in the growth of enterprises in Ethiopia.

Regina Leona De Los Santos, Analita Salabao, Argina Pomida et al.

Teacher turnover remains a critical issue in the Department of Education, Ormoc City Division, affecting school stability, instructional quality, and student learning outcomes. This study examines the relationship between Human Resource Management (HRM) practices, job satisfaction, and turnover intention among teachers in three central elementary schools. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the study evaluates key HRM strategies, including compensation, work environment, and professional development, and their impact on teacher retention. Findings reveal that current compensation practices do not effectively reduce turnover intention unless they lead to higher job satisfaction. Additionally, a positive working environment significantly enhances job satisfaction and decreases turnover rates. The structural model results emphasize the strong direct and indirect effects of HRM practices on teacher commitment. The study underscores the need for increased investment in better teaching facilities and resources to improve workplace conditions. Practical recommendations include revising HRM policies to enhance job satisfaction, implementing targeted interventions to reduce teacher attrition costs, and conducting further research on the influence of national policies on teacher retention. By bridging gaps in understanding HRM’s role in education, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers and administrators in strengthening teacher retention strategies.

V. Chopra

Abstract Scholarship on social entrepreneurship primarily reduces social enterprises in the Global South to geographic variations of an idealized concept of combining commercial imperatives with social missions. In the article, I see social enterprise practice in economies of the Global South, namely India and South Africa, as channels to engage in the ongoing theorization of the field. The article draws on the frame of actually existing neoliberalism, moving beyond macroperspectives and policy imperatives on social entrepreneurship to show how neoliberal rationalities are mobilized and regulated by emancipatory rationalities and agendas. The empirical focus is on social enterprises mediating enterprise formation to address employment concerns in the informal, noncapital domains of India and South Africa. I draw on data from the ethnographic fieldwork on mediating social enterprises collected during my doctoral research. The lived realities of practice of the two intermediaries considered in the article, Dhwani in India and EntShare in South Africa, show mediating social enterprises in ongoing negotiations with capital and noncapital domains. Understanding the negotiations explains the convergences and divergences in how neoliberal economic rationalities align with progressive and emancipatory agendas and values across India and South Africa. In doing so, the article provides an opportunity to enrich conceptual registers of postcolonial economic geography by tracing and articulating mediation processes between neoliberal and nonneoliberal rationalities not solely from one site but across contexts.

Ehab Abdelaziz ibrahim

Widad BOUKALAA, Mosbah HARRAG

ارتبط الظهور الأول للجنات الضريبية بجذب الاستثمارات الأجنبية، إلا أنها أضحت من أهم آليات التهرب الضريبي الدولي في العصر الحالي، وذلك من خلال تمكين الممارسات السلبية للأفراد والشركات، مما يكلف النظام الضريبي العالمي خسارة 427 مليار دولار سنويا، 46,86% من إجمالي الخسائر مسؤولية جزر كايمان، بريطانيا، هولندا، لكسمبورغ، الو.م.أ. وتخسر الجزائر سنويا حوالي 429 مليون دولار(ما يعادل1,94% من إيراداتها الضريبية). لذلك فقد جاءت هذه الدراسة لتسلط الضوء على هذه الظاهرة التي شهدت اتساعا كبيرا في السنوات الأخيرة، والحث على تسطير استراتيجيات دولية للحد من اتساعها. The first appearance of tax havens is related to attracting foreign investment, But it has become one of the most important mechanisms of international tax evasion in the current era, costing the global tax system a loss of 427 billion annually, And 46,86% of the total losses are the responsibility of the Cayman Islands, Britain, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, USA. Algeria loses about $429 million a year, so this study came to highlight this phenomenon, urging the need to develop strategies to reduce its breadth.

Filip Strakoš

In this short note, we provide a criterion for DGA-homotopy of augmentations of Chekanov-Eliashberg algebra of disconnected Legendrian submanifolds. We apply the criterion to obtain the extension of geography results of Bourgeois and Galant concerning bilinearized Legendrian contact homology to the case of disconnected Legendrian submanifolds.

Richard J. Arend

Abstract NK models are agent-based simulations of market evolution generated through new entry and firm innovation, and are often focused on better understanding complex interdependencies in organizational phenomena. We provide a counterpoint to the mostly optimistic descriptions of the advantages and of the requirements for these fitness-landscape-based analyses. We do so by offering a comprehensive list of limitations of that modelling technique as well as a critical analysis of two recent applications of the NK model—one of a theory-testing application and one of a theory-building application. Our analysis reveals that when care is not taken to capture the essential parts of a phenomenon, the NK approach may be unnecessary at best, and misleading at worst. We discuss the implications of these analyses and update past suggestions for future uses of NK simulations in organizational research.

J. Nofre

ABSTRACT Agrowing number of authors have recently suggested a clear interaction between tourist gentrification and commercial gentrification. However, little scholarly attention has been paid to the growing interrelation between the nighttime leisure economy and urban tourism, along with all its complex forms of simultaneous interaction as fundamental driving forces of the current processes transforming the social, economic and cultural fabric of the central areas of many European cities. This short paper will argue that much more academic attention should be paid to how the touristification of nightlife is emerging as one of the most aggressive forms of material, symbolic and heritage dispossession of local communities within the central historic neighborhoods of many European cities.

Bin Jiang

The third (or organismic) view of space states that space is neither lifeless nor neutral, but a living structure capable of being more living or less living, thus different fundamentally from the first two mechanistic views of space: Newtonian absolute space and Leibnizian relational space. The living structure is defined as a physical and mathematical structure or simply characterized by the recurring notion (or inherent hierarchy) of far more small substructures than large ones. This paper seeks to lay out a new geography as a science of the Earth's surface founded on the third view of space. The new geography aims not only to better understand geographic forms and processes but also - maybe more importantly - to make geographic space or the Earth's surface to be living or more living. After introducing two fundamental laws of geography: Tobler's law on spatial dependence (or homogeneity) and scaling law on spatial heterogeneity, we argue that these two laws are fundamental laws of living structure that favor statistics over exactitude, because the former (or statistics) tends to make a structure more living than the latter (or exactitute). We present the concept of living structure through some working examples and make it clear how a living structure differs from a non-living structure, under the organismic worldview that was first conceived by the British philosopher Alfred Whitehead (1861-1947). In order to make a structure or space living or more living, we introduce two design principles - differentiation and adaptation - using two paintings and two city plans. The new geography is a science of living structure, dealing with a wide range of scales, from the smallest scale of ornaments on walls to the scale of the entire Earth's surface. Keywords: Scaling law, Tobler's law, differentiation, adaptation, head/tail breaks, natural streets, the third view of space

Jason Soria, Amanda Stathopoulos

Transformative mobility services present both considerable opportunities and challenges for urban mobility systems. Increasing attention is being paid to ridehailing platforms and connections between demand and continuous innovation in service features; one of these features is dynamic ride-pooling. To disentangle how ridehailing impacts existing transportation networks and its ability to support economic vitality and community livability it is essential to consider the distribution of demand across diverse communities. In this paper we expand the literature on ridehailing demand by exploring community variation and spatial dependence in ridehailing use. Specifically, we investigate the diffusion and role of solo requests versus ride-pooling to shed light on how different mobility services, with different environmental and accessibility implications, are used by diverse communities. This paper employs a Social Disadvantage Index, Transit Access Analysis, and a Spatial Durbin Model to investigate the influence of both local and spatial spillover effects on the demand for shared and solo ridehailing. The analysis of 127 million ridehailing rides, of which 15% are pooled, confirms the presence of spatial effects. Results indicate that density and vibrancy variables have analogue effects, both direct and indirect, on demand for solo vs pooled rides. Instead, our analysis reveals significant contrasting effects for socio-economic disadvantage, which is positively correlated with ride-pooling and negatively with solo rides. Additionally, we find that higher rail transit access is associated with higher demand for both solo and pooled ridehailing along with substantial spatial spillovers. We discuss implications for policy, operations and research related to the novel insight on how pooled ridesourcing relate to geography, living conditions, and transit interactions.

Jacob W. Faber, Terri L. Friedline

John Childs

Scripted as a sustainable alternative to terrestrial mining, the licence for the world’s first commercial deep-sea mining (DSM) site was issued in Papua New Guinea in 2011 to extract copper and gold from a deposit situated 1600 m below the surface of the Bismarck Sea. Whilst DSM’s proponents locate it as emergent part of a blue economy narrative, its critics point to the ecological and economic uncertainty that characterises the proposed practice. Yet, due its extreme geography, DSM is also profoundly elusive to direct human experience and thus presents a challenge to forms of resistance against an industry extolled as having ‘no human impact’. Against this background, this paper analyses the ways in which ‘blue degrowth’—as a distinct form of counter-narrative—might be ‘performed’, and which imagined (and alternative) geographies are invoked accordingly. To do this it critically reflects upon 2 years of participatory research in the Duke of York Islands focusing on three, community-developed methods of resisting DSM. Practices of counter mapping, sculpture and participatory drama all sought to ‘perform’ the deep-ocean environment imagined as relational whilst simultaneously questioning the very notion of ‘economy’ central to the discourse of ‘blue growth’.