Hasil untuk "City planning"

Cecilia Parera

El libro aborda una selección de casos a escala arquitectónica y urbanística que fueron proyectados y/o ejecutados en la ciudad de Córdoba entre las décadas de 1920 y 1970. Explorando el carácter problemático y polisémico de las nociones de “moderno”, “modernidad” y “modernización”, los ocho capítulos que conforman la compilación, a cargo de Juan Sebastián Malecki, analizan obras de arquitectura e infraestructura construidas en la capital provincial, así como profesionales y experiencias pedagógicas que fueron clave en el proceso de modernización del campo disciplinar. La publicación constituye un aporte sustancial a la historia de la arquitectura y de la ciudad de mediados del siglo XX, abriendo interrogantes para futuras investigaciones en relación a otros episodios, programas o recortes geográficos.

Bo Han, Zhen Ma, Liang-jun Lin et al.

ABSTRACT: China established Xiong'an New Area in Hebei Province in 2017, which is planned to accommodate about 5 million people, aiming to relieve Beijing City of the functions non-essential to its role as China's capital and to expedite the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. From 2017 to 2021, the China Geological Survey (CGS) took the lead in multi-factor urban geological surveys involving space, resources, environments, and disasters according to the general requirements of “global vision, international standards, distinctive Chinese features, and future-oriented goals” in Xiong'an New Area, identifying the engineering geologic conditions and geologic environmental challenges of this area. The achievements also include a 3D engineering geological structure model for the whole area, along with “one city proper and five clusters”, insights into the ecology and the background endowment of natural resources like land, geothermal resources, groundwater, and wetland of the area before engineering construction, a comprehensive monitoring network of resources and environments in the area, and the “Transparent Xiong'an” geological information platform that is open, shared, dynamically updated, and three-dimensionally visualized. China's geologists and urban geology have played a significant role in the urban planning and construction of Xiong'an New Area, providing whole-process geological solutions for urban planning, construction, operation and management. The future urban construction of Xiong'an New Area will necessitate the theoretical and technical support of earth system science (ESS) from various aspects, and the purpose is to enhance the resilience of the new type of city and to provide support for the green, low-carbon, and sustainable development of this area.

Zhiwei Huang, Qingchan Yang, Jianxiang Ye et al.

Abstract Objective A total of 5,200 pregnant women in Zhaoqing city, Guangdong Province, were screened to identify spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) mutation carriers to guide the prevention of SMA and prevent the birth of children with SMA. Methods Exons 7 and 8 (E7 and E8) of the survival motor neuron (SMN) 1 gene were detected in women using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. SMN1 and SMN2 copy numbers in those who were initially identified as carriers were verified via targeted region capture and next-generation sequencing. When both partners were identified as carriers, prenatal diagnosis of the fetus was performed. Results Among the screened women, 75 SMA carriers (71 cases had both E7 and E8 heterozygous deletions and 4 cases only had an E7 heterozygous deletion) were identified, with a carrier frequency of 1.44% (95% confidence interval: 1.31–1.65%). Three couples where both spouses were identified as SMA carriers, and their three fetuses were subjected to prenatal genetic analysis. Of the three, one had homozygous deletions of E7 and E8 and the other two had heterozygous deletions of E7 and E8. After a detailed prenatal consultation, the former couple decided to terminate the pregnancy. Conclusion Through screening and prenatal diagnosis of pregnant women in Zhaoqing city, Guangdong Province, the incidence of SMA can be reduced, prevention of birth defects can be improved, incidence of birth defects can be effectively minimized.

Vitória Ribeiro Gomes Maria, Figueiredo Ferreira Giulia, Ferreira de Araújo Daniele et al.

In peripheral countries, the lack of adequate urban planning associated with natural dynamics intensifies the existing vulnerabilities of the environment, causing physical and material losses. Therefore, this research aims to discuss the potential use of Environmental Protection Areas as a tool to drive urban growth with a low-impact development, helping to mitigate urban floods and bringing nature into the city landscape. The municipality of Maricá, located in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is taken as a case study. The method proposed to drive the regional environmental planning and management can be described as a three-stage method coupled with the adapted SWOT Matrix, following: the diagnosis, the prognosis, and the action plan. This process points to the definition of a Hydrological Interest Area that would allow not only the restoration of local vegetation and a better interaction of the population with the watercourses, but also the recovery of areas that have been gradually impacted by the urban expansion. The method presented in this research allows its application in different urban contexts, once it has the objective of recognizing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to allow the elaboration of sustainable actions and guidelines.

Wenliang Jian, Xiaoxiao Liu, Hao Liu et al.

Promoting the usage of sustainable commuting modes requires in-depth understanding about residents’ commuting mode choice behavior. This study presents an empirical study to investigate the relationship between the built environment and commuting mode choice using CLDS 2016 cross-city questionnaire data. Several multilevel multinomial logit models including the null model, base model, and moderating effect model are developed to analyze the effects of built environments at both city and neighborhood levels on commuting mode choice. Estimation results of the null model reveal the significant spatial heterogeneities in commuting mode choice across different cities and different neighborhoods within a specific city. We then explore the potential built environment variables yielding the spatial heterogeneity via the base model. Results show that the built environment at the city level (including the urbanization rate, number of public transportation vehicles, metro operating mileage, GDP, city population density, and road area per capita) and neighborhood level (including neighborhood population density, air quality, neighborhood location, and land use diversity) could partially explain the spatial heterogeneities in commuting mode choice. In addition, the moderating effects of these built environments on the link between commuting time and commuting mode choice are examined. Results imply that the urbanization rate and neighborhood population density moderate the effect of commuting time on choosing nonmotorized modes, while neighborhood location moderates the effect of commuting time on choosing public transit. Also, the mode shares of nonmotorized mode and public transit under different levels of commuting time are estimated in different built environment contexts. The findings of this study are expected to provide serviceable support for urban planning and transportation policy making.

Sahar Mehrran, Ali Akbar Taghilou, Khadijeh Javan

Analysis of land use change in Nazlou district of Urmia in the 2005-2018 time series Abstract Population growth, increased prosperity, the spread of technology, and the improper use of land have in recent decades imposed many changes on land. Nazlou district in Urmia city has been exposed to many changes due to its favorable natural conditions, location in the development paths of Urmia-Cir and Urmia-Bazargan, establishment of numerous industrial estates and so on. So planning to manage these changes requires studying land use changes. The purpose of this study was to detect land use changes in Nazlou district in Urmia city using Landsat TM and OLI satellite images by Object Oriented Classification. Also, two methods of change detection and change intensity index in land use change monitoring were used to investigate the severity and trend of land use changes. This study was descriptive and analytical and data collection was done by documentary method. The survey showed that during the study period (2005-2018) of the total area of ​​77498.37 hectares, the total area under study was approximately 25981.56 ha (33.52%). The highest level of change in 2005 relates to the level of the horticulture, with its downward trend in 2018. In contrast, changes in rangeland and dryland land use have an increasing trend, respectively.

Shiloh Deitz, Amy Lobben, Arielle Alferez

Data about the accessibility of United States municipalities is infrastructure in the smart city. What is counted and how, reflects the sociotechnical imaginary (norms and values) of a time or place. In this paper we focus on features identified by people with disabilities as promoting or hindering safe pedestrian travel. We use a regionally stratified sample of 178 cities across the United States. The municipalities were scored on two factors: their open data practices (or lack thereof), and the degree to which they cataloged the environmental features that persons with disabilities deemed critical for safe movement through urban spaces. In contradiction to the dominating narrative of too much data and not enough analyses, we find that when it comes to data points that might be useful to persons with disabilities, data are lacking. This data gap has consequences both politically and materially—on one hand data could help enforce compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, on the other they would allow for safe route planning. We find that reading these data formats and collection patterns from the perspective of critical disability studies—particularly those whose work disrupts notions of “normal” —helps answer questions about potential benefits and harms of data practices. This lens has the potential to promote analysis that is as disruptive to injustices as it is practical.

Fabiana Gondim Mariutti, Janaina de Moura Engracia Giraldi

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is two-fold: to expand the understanding of brand equity for places (e.g. countries, regions or cities) and propose two frameworks to increase its value. Design/methodology/approach – By interviewing international participants, this study was exploratory and interpretative; thematic analysis was performed for a broader understanding about place brand equity. Findings – The Roadmap of Brand Equity is provided by proposing three “pathways” founded on core value drivers as “road signs” (potential influences or main variables of the value of a place brand), which are required to be strategically monitored and aligned to place branding activities to enhance the value of a city, region or country. Value drivers of place brand equity and the roadmap of place brand equity are proposed through the figures. Research limitations/implications – A natural progression of this study is the investigation of place brand equity by applying statistical procedures for measuring places. Due to specific locations’ (often) unfavorable and threatening reputations worldwide, the key value-drivers (government initiatives, stakeholders' perceptions, residents’ engagement, news media, social media and real data indexes) are noted as influential partakers – either separated or combined – when analyzing their brand equity. Practical implications – Both proposed archetypes suggest applications for several co-creators involved in public or private places, which can be beneficial for both emerging and non-emerging countries, regions or cities. Furthermore, both may be applied to the analysis of other places (e.g. universities, schools, museums, public squares, airports, hospitals, etc.). Social implications – This study may inspire planning and actions for public policies, including private partnerships, government initiatives and practical endeavors. Originality/value – This is one of the first studies to perform an analysis of brand equity of places under a qualitative approach and to propose strategical frameworks for both research and practice.

Darmawan Risal, Harsani ., Harlina . et al.

Tondok Bakaru Village in Mamasa Regency was designated as a Desa Sadar Wisata in 2019, as an effort to increase the local economy. The purpose of this study to determine the perceptions and motivations of stakeholders towards the development of Tondok Bakaru ecotourism. The phenomenological approach is used to analyze correlations between the proposed development with the economic development, ecology, and socio-culture. Study results are classified based on class intervals listed on the assessment graphs completed with associated descriptions. Notable findings here are as follows. Stakeholder's perception of Tondok Bakaru ecotourism development is on a ‘very agreeable’ scale. This is due to a ‘high desire’ scale expressed by stakeholders to have active roles in the development of ecotourism in Mamasa. Stakeholder motivation towards economic development is also on a ‘high scale’. Many stakeholders also express that it is necessary to improve tourism infrastructures, provide support for orchid cultivation-related business, development of networks for food provision, and other supporting facilities. Aspiration for the development of ecology-based tourism is also on a rather ‘high’ scale, as the concept of Tondok Bakaru ecotourism has not been well-conceived that indeed has disrupted the hydrological system, land conservation, and preservation of flora and fauna. Moreover, aspiration for socio-cultural development is on a ‘very high’ scale. This is influenced by a great concern on the gradual extinction of Tondok Bakaru Village’s socio-cultural assets. Keywords: ecology; economy; ecotourism; stakeholder; socio-culture   Abstrak Desa Tondok Bakaru di Kabupaten Mamasa ditetapkan menjadi Desa Sadar Wisata pada tahun 2019 sebagai upaya peningkatan daya tahan ekonomi lokal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui persepsi dan motivasi pemangku kepentingan terhadap pengembangan ekowisata Tondok Bakaru. Pendekatan fenomenologi digunakan untuk menganalisis persepsi dan motivasi terhadap pengembangan ekowisata yang berkaitan dengan ekonomi, ekologi dan sosial budaya di Tondok Bakaru. Hasil analisis dikelaskan berdasarkan interval kelas pada grafik penilaian dan pemaknaannya diuraikan secara deskriptif kualitatif. Persepsi terhadap pengembangan ekowisata Tondok Bakaru berada pada skala sangat setuju karena didasari oleh adanya keinginan yang tinggi dari pemangku kepentingan untuk berperan aktif pada pengembangan ekowisata di Kabupaten Mamasa. Motivasi pemangku kepentingan terhadap pengembangan ekonomi berada pada skala tinggi. Terbatasnya penunjang ekonomi ekowisata sehingga perlu dilakukan pembenahan infrastruktur, pengadaan inkubasi kelompok usaha budidaya tanaman anggrek, makanan dan penyewaan fasilitas penunjang. Motivasi pada pengembangan ekologi ekowisata pada skala agak tinggi karena konsep pengembangan ekowisata Tondok Bakaru belum tertata dengan baik yang memungkinkan terganggunya sistem hidrologi, konservasi lahan dan  pelestarian flora fauna. Motivasi pada pengembangan sosial budaya berada pada skala sangat tinggi karena dipengaruhi oleh keprihatinan pada asset sosial budaya yang saat ini terancam punah. Kata kunci: ekologi, ekonomi; ekowisata; eemangku kepentingan; eosial budaya

Ali Ghahramani, Ali Ghahramani, Parson Galicia et al.

In buildings, one or a combination of systems (e.g., central HVAC system, ceiling fan, desk fan, personal heater, and foot warmer) are often responsible for providing thermal comfort to the occupants. While thermal comfort has been shown to differ from person to person and vary over time, these systems are often operated based on prefixed setpoints and schedule of operations or at the request/routine of each individual. This leads to occupants’ discomfort and energy wastes. To enable the improvements in both comfort and energy efficiency autonomously, in this paper, we describe the necessity of an integrated system of sensors (e.g., wearable sensors/infrared sensors), infrastructure for enabling system interoperability, learning and control algorithms, and actuators (e.g., HVAC system setpoints, ceiling fans) to work under a governing central intelligent system. To assist readers with little to no exposure to artificial intelligence (AI), we describe the fundamentals of an intelligent entity (rational agent) and components of its problem-solving process (i.e., search algorithms, logic inference, and machine learning) and provide examples from the literature. We then discuss the current application of intelligent personal thermal comfort systems in buildings based on a comprehensive review of the literature. We finally describe future directions for enabling application of fully automated systems to provide comfort in an efficient manner. It is apparent that improvements in all aspects of an intelligent system are be needed to better ascertain the correct combination of systems to activate and for how long to increase the overall efficiency of the system and improve comfort.

Jack Lucas, Alison Smith

Whether it’s a big city or a small town, all Canadian municipalities have core issues that their elected politicians are concerned about. Regardless of size, the daily business of a municipality must be managed and policies determined about such bread-and-butter issues as garbage collection, snow removal, wastewater and sewage, fire protection, economic development and fixing potholes. However, when size increases, so do the layers of issues that engage municipal politicians. This paper examines the results of a cross-Canada survey of more than 1,000 mayors and councillors from communities ranging in population size from 5,000 to more than two million. With an increase in population size, the numbers and complexity of issues creep up as well. Tiny municipalities typically aren’t concerned with issues such as immigrant settlement, homelessness and public transit. Those issues are much more pressing for larger municipalities. A focus on some types of issues, such as public transit, grows right alongside population growth. The physical size of large municipalities means they contain a population whose needs are naturally more diverse than they are in smaller cities, towns and villages, thus shifting politicians’ concerns to such things as homelessness and climate change. However, issues such as relations with Indigenous people and climate change also tend to hold regional, not just municipal, importance. They may be extremely important to a small municipality because of its geographic location and less important in a larger municipality located elsewhere. For example, municipal politicians in British Columbia reflect regional concerns with their emphasis in the survey on the importance of tackling homelessness, affordable housing, climate change and Indigenous relations. Yet, next door in Alberta, Indigenous relations and climate change ranked in the survey as being of low importance, along with climate change, despite the presence of two cities in the province with populations hovering around the million mark. The number one issue for municipalities regardless of size is economic development, since job creation and attracting investment are key for a healthy municipality regardless of its location or size. And nearly every politician surveyed listed planning, water supply and transportation infrastructure (roads, highways and bridges) as being of deep importance to their communities. Of almost equal importance in the survey were a second slate of issues including emergency planning, parks and recreation, public health, solid waste removal and policing. The results of this survey are intended to lay the groundwork for future researchers who want to focus on specific problems in the area of urban policy-making. Those who want to study the bread-and-butter issues can do so among a wide range and size of municipalities, knowing that these issues are vital to all. Those with an interest in homelessness and immigrant populations can focus on the big cities while being assured they are not missing out on key points among smaller communities. This survey will be highly beneficial for researchers in urban policy issues as it will help them to decide where to look and exactly what to look for.

Yue Zhang, Mingqing Han, Weiwei Chen

Abstract Intangible cultural heritage has the characteristics of regionality, uniqueness, and liveness. Its protection and inheritance are faced with many challenges, and can be resolved by integrating with the scenic areas. The construction of digital scenic areas is an effective way to achieve a win-win situation. Based on resource characteristics and market positioning analysis of the Celadon Cultural Industrial Park, the construction objectives and coping strategies of the scenic area are proposed by systematically introducing the digital technology in the scenic area planning, project initiation, tourism management model, and other aspects to create a culture-first, three-dimensional virtual reality scenic area.

Nancy Merary Jiménez-Martínez

Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) is the strategy for waste policy in Mexico. It entails a complex reorganization of waste services that disrupts preceding action systems and ignores previous local practices, such as scavenging, an informal activity whose goal is the recovery of materials from waste. The objective of this paper is to understand the governance of waste in a context of formal and informal rules in the central region of Mexico.

Miguel Amado, Francesca Poggi, António Ribeiro Amado et al.

Recent growth in the use of photovoltaic technology and a rapid reduction in its cost confirms the potential of solar power on a large scale. In this context, planning for the deployment of smart grids is among the most important challenges to support the increased penetration of solar energy in urban areas and to ensure the resilience of the electricity system. As part this effort, the present paper describes a cellular approach to a Net-Zero energy concept, based on the balance between the potential solar energy supply and the existing consumption patterns at the urban unit scale. To do that, the Geographical Urban Units Delimitation model (GUUD) has been developed and tested on a case study. By applying the GUUD model, which combines Geographic Information Systems (GIS), parametric modelling, and solar dynamic analysis, the whole area of the city was divided into urban cells, categorized as solar producers and energy consumers. The discussion around three theoretical scenarios permits us to explore how smart grids can be approached and promoted from an urban planning perspective. The paper provides insights into how urban planning can be a driver to optimize and manage energy balance across the city if the deployment of smart grids is correctly integrated in its operative process.

Edgar Varela

Se analiza la emergencia de un nuevo paradigma que determina roles diferenciados y contrapuestos a los esquemas clásicos vigentes en los gobiernos locales, particularmente en las regiones metropolitanas, desarrollados como resultado de tendencias globales. Tales cambios, provenientes de la economía, la mercantilización de los bienes públicos y la liberalización e integración de los mercados, afectan los diseños institucionales tradicionales, que les otorgan competencias delimitadas y subordinadas a los gobiernos locales en el marco de un modelo soberanista centrado en el Estado-Nación. Con la globalización, este esquema ha cambiado y hoy los gobiernos locales asumen en las grandes ciudades nuevas competencias, las cuales corresponden a la emergencia de nodos metropolitanos que se articulan con los mercados globales y con dinámicas de reconfiguración de flujos económicos, políticos, sociales y demográficos. Este proceso ocurre en términos de redes de ciudades y de integración de regiones con esquemas asimétricos de concentración de recursos y poder, modificando el mapa del desarrollo territorial.

Sara Hughes

Cities around the world are increasingly developing plans to adapt to the consequences of climate change. These plans will have important consequences for urban populations because they are likely to reshape and reconfigure urban infrastructures, services, and decision making processes. It is critical that these adaptation plans are developed in a way that is just. Criteria was developed that can be used to assess justice in adaptation so that the processes, priorities, and impacts address the needs of the most vulnerable urban populations. Further, mechanisms are outlined that have been proposed as responsible for producing urban injustice. The justice criteria are applied to the case of adaptation planning in Delhi and the extent to which poor and informal populations are included and affected by this planning. The analysis shows that adaptation planning in Delhi does not meet the justice criteria in part because of a lack of capacity and the political economy of poverty in the city. The criteria for justice and mechanisms of injustice offer an important step toward developing a greater understanding of not only whether city-level adaptation planning is just, but also why it is or is not.

Rodica PETREA, Dănuț PETREA, Paul Emil OLĂU et al.

<p>The economic liberalism, globalization and more recently the economic crisis are general phenomena leading to changes of territorial management practices. Within these practices, place marketing and branding are of crucial importance in promoting an image of the city and bringing some added value to a place. Although an emerging challenging problem for local authorities, few scholars are currently addressing the subject, in terms of delivering a branding <em>modus operandi </em>for the practitioners, be they local authorities or private agencies<em>. </em>The present paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the most recent writings showing how product marketing techniques apply to place marketing, with an emphasis on city branding, presenting the manner in which the place branding process was improved in two of the most representative cities of Transylvania: Sibiu and Cluj-Napoca. The paper’s main objective is to highlight the role of territorial marketing which can become, through one of its components, namely place branding, an important trigger for the local communities development by the means of strategic planning. In this respect, the present work displays an overview of some of the most illustrative theoretical models regarding city branding, an insight on the Romanian city branding process within the two aforementioned cities and, finally, some brief recommendations regarding the place and the role of branding process for local authorities. The paper assumes that although place branding is an efficient tool for promoting a territory’s identity (already proven in several European cities), Romania is at the beginning of this process. The few significant achievements (the ones from Sibiu and Cluj-Napoca being the most notable) still cannot make the most of their urban identities and values, neither at national, nor at international level. Last but not least, this kind of papers might raise some awareness among local stakeholders on the importance of these somehow new techniques.</p>

Humberto Miranda

O processo de urbanização brasileiro tem se modificado nos últimos vinte anos. Os estudos em economia regional têm apontado para a forte influência da expansão da agricultura de exportação em territórios de fronteira como um dos principais determinantes da nova dinâmica urbana no período 1990-2010. Utilizam-se dados estatísticos para, primeiro, descrever a expansão da agricultura na área do bioma do cerrado na Região Nordeste do Brasil e, segundo, para analisar os possíveis efeitos que ela teve sobre o processo de urbanização no período. A análise dos efeitos sobre a urbanização em decorrência da expansão da agricultura é consequência do crescimento do plantio da soja para exportação nas áreas adjacentes dos Estados da Bahia (oeste baiano), Maranhão (sul maranhense) e Piauí (sudoeste piauiense). Conclui-se que o padrão de urbanização na Região Nordeste caracteriza-se por uma dinâmica urbana periférica devido ao aprofundamento das heterogeneidades socioespacias em anos recentes.<br>The process of Brazilian urbanization has changed in the last twenty years. Studies in the regional economy have pointed to the strong influence of the expansion of export agriculture in areas of the border as a major determinant of the new urban dynamics in the period 1990-2008. Statistics are used to describe the expansion of agriculture in the area of Savannah in northeastern Brazil, and to examine the possible effects it had on the process of urbanization in the period. The analysis of the effects of urbanization due to the expansion of agriculture is a consequence of growth for soybean exports to adjacent areas of the provinces of Bahia (western Bahia), Maranhão (south Maranhão) and Piauí (southern Piauí). We conclude that the pattern of urbanization in the Northeast is characterized by a dynamic urban peripheral consequence of deepening social and spatial heterogeneity in recent years.

W. Chigona, D. Roode, N. Nazeer et al.

This paper reports on a study that uses the Stakeholder Management Theory to analyse the implementation of a pilot phase of public access project, the Smart Cape Access Initiative, a Cape Town City Council e-government initiative. Data for the study was gathered through in-depth interviews with individuals who were involved, influenced and were affected by the implementation of the pilot project. The study identified the major stakeholders of the project and assessed their importance and influence on the project. Numerous interactions between the stakeholders were identified. It was further noted that no formal stakeholder management was undertaken at the identification and planning stages of the project lifecycle. In addition, results showed that there were missed opportunities for appropriate stakeholder management throughout the project. This study offers insights into agencies involved in planning and running public access projects.