Hasil untuk "Civil law"

Viktor Horváth

Muhamad Hanif Rifayandhi

The urgency of this research is to inform the public that arisan online agreements are a form of legal action in the electronic realm that can be held accountable. Arisan online is highly important because human life today is closely tied to the virtual world, which will provide society with deeper knowledge about electronic transactions in the form of arisan online. The research approach is normative juridical. This study's novelty lies in discussing the importance of specific regulations for arisan online orally, which often occur with technological advancements and are usually conducted directly or in writing based on the Civil Code and the UU ITE. This study offers novelty by discussing the importance of specific regulations for arisan online, which are currently conducted verbally due to technological advancements. Previously, arisan was predominantly carried out in person and in written form. This is based on the Indonesian Civil Code and the UU ITE. The legal consequences of default in arisan online agreement include compensation (Article 1243 of the Civil Code), cancellation o(Article 1266 of the Civil Code), and payment of court fees if the case is brought to court (Article 181, paragraph 1 of the H.I.R.). By understanding these two aspects, this study provides input for legal practitioners in the field of electronic transactions and enhances the development of legal knowledge, particularly civil law. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji kekuatan hukum perjanjian arisan online dan akibat hukum wanprestasi dalam perjanjian arisan online dikaitkan KUHPerdata dan UU ITE. Perjanjian arisan online merupakan kegiatan yang sedang digemari oleh semua golongan. Pada awalnya arisan dilakukan secara tatap muka, seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi arisan dapat dilakukan secara online, namun seringkali terjadi wanprestasi. Urgensi penelitian ini adalah masyarakat dapat mengetahui bahwa praktik arisan online merupakan salah satu perbuatan hukum dalam lingkup elektronik yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Arisan online memiliki urgensi yang sangat penting karena kehidupan manusia pada saat ini sangat berkaitan erat dengan dunia virtual sehingga akan memberikan pengetahuan baru yang lebih mendalam mengenai kegiatan transaksi elektronik berupa arisan online pada masyarakat. Metode pendekatan penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif. Penelitian ini memiliki kebaharuan yaitu membahas mengenai pentingnya regulasi khusus dalam praktik arisan online saat ini dilakukan karena adanya perkembangan teknologi yang biasanya dilakukan secara langsung dan secara tertulis dengan didasari KUHPerdata dan UU ITE. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kedudukan perjanjian arisan online yang dilakukan melalui sistem elektronik adalah sah dan mengikat kedua belah pihak dengan memenuhi syarat sah dan unsur perjanjian dalam Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata dan Pasal 15 ayat 1 UU ITE. Akibat hukum apabila terdapat wanprestasi dalam perjanjian arisan online meliputi ganti rugi (1243 KUHPerdata), pembatalan perjanjian (1266 KUHPerdata), dan pembayaran biaya perkara jika diperkarakan di pengadilan (181 ayat 1 H.I.R.). Diketahuinya kedua hal tersebut memberikan masukan bagi para praktisi hukum dalam lingkup transaksi elektronik dan menambah pemahaman pengembangan ilmu hukum khususnya hukum perdata.

Gusti Muhammad Reyhan Farisi, Rifky Hamdan Fatoni, M. Salman Al Farisi Al Ghofsah

The contamination of product facilities in halal-certified restaurants in Indonesia is an important concern in the context of product assurance.  One of the viral incidents occurred in a restaurant that has been certified as halal. However, a consumer, either intentionally or due to negligence, brought non-halal food and drinks from outside and used the restaurant's tableware. This action raises concerns about the potential contamination of the restaurant's halal facilities, which may jeopardize halal certification and Muslim consumer confidence. Based on the background of this problem, this study aims to analyze whether the actions of consumers who pollute halal product facilities in restaurants can be categorized as Tortious Acts and to analyze the legal protection for the restaurant (producer) against the actions of these consumers. This research employs a legal research method with a legislative approach, examining the regulation and a conceptual approach to liability and Tortious Acts. The results showed that consumer liability for pollution of restaurant halal facilities based on Article 1365 Burgerlijk Wetboek as the "Indonesian Civil Code” depends on the fulfillment of the elements of a tort, namely, one of which is a violation of the law, which is not strictly regulated in Law No. 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Assurance (Jaminan Produk Halal, hereinafter the JPH Law). Meanwhile, the JPH Law emphasizes the responsibility of producers to ensure the product's halalness. This study concludes that there is a need for regulatory changes related to consumer responsibility in maintaining halal product facilities and a more specific legal protection mechanism for restaurants against pollution of halal facilities by consumers   Keywords: Liability, Contamination, Defilement, Serving Tools, Halal

Shamila Dawood

This article examines the ongoing debates and reform efforts surrounding the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act of 1951 (MMDA) in Sri Lanka. The Act has faced substantial criticism for its inability to adapt to the evolving needs of modern society, often prioritizing men’s interests over women’s rights. Despite numerous reform attempts, reaching a consensus on crucial provisions has proven challenging, creating significant obstacles to amending the MMDA. Employing library research, this article analyzes reports from various committees to assess current practices, which reveal conflicting perspectives between committees and civil society organizations. This study re-evaluates the MMDA’s provisions to determine whether proposed reforms align with Sharia law while meeting international legal standards, particularly Sri Lanka’s obligations to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women, while considering religious and cultural sensitivities. The article underscores the need for collaborative dialogue among stakeholders to foster reforms that address the evolving Muslim community’s legal needs, focusing on justice and equality. [Artikel ini mengkaji perdebatan yang sedang berlangsung dan upaya reformasi seputar Undang-Undang Perkawinan dan Perceraian Muslim tahun 1951 di Sri Lanka. Undang-undang tersebut telah menghadapi kritik besar karena gagal beradaptasi dengan kebutuhan masyarakat modern yang terus berkembang, yang sering kali memprioritaskan kepentingan laki-laki di atas hak-hak perempuan. Meskipun ada banyak upaya reformasi, mencapai konsensus tentang ketentuan-ketentuan utama telah terbukti menantang, menciptakan hambatan signifikan terhadap amandemennya. Dengan menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan, artikel ini menganalisis laporan dari berbagai komite untuk menilai praktik terkini, di mana terdapat pandangan yang saling bertentangan antara komite dan organisasi masyarakat sipil. Studi ini mengevaluasi kembali ketentuan-ketentuan tersebut untuk menilai apakah reformasi yang diusulkan selaras dengan hukum Syariah sekaligus memenuhi standar hukum internasional, khususnya kewajiban Sri Lanka untuk menghapuskan segala bentuk diskriminasi terhadap perempuan, sambil mempertimbangkan kepekaan agama dan budaya. Artikel ini menggarisbawahi perlunya dialog kolaboratif di antara para pemangku kepentingan untuk mendorong reformasi yang memenuhi kebutuhan hukum komunitas Muslim yang terus berkembang dengan menekankan keadilan dan kesetaraan.]

Alessandra Brixner, Thiago Pelegrinelli Engelage

O presente trabalho visa discutir a questão do reabandono de crianças e adolescentes adotados após a sentença transitar em julgado e durante o estágio de convivência, com ênfase na necessidade de indenização. Para isso, será realizado um levantamento histórico acerca da adoção, desde a antiguidade até seu formato atual, abrangendo suas diversas etapas - habilitação, curso preparatório, estágio de convivência e adoção de fato - para contextualizar a discussão sobre o reabandono. Nesta senda, serão analisadas as motivações e dificuldades encontradas que levam os adotantes a optar por “devolver” uma criança ou adolescente à instituição de origem, bem como as implicações psicológicas e jurídicas e o impacto ocasionado em um caso real analisado. Posteriormente, o trabalho investigará o uso da responsabilidade civil na devolução do adotando, instituto já aplicado pela jurisprudência nos casos em que a adoção foi consolidada, e levantará questionamentos sobre a aplicação do instituto quando da desistência do processo durante o estágio de convivência. Para a concretização do trabalho, a abordagem metodológica utilizada fundamentou-se no método dedutivo, através de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Foi possível verificar, a partir do estudo, que a desistência do processo finalizado, bem como do processo que se encontra em fase avançada, gera diversos danos ao adotando, de forma que a lacuna encontrada na legislação acerca de disposição específica facilita a prática do ato ilícito pelos adotantes.

Angela Lindt

Social conflicts stemming from industrial mining projects in Peru have increasingly been fought in court cases in recent years. This article analyzes the dark side of this judicialization of mining conflicts, a process through which state authorities criminalize participation in social protests and attempt to prevent the mobilization of social movements. This use of the law by public authorities is an example of the so-called shrinking space in which the scope of action of civil society actors is increasingly restricted and constrained worldwide. This article presents an in-depth analysis of a specific court case against a group of mining opponents in the Cajamarca region of Peru. Based on ethnographic field research conducted in Peru, the article discusses three different modalities of the law’s domination, exploring the various ways the law rules those who oppose large-scale extractive projects.

W. M. Mokofe

Objective: South Africa is a country with great potential for intensive development due to the active growth and adoption of digital technologies. The rapidly emerging digital landscape is transforming the legal framework, which in turn influences the digital environment. This transformative relationship determined the focus of the research, which is to identify the legal system adaptability under dynamic changes, as well as the legal landscape evolution under digitalization and technological progress.Methods: the study of the changing legal landscape required an interdisciplinary approach that combines legal analysis with ideas from sociology, economics, etc. In doing so, the formal-legal method was used to examine the key legal instruments shaping South Africa's digital environment and providing the opportunities and challenges of the interaction between digital technologies and South African law.Results: the paper provides insights into how the South African legal system is addressing digital challenges; assesses the integration of digital innovations into the legal system; highlights the transformative impact of digital technologies on traditional legal processes, including collecting evidence, dispute resolution and access to justice. Finally, it evaluates the role of digital technologies in making legal processes more efficient.Scientific novelty: the study contributes to the ongoing debate on the complex relationship between digital technologies and South African law. It shows how South African law is coping with digital complexities and substantiates new insights into the transformation of the traditional legal paradigm as a result of digitalization, as well as its implications for legal proceedings and access to justice. By delving into the adaptations, challenges and innovations arising at the intersection of law, technologies and digitalization, insights are gained into how South African law navigates the dynamic digital landscape.Practical significance: adapting the legal landscape to digitalization and technological advances is critical to ensure rapid technological progress. It also requires collaboration between government agencies, civil society, experts in law and technology. The study provides valuable recommendations and suggestions for policymakers, legal practitioners and stakeholders shaping South Africa's legal ecosystem. The author addresses the challenges of ensuring personal data privacy, enhancing electronic interactions, and countering cybercrime. The importance of introducing technological achievements while maintaining robust legal safeguards is emphasized.

Karina Palkova

The role of medical practitioners in community safety area is huge. Especially huge responsibility medical practitioners have in medical treatment process from the point of view of treatment quality and legal liability. Medical practitioners are professionals regardless of territoriality. The mission and functions they perform do not depend on practice place. The responsibility is equal in both urban and rural level. To protect community safety from the medical practitioners' perspectives they should know their own rights, as well as patient's rights in healthcare. From the particular legal regulations arise duties and responsibilities of medical practitioners, which are described in the paper. The aim of the research is to study legislation that regulates medical practitioner‘s rights and duties in Latvia. The task of the paper is to study the characteristics of rights of medical practitioners in Latvia and the medical practitioner's knowledge of patients' rights in Latvia. In the research, the author has used general scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, modelling, comparative method, inductive and deductive method, methods of interpretation of legal norms – grammatical, teleological, historical, as well as empirical method – survey. The paper describes the most important legal regulations in medical practitioner's activity, as well as defines problems and provides potential solutions that are necessary to protect community's safety. The results of the paper show that the regulatory framework exists in the field of healthcare of Latvia. Also in the field of professional activity, legal regulations exist, which govern the professional activity of medical practitioners. They are included in various law sectors (civil rights, labour rights, criminal rights, etc.). Apart from that, there exist a large number of legislative regulations of national level, which govern the professional activities of medical practitioners (special laws and Cabinet Regulations). It should be noted, that the competences of medical practitioners are not consolidated, but stipulated in separate legislative provision for each group of medical practitioners (for a doctor, doctor's assistant, nurse, etc.). The medical practitioner's knowledge of patients' rights is not good enough, especially in rural areas of Latvia.

Luiz Rodrigues Araújo Filho, Glauciene da Mota Barros Caetano

Esta produção apresenta uma análise da constitucionalidade do requisito baixa renda na concessão do benefício de auxílio-reclusão. Para tal realiza um levantamento histórico das políticas públicas do Estado, e ainda o papel da igreja ao longo da história no assistencialismo. Este trabalho apresenta os requisitos para a concessão do auxílio-reclusão, discute as atuais regras que garantem esse direito aos beneficiários, com destaque especial para a Constituição Federal, que tem a previsão desse benefício, e a Lei nº 8.213/1991, que o regulamenta. Nesse viés deixa-se demonstrado a jusfundamentalidade do benefício auxílio-reclusão, a partir do estudo da Teoria do Mínimo Existencial e do Risco Social, que são base para concessão do benefício em comento, faz-se aqui uma discussão do benefício frente a Dignidade da Pessoa Humana, princípio fundamental do Estado Brasileiro. Trata também, das alterações na concessão do auxílio-reclusão trazidas pela Emenda Constitucional nº 20 de 1998. Por fim, conclui-se que a referida Emenda é inconstitucional, pois leva em consideração, no momento da concessão do benefício de auxílio-reclusão, a renda do segurado preso, e não a do beneficiário.

Saulo Cerqueira de Aguiar Soares

The article deals with the impacts of the new Civil Procedure Code of 2015 on the labor process, based on neoprocessalism, valuing its interpretation with a focus on the Federal Constitution. As a general objective, the study sought to channel a questioning look at the alterations of the novel common procedural code in the labor process, reflecting on innovations and applicabilities. As for the methodology employed, this is characterized as a theoretical-documentary investigation from a doctrinal and legal perspective. At the end of the research it was concluded that the reflexes of the Code of Civil Procedure of 2015 in the labor process were significant, and it is up to labor jurisprudence to promote its improvement, in harmony with the preservation of legal security, an essential condition in a democratic society.

Habi Kusno

Abstract The legal protection of copyright the creators of songs downloaded through the internet done in a way that the administration, through the instrument of criminal law and civil lawsuit. Legal efforts to protect the copyright of the creator of the song that is downloaded via the internet to do some ways that is the Ministry of Information and Technology to actively participate in doing the blocking of websites that provide the facility to download songs for free, and prepare human resources in the field of investigation as the police of Republic of Indonesia and civil servant investigators and others such as prosecutors and judges who have the ability and knowledge in the field of IPR and the role of the Copyright Council to provide knowledge about the importance of IPR.   Keywords: Legal Protection, Copyright, Song, Internet   Abstrak perlindungan hukum hak cipta terhadap pencipta lagu yang diunduh melalui internet dilakukan dengan cara yaitu secara administrasi, melalui instrumen hukum pidana dan gugatan perdata. Upaya hukum yang dilakukan dalam melindungi hak cipta pencipta lagu yang diunduh melalui internet dilakukan beberapa cara yaitu Kementerian Informasi dan Teknologi untuk berperan aktif dalam melakukan pemblokiran terhadap situs-situs yang menyediakan fasilitas download lagu gratis dan menyiapkan sumber daya manusia di bidang penyidikan seperti dari Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia serta Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil dan lainnya seperti jaksa dan hakim yang memiliki kemampuan dan pengetahuan di bidang HKI serta peran Dewan Hak Cipta untuk memberikan pengetahuan mengenai arti penting HKI.   Kata Kunci: Perlindungan Hukum, Hak Cipta, Lagu, Internet

Cezary Mik, Ewa Wojtaszek-Mik

Combating Late Payment in Commercial Transactions in the Light of the Directive 2000/35/EC and in the Polish Law Summary The European Community has recognized late payments as one of important obstacles to a good functioning of the internal market. The preparatory works of the EC in this field prove that a long way has been come from the European Parliament’s initiative to the directive 2000/35/E C of the European Parliament and the Council dated 29 June 2000 on combating late payment in commercial transactions. A rather limited scope of the directive is a result of extensive modifications introduced by the Council to the initial proposals. The directive concentrates on the interests in case of late payment, reasonable compensation for recovery costs, retention of title and recovery procedures for unchallenged claims. The above study presents the substance of the directive and its transposition rules. The first attempt to implement the EC directive in Poland was the law of 6 September 2001. As it was not satisfactory, a new law on payment terms in commercial transactions was issued on 12 June 2003. It will enter into force on 1 January 2004. This new law is limited to interests and procedural aspects. The above study presents the results of the directive’s transposition within this law. The act of law from 2003 certainly sets new limits on the freedom of contracts, but it is an interesting and rare example of a protection of weaker parts to the contract, which are not consumers, but enterprises. W hat should be reproached is that a typical civil matter is regulated in an act of law separate from the Polish Civil Code. A breach of the rule of the integrity of the Polish Civil Code is again a price for the fast implementation of the EC law in Poland.

Heraldo Elias de Moura Montarroyos

A. G. Volevodz

RETRACTEDThe article contains the findings of a research into particular aspects of use of identity documents with personal biometric data. It considers the international safety standards of documents with biometric data worked out by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), pursuant to which those data should be included into machine-readable documents used by their holders for travel to various states. It contains the information on the implementation of these international standards in Russian and European Union law. The author has substantiated a conclusion to the effect that the procedure established in Russia for production and issuance, as well as for use of international, diplomatic and service passports identifying the Russian Federation citizen outside the Russian Federation territory, containing electronic information carriers with personal and biometric personal data, currently conforms to the international safety standards of documents with biometric data. The article surveys the experience of introducing domestic biometric identity documents - electronic passports in various countries of the world, and the problems arising therefrom. It substantiates the advantages and disadvantages of determining a passport of the Russian Federation citizen issued in the form of an identity card with an electronic information carrier, as the main document of the Russian Federation citizen identifying him domestically within the country's territory.

A. Widiada Gunakaya

<p>Criminal Justice System is a method of crime prevention by means of the Criminal Code. The way it works by actualizing, concretizing, functionalizing, and operationalizing the provisions of the Criminal Law in a criminal justice mechanism. The goal is to solve crimes as quick as possible by completing criminal matters into submission. To achieve its objectives, the components must work together in a systemic justice in all phases of criminal justice. But at the level of investigation as a prejudice stage, found problems with noncompliance with the formal and substantive requirements of an investigation. Consequently action of "preaccusation", and such incidents often occur repeatedly. The access; there is accumulation of matter at the level of investigation. On the other hand, in the case of certain crimes, the problem of authority is also investigating a collision occurred between the Police Investigator with the Civil Servant. Some policyrelated legislative, even eliminate the authority of the Police as an investigator. Problem solving of legal problems over the required solution. First of yuridik investigation techniques while referring to the "legislated" environment, applying the principle of due process of law and not marginalize the living law. Second, in order to reform the Criminal Procedure Code recommended a procedural policy of "Institute of Advanced Investigation" to meet the speedy trial principle in the framework of effectiveness of Criminal Justice System.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Criminal Justice System – Investigation " Institute for Advanced Investigation".</p>

Juan Ruiz Manero, Luiz Henrique Urquahrt Cademartori

O artigo inicia com uma análise das relações entre casos e normas jurídicas naquilo que se pode chamar “modelo clássico” de Alchourrón e Bulygin, correspondente à obra “Normative Systems”, de ambos os autores. O autor assinala como as teses desse “modelo clássico” impedem dar conta dos desacertos entre os juristas e contrastam fortemente com as crenças compartilhadas entre eles, crenças estas que, a juízo do autor, são constitutivas da realidade do Direito. Problemas análogos apresenta a construção de Joseph Raz, o outro grande expoente contemporâneo do positivismo chamado “forte” ou “excludente”. Ambas as construções, de Alchurrón e Bulygin e a de Raz, têm em comum, na opinião do autor, uma visão empobrecida da variedade de tipos distintos de normas regulativas. Na segunda parte, o autor trata de apresentar um modelo alternativo de abordagem das relações entre casos e normas, a partir de uma visão da dimensão regulativa do Direito que apresente esta como sendo composta de dois níveis, o das regras e o dos seus princípios subjacentes. Finalmente, o autor apresenta algunas reconstruções coerentes com o anterior, dos conceitos de lacuna normativa e de lacuna axiológica.Abstract: The purpose of this study is to minutelyanalyze the legitimacy provided to thePublic Defender´s office by law 11.448/2007,for filing Public Civil Actions, in the light of aconstitutional doctrine. The reason for choosingsuch topic is the importance of this institutionfor a greater access to justice and in theguarantee of The Democratic State of Law.The article also discusses the legal role of otherinstitutions, such as the Public Prosecutor´soffice, to file civil public actions and to builda more just legal system. This article has profitedfrom analyses from other areas of humanknowledge, such as Constitutional Law, Civiland Criminal Procedure Law and Legal Sociology

Douglas J. Osler

The remarkable success of the Anglo-American legal system in establishing stable, democratic societies throughout the globe contrasts with the catastrophic failure, over the centuries, of the legal systems of continental Europe. Nevertheless, nationalistic sentiment in South Africa and Scotland reacted to increasing Common Law influence with a paradoxical idealisation of the Civil Law system. The various discourses of europäische Rechtsgeschichte behind the ideology are set in their historical and cultural contexts. The nationalistic discourse of Savigny, which reduced the whole of European legal history to a translatio studii of Roman law from Italy to France to Holland to German apotheosis, gave way in the wake of two world wars and the Holocaust to the new discourse of the ius commune, a legal paradigm for a future European Union based not on the historical reality of three centuries of religious, political and juridical conflict, but on a fantasy world of European legal unity from the beginning of the modern period until the 19th century national codifications. This was the post-war narrative of Helmut Coing, which, failing to anticipate the eclipse of the British Empire, steadfastly contrasted the shared legal tradition of continental Europe with the opposing system of the Anglo-American Common Law.With England now in the European Union the discourse has had to be modified. By exaggerating the importance of some minor and longrecognised continental influences on the Common Law, the contemporary discourse of the ius commune europaeum propagated by Reinhard Zimmermann succeeds in trumping the historical fantasy of a uniform continental legal past with the even more remote fantasy of a uniform continental and English legal culture. The old nationalist programme of a return to the 17th–18th century Roman-Dutch law, imbibed by Zimmermann as a law professor in Apartheid South Africa, can thus be presented as an appeal to the pan-European legal inheritance. This discourse currently enjoys great success both as an authentic picture of the European legal past and as an attractive blueprint for the European legal future.

Mahmoud Dhaouadi

Searching for Solace consists of two parts, two appendixes, and a section displaying documents and photos of Yusuf Ali and those with whom he had contact. The author devotes the first part to A. Yusuf Ali's life and his service to the British. He was born in 1872 in Surat, western India, into the Bohra mercantile community, whose members trace their Muslim ancestry to the effons of preachers sent by the FaJimid caliphs in Cairo. Ali was sent to Bombay for his education. While there, he attended the new school of the Anjuman-e-Islam and, subsequently, a missionary school named after its founder, John Wilson. He was barely eight or nine years old when he left home. Classes were taught in both Urdu and English. When he was fifteen, Ali left Wilson's school and entered its senior section, Wilson College, which was affiliated to the University of Bombay. Sherif thinks that Ali's education in the Anjuman school helped him resist the cultural onslaught of the dominant British colonizer. Ali arrived in Britain in 1891 to study law at St. John College. He eventually became one of its best students, which predisposed him to work in the Indian Civil Service (ICS), a much prized career. His first appointment, on 23 January 1896, was assistant magistrate and collector in Saharanpur, India. After a few years in India, he returned to Britain in 1905 for a leave. While there, he married Teresa Mary Shalders. Sherif thinks that his marriage to an English woman symbolizes Ali's desire to establish a bridge between India and the West. But this marriage ended in divorce in 1912 following his wife's an exttamarital affair. Their children were left in her custody. The affairs of his children are considered to be one reason that pushed Ali to resign from ICS. But his loyalty to the British empire remained sttong. When Britain declared war on Germany in August 1914, he reaffirmed his commitment: "I am prepared and shall be pleased to volunteer to temporary service, in any capacity in which I can be useful on account of the War" (p. 32). Ali's strong commitment to the British was based on his belief that India could learn a lot from Britain. But he also had a strong faith in Islam as a religion and civilization that could contribute much to the West. This should have been among the strong reasons that motivated him to ttanslate the Qur'an into English. His Interpretation of the Qur'an has made him famous among Muslim speakers of English throughout the world. The author underlines a number of factors that helped Ali achieve this great work: "A troubled domestic life, ear ...

Cláudia Lima Marques

Themis Themis

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