Hasil untuk "Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration"

Gaëtan Cognard

This article examines myths that have been disseminated through arts and culture about so-called “Gypsies”, confining them to “anti-worlds”. There is always a “glamour that enwraps the Gypsy race” (Sampson 1935a, 10). Romantics and some nineteenth-century writers considered them to be positive symbols of resistance to newly born capitalism and rampant industrialization. This constituted a sort of “légende rose” (Descola 2019, 13), or pink legend, as Philippe Descola put it about Achouars, that is, a very positive gaze upon a people yet labelled “primitive”. However, this article intends to focus on the negative “black legend” (Ibid.), the idea that “Gypsies” form a dark and hostile people belonging to a dark and hostile fantasized territory. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century playwrights first depicted “Gypsies” as thieves, monsters, or inferior beings displaying dubious morality. They were ascribed mysterious powers, and “Gypsy” women were depicted as witches connected to their natural and dangerous territory, an occult Gypsyland. In all cases, they were shown as somewhat uncivilized (Grellman 1787, 24) and primitive beings, very much attached to their own traditions: a figure of the “Orientals within” (Lee 2000, 132). This Gypsylorism – understood here broadly as an orientalism about “Gypsies” – imposed a vision about them, now deeply rooted in the collective consciousness of the gadjos. “Gypsies” of fiction have been created and re-created until they occupy, in the Western imagination, foreign and/or dark territories yet these are situated inside Europe. Surprisingly, they can be found to this day wandering in books and movies, in other spaces or “espaces autres”, and in fetishized beyonds or heterotopias (Foucault 1966, 31). “Gypsy” characters inhabit the margins of the dominant societies of the countries in which they settled centuries ago, as if constantly bringing along with them, in the fantasies of the gadjos, their own frontiers which would isolate them from the rest of the population; or they live in exotic Gypsylands inside the very West. Their assigned territories are “absolutely different”, they are counter spaces, or “contre-espaces” (Foucault 1966, 24), constituting a huge reserve of imagination, “une grande réserve d’imagination” (Foucault 1967, 36). A “Gypsy” para-history thus has been told and written over and over again, “evacuating” (Barthes 2010, 240) the history of Gypsies, and questioning the role of artists and responsibility of social players. This article will also seek to raise the issue of “double consciousness” (Du Bois 1903, 8) among “Gypsy” Travellers.

Yixiao Li, Sichuang Chen, Tao Liu

China's international migration, accompanying and driving the globalization, has become increasingly important owing to its growing numbers and expanding impact. Given the diversity of international migrants and the complexity of their motivations, this article employs the meta-theoretical framework with estimated data on 5-year bilateral migration flows from 1990 to 2020. This article presents the evolving pattern of China's international migration, compares its immigration and emigration, and identifies their influential factors. China's international migration is growing comparably fast in the world with respect to number and proportion, with deceleration on net emigrant rate. China's international migration is spatially heterogeneous, experiencing declining long-lasting favorable bidirectional connection with Asian countries and increasing preferences for more developed Western countries. Small countries with historical Chinese diaspora communities maintain intensive migration links with China. The numbers of immigrants and emigrants are highly positively correlated owing to their similar influence of economic, development, cultural, religious, or political factors. Apart from the profound similarities, immigration is more influenced by cultural and religious factors and less by economic and development conditions than emigration. The impact of these factors evolves as China continues to develop. Economic and development factors become influential in both directions of migration, but the importance of cultural and religious similarity with China declines.

Thea Rabe, Heidi Mogstad

Studies on citizen-led support for migrants in Europe have paid increased attention to history and temporality. This article analyses Norwegian citizen humanitarians as agents of history who use the past to intervene in the present and extend themselves into the future. The analysis relies on long-term fieldwork, interviews and digital observations of ‘citizen humanitarians’ involved in informal aid and solidarity practices with illegalised migrants in Europe. We demonstrate how collective memories and family histories from World War II provide meaning and legitimacy to their humanitarian actions, including unlawful acts. The citizen humanitarians mobilise ‘post-holocaust morality’ to draw symbolic parallels between the persecution of Jews and present-day treatment of migrants in Europe and define good and evil in their time. Historical comparisons and identifications with rescuers and resistance movements further enable citizen humanitarians to position themselves on ‘the right side of history’. The article argues that our informants, who are ‘ordinary’ Norwegian citizens, partake in symbolic narrations of contemporary European border policies as a potential new cultural trauma. While highlighting some risks and limitations, we show that collective memories of war and rescue can nourish political critique and subversive humanitarianism. We also demonstrate the analytical value of attending to humanitarian actors’ historical consciousness and engagements with the past and future.

Abel Yonas Zekarias

International migration of Ethiopia is as old as the country itself. However, it only gained momentum in the last quarter of the twentieth century. The forceful overthrow of the long-lasting monarch in 1974 by a socialist military junta led to the emigration of hundreds of thousands of Ethiopians in the late 1970s and 1980s, mainly to neighboring countries. The emigration during the post-socialist regimes is dominated by economic emigrants due to political stability, a rise in the volume of the labor force, and declining livelihood opportunities in the country. The recent shift from refugee-led to economic emigration shows its momentum to create new emigration destinations in Africa, such as South Africa and Middle East countries, including Israel and Saudi Arabia. Unlike international migration in Sub-Saharan Africa and at the global level, the emigration of Ethiopia is dominated by women migrants. Women outnumber international migrants originating from Ethiopia in the Middle East, North America, and Europe. Ethiopian international migration is characterized by irregular migration to several destinations via eastern, southern, and northern migration routes. On the other hand, immigration in Ethiopia is dominated by refugees from neighboring countries which makes the country one of the largest refugee-hosting countries in Africa. Gambella, Somali, and Tigray are the regions that host three fourth of refugees living in Ethiopia.

Carolin Schütze

Colour blindness is a concept that is established in the US context, and it has gained increased attention among European scholars. Yet we find less studies in the European context that measure colour-blind attitudes and show its prevalence among different groups. Therefore, this paper examines the prevalence of colour-blind attitudes among Swedish welfare professionals’ and how these attitudes are associated with anti-immigration attitudes but also social desirability. To this end, survey data is examined with a regression analysis. Welfare professionals who report greater levels of colour-blind attitudes are simultaneously more likely to report greater levels of anti-immigration attitudes. This paper thereby tests how colour-blind attitudes, a concept from the US context, can be applied to a Swedish welfare institutional context and finds convergent results.

Josias Marcos de Resende Silva, Thiago da Rocha Passos Gomes

Ao longo da história, governos nacionais e organizações internacionais têm contado com o apoio logístico fornecido pelas Forças Armadas para responder às recorrentes situações de emergência humanitária. Na América do Sul, desde que Nicolás Maduro ascendeu ao poder, a Venezuela enfrenta uma drástica crise econômica e política, resultando em um fluxo intenso de população vulnerável para os países vizinhos, incluindo o Brasil. Particularmente no estado de Roraima, a migração de venezuelanos ocasionou uma situação caótica, com graves impactos nos sistemas de saúde, educação e na segurança pública. Com o objetivo de evitar o colapso do estado de Roraima e prover a ajuda humanitária aos migrantes, o governo brasileiro criou a Força-Tarefa Logística Humanitária (Operação Acolhida). Dessa forma, esse estudo visa analisar a Operação Acolhida, sob a liderança operacional das Forças Armadas, como uma resposta governamental brasileira à crise migratória venezuelana. Após a condução de um estudo de caso sobre a Operação Acolhida, foi possível examinar seu impacto no estado de Roraima, bem como identificar as principais capacidades militares empregadas pelas Forças Armadas, em especial pelo Exército Brasileiro, no âmbito dessa relevante operação logística humanitária.

Thebeth, R Mukwembi, Pranitha Maharaj

Remittances transferred between migrants and non-migrants play a major role in alleviating poverty and improving social and economic well-being in many developing countries. Although remittances are regarded as an outcome of migration with far reaching effects as a livelihood strategy, not all non-migrants with migrant family members are recipients of remittances. Remittances are not transferred to all non-migrant family members in the country of origin. Migrants identify particular individuals as recipients of remittances, which they send to their home countries during the migration period. Therefore, it is important to understand the determinants of remittance flow and remittance behaviour during the migration period. This study explores relationships between migrants and non-migrants and how such relations influence the flow of remittances during the migration period. A qualitative approach was employed in which 60 interviews were conducted (30 with Zimbabwean migrants in Durban and 30 with their respective family members in Zimbabwe). The study found that the strength of social ties between migrants and non-migrants plays a major role in determining remittance flows.

María Teresa Martín Palomo, Carmuca Gómez Bueno, Inés González Calo

La relación entre cuidado y tecnociencia genera un campo de estudios muy dinámico en las ciencias sociales, como el proyecto en que se inscriben los resultados aquí presentados (anonimizado). En este artículo se analizan las implicaciones que las tecnologías tienen en el trabajo concreto del Servicio de Ayuda a Domicilio (SAD). Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo una aproximación cualitativa longitudinal mediante entrevistas a auxiliares del SAD a través de cuyos discursos se estudia cómo se reconfiguran las prácticas del cuidado con las tecnologías, tras la irrupción de la pandemia. Otros objetivos que centran el análisis son conocer los requerimientos en términos de competencias, habilidades y destrezas que —la nueva situación— requiere movilizar así como las exigencias que conlleva; e identificar de qué modo contribuyen a definir el cuidado con las tecnologías en un espacio que tiende a resistirse a los cambios como es el ámbito doméstico.

Yasmeen Abu‐Laban

AbstractIt is now common to identify a policy convergence around migration which is eroding the longstanding distinction made in the migration literature between “traditional” countries of immigration (like Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States) and other Western states. Taking the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples as instructive, this article focusses on the case of Canada, arguing that its settler‐colonial foundation has impacted and continues to impact three areas relevant to the comparative study of migration: 1) national discourse; 2) land and forms of social power; and 3) politics and forms of solidarity. The implications of settler‐colonialism for the study of international migration are broader than the case of Canada and suggest the need to link considerations of Indigeneity systematically in migration studies, and to address the particularities of settler‐colonial states in relation to other Northern states by being attuned to “divergence within convergence.”

Neža Kogovšek Šalamon

The EU’s responses to migration challenges exceed the territory of its member states. Through externalization of border control they spill over into the countries of the Western Balkans (WB), which is crossed by one of the most important migration routes from the Middle East and Africa to the EU. While the WB countries show indifference towards migrants and consider them an “EU problem”, the latter conditions European integration with the establishment of migration management structures similar to those in the EU. The transposition of the EU acquis also increases the criminalization of migrants, which highlights the problematic role of the EU and national legislators in WB in relation to the fundamental rights of migrants.

Synnøve Bendixsen

Most research on irregular migrants in the Scandinavian countries takes an exclusive nation-state focus in the study of how irregular migrants’ everyday lives are structured and shaped. In this article, I add a transnational lens and explicitly focus on how their irregularity shapes the transnational social fields that they make use of and transform. Including a transnational gaze draws attention towards how irregular migrants’ agency in Norway is not merely defined by the state’s various technologies of control. Transnational kinship and social networks facilitate and shape their continued existence as irregular migrants and profoundly affect decisions to stay, return or continue their migration. They open up possibilities and spaces in which the state is restrained in its potential for exercising power and control mobility and irregularity in its territory. At the same time, however, these transnational practices are structured, shaped and transfigured by the nation-states’ management of migrants as irregular.

Lena Näre

Ida Ranweg, Pablo Biderbost

Minna Intke-Hernández, Gunilla Holm

Integration programmes can be seen as a space where migrants can acquire language skills and context-relevant skills and achieve an autonomous position in society. This article explores an integration and language course for stay-athome migrant mothers and their young children in the capital region of Finland. Ethnographic data were collected through participant observations, open-ended in-depth interviews and photographs. The results show how the participants are silenced when course instructors bring an ethnocentric perspective to their teaching. However, the results also show how the women, especially those with more education, negotiate and resist this approach, highlighting their own perspectives and pushing the instructors to take a learner position.

Michieletto, Anna

Isadora Loreto da Silveira

AMORIM, Celso. Teerã, Ramalá e Doha: memórias da política externa ativa e altiva. São Paulo: Benvirá, 2015. ISBN: 9788582401712.

Susana Ridao Rodrigo

Institutionalized intercultural mediation is expanding as a result of the increase in the number of immigrants in our country. Institutionalized intercultural mediation, which started in the early Nineties in Spain, is understood to mean activities carried out by ONGs and by the social services of the host nation. In line with Giménez (1997: 127), we understand intercultural mediation as a modality within the broader field of mediation. Because of its recent expansion, there is not at present a unique methodology accepted by experts in this field. In this paper, our aims are focused on describing various mediation techniques and the possibility of their application within intercultural contexts

José C. Moya

Abstract Immigration has been the single most important element in the historical formation of Cuba, and the island represents one of the most extreme examples of a global population crossroads in the history of human mobility. Amerindians from the mainland, Spanish conquerors and colonizers, African slaves, Chinese coolies, Maya Indians deported from Yucatan, laborers from Haiti and the British West Indies, and immigrants from Spain, other European countries, the Middle East, and North America have arrived in the island, often in the hundreds of thousands, throughout its history. Emigration also has a long tradition. The conquistadors of the Aztec Empire departed from Cuba. Cigar workers, merchants, and political refugees began settling in Key West, Tampa, and New York around the middle of the 19th century. More than a million exiles and emigrants have left the island since the Cuban Revolution of 1959, mainly for the United States, but also for Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Mexico, and Spain, among other destinations.

Anu Hirsiaho, Jaana Vuori

This article studies the notion of everyday citizenship, understood as episodes repeating themselves from ‘event’ to ‘practice’, by journeying into several sites of adult migrants’ literacy education in contemporary Finland in a storytelling format. Its primary focus lies on the politics of gender in literacy classrooms and the informal sites of literacy learning. It also seeks to develop a method of writing about social change in a politically loaded context which has caused the ‘field’ of literacy education to remain silent to wider society about its everyday practices.

Patrick Fitzgerald, Brian Lambkin