Hasil untuk "Cartography"

Martin Raspe

Jan van Stinemolen (1518–1582) is an interesting artist who remains largely unknown. As he is not mentioned in Karel van Mander's Schilder-Boeck, his biography must be pieced together from archival sources and remains incomplete. These sources primarily record Stinemolen's presence in the Spanish Netherlands, first in his hometown of Mechelen and later in Antwerp. The dates of his time in Naples and southern Italy – a trip to Sicily can be inferred from one of his drawings – are unclear. Like other members of his family, he was probably primarily active as a silversmith and jeweller – a prosperous profession, although he may have been affected by the religious wars in his homeland. Nothing has survived of his work as a silversmith; apart from the spectacular View of Naples, only a few drawings remain, most of which are attributed to him on stylistic grounds. Stinemolen's particular amalgamation of topographical map and perspectival view in this panorama may have its roots in Mechelen, where urban cartography flourished in the 16th century. His fascination with landscapes created by volcanic forces is evident in his drawings. The characteristics of his panorama allow us to form further hypotheses about his artistic motivations and his interest in natural history.

Sante Francesco Rende

The Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) is leading a nationwide initiative to map and restore seagrass meadows under the Marine Ecosystem Restoration (MER) project. This effort addresses the alarming decline of Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa habitats, which are critical for carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and coastal resilience. The MER project’s mapping component, executed by Fugro and Compagnia Generale Ripreseaeree (CGR), in partnership with EOMAP – a Fugro company, and PlanBlue, employed a multi-sensor approach, combining satellite, airborne, vessel-based (high-resolution multibeam), and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) technologies. The integration of bathymetric LiDAR, multibeam, optical and multispectral data allowed continuous bathymetric coverage from the coastline to 50 metre depth. The Virgeo® platform, specifically developed by Fugro, facilitated real-time monitoring of acquisitions and data collected by ships and aircraft engaged in the surveys. This integrated approach provided a robust baseline for restoration planning and long-term monitoring, offering a scalable, cost-effective solution for national marine habitat assessments. The Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (PNRR) MER project was funded by MASE, coordinated by ISPRA and scientifically supported by Italian research institutes and universities (CNR-IGAG, IIM, Sapienza, INGV, PoliMi, UniPd, UniGe).

Chuanbao Jing, Weiqi Zhou, Yan Lin et al.

Accurate and high-resolution urban activity information is essential for quantitatively estimating Sustainable Development Goal 11, but is unavailable. We examined the capacity and limitation of the Sustainable Development Science Satellite−1 nighttime light (SDGSAT−1 GLI NTL) data in capturing the spatial extent and intensity of human activity in two Chinese megacities using mobile phone data. Key findings: (1) Lit areas highly overlap with human activity areas but are smaller. Over 92.62% of lit areas are occupied by humans. Only a minor population (<2.15%) lived in unlit areas, despite these areas accounting for over 20.01% of human activity areas, as revealed by the panchromatic band. Additionally, the NTL better identifies activity areas related to young and middle-aged adults and working and residential populations than those related to older adults and tourists. (2) The intensity relationships between NTL data and population are highly spatially heterogeneous, with weak global but strong local correlations. When accounting for land use, correlation remarkably improved, with an R2 value of even 0.85. (3) Notably, the correlation increased from fine to coarse resolution. In summary, NTL data effectively capture the spatial extent and intensity of urban human activity, especially when considering land use, but its limitations should be noted.

Cristina-Sorana Ionescu, Daniela-Elena Gogoașe-Nistoran, Constantin Alexandru Baciu et al.

Flood hazard studies for dam break cases are of utmost importance for understanding potential risks and minimizing the impact of such accidents. Siriu Dam, which has a clay core, is ranked as the third highest embankment dam in Romania. A fully dynamic 2D hydraulic numerical model was developed using HEC-RAS software to simulate the routing of the flood waves formed by breaching this dam. Four different failure scenarios were considered: two for overtopping and two for piping. The breach parameters were chosen based on the dam characteristics in accordance with appropriate empirical relationships. The flood hazard was quantified and analyzed in terms of depths, velocities, depth x velocity values, and flooded areas. The results provide useful information concerning flood risk mitigation, such as the dam break wave routing, peak discharges, arrival time, travel velocity, and inundation boundary. The influence of the scenario and site characteristics (topography, river morphology, and constructions) on the results was analyzed. Depths and velocities over 10 m and 15 m/s, respectively, were obtained close to the dam, while those in Buzău City (90 km away) were under 1 m and 2 m/s, respectively. The city was flooded 7–8.5 h after the breach (depending on the scenario), and over 15 to 50% of its total area was affected. Moreover, the flood hazard parameters were compared for the different scenarios, providing the practical details necessary to develop flood risk management plans and the associated response measures for the inhabited areas. This is the first numerical study to simulate the impact of a potential break accident that can occur for this dam.

Te Han, Yuqi Tang, Yuzeng Chen et al.

ABSTRACTMultimodal change detection (MCD) combines multiple remote sensing data sources to realize surface change monitoring, which is essential for disaster evaluation and environmental monitoring. However, due to the ‘incomparable’ features in multimodal data, traditional change detection methods for unimodal (homogenous) data no longer apply. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel MCD method with global structure graph mapping (GSGM) which extracts the ‘comparable’ structural features between multimodal datasets and constructs a global structure graph (GSG) to express the structure information for each of the multi-temporal images, which are then cross-mapped to the other data domain. The change intensity (CI) is determined by measuring the change of GSGs after mapping and the differences between GSGs and mapped GSGs. The forward and backward CI maps (CIMs) are then fused with the latent low-rank representation method (LLRR), and the change map (CM) is obtained by threshold segmentation. Experiments on five multimodal and four unimodal datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method (source code is made available at https://github.com/rshante0426/GSGM).

Xinrui Wang, Rui Jin, Weizhen Wang et al.

ABSTRACTLake distribution on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is extensive, and lake area changes are key indicators of the TP's climate change response. Many multisource remote sensing big data for the TP, particularly optical images, are unusable due to cloud cover. Therefore, an improved isobath interpolation-based lake area extraction method is proposed and applied to obtain annual average lake areas (≥ 50 km²) on the TP from 1986 to 2020 using remote sensing big data. The lake area result accuracy was verified using existing lake area and level datasets, yielding correlation coefficients of ∼0.9. The change points and segmented trends of each lake's interannual area sequence were obtained. The relationships between lake area and climatic variables were investigated. The positive accumulation of the total precipitation minus total evaporation explains the overall lake area expansion trend after 1995. The exorheic lake interannual area is related to precipitation more than that of endorheic lakes, but endorheic lake area changes are stronger. The shrinking of lakes on the southern TP may not be climate-driven but probably attributed to lake bottom leakage. We explore detailed interannual variation characteristics of lake areas on the TP and provide reference data for studying lake responses to climate change.

Andrzej Klimczuk, Delali A. Dovie, Agnieszka Cieśla et al.

Zhaomin Tong, Yi Zhu, Ziyi Zhang et al.

ABSTRACTThe dockless bike-sharing system has rapidly expanded worldwide and has been widely used as an intermodal transport to connect with public transportation. However, higher flexibility may cause an imbalance between supply and demand during daily operation, especially around the metro stations. A stable and efficient rebalancing model requires spatio-temporal usage patterns as fundamental inputs. Therefore, understanding the spatio-temporal patterns and correlates is important for optimizing and rescheduling bike-sharing systems. This study proposed a dynamic time warping distance-based two-dimensional clustering method to quantify spatio-temporal patterns of dockless shared bikes in Wuhan and further applied the multiclass explainable boosting machine to explore the main related factors of these patterns. The results found six patterns on weekdays and four patterns on weekends. Three patterns show the imbalance of arrival and departure flow in the morning and evening peak hours, while these phenomena become less intensive on weekends. Road density, living service facility density and residential density are the top influencing factors on both weekdays and weekends, which means that the comprehensive impact of built-up environment attraction, facility suitability and riding demand leads to the different usage patterns. The nonlinear influence universally exists, and the probability of a certain pattern varies in different value ranges of variables. When the densities of living facilities and roads are moderate and the relationship between job and housing is relatively balanced, it can effectively promote the balanced usage of dockless shared bikes while maintaining high riding flow. The spatio-temporal patterns can identify the associated problems such as imbalance or lack of users, which could be mitigated by corresponding solutions. The relative importance and nonlinear effects help planners prioritize strategies and identify effective ranges on different patterns to promote the usage and efficiency of the bike-sharing system.

Simon B. Eickhoff, R. Constable, B. T. T. Yeo

Sarah Rothstein

W. Kainz

ABSTRACT Cartographic visualizations have been known for thousands of years and have brought forth a wealth of different map projections and cartographic products. Yet, cartography as an independent science has been established only about 100 years ago and sometimes its position among the spatial disciplines is challenged by the scientific community. In this respect it is a young science based on a very long tradition of map making, globe production, and the development of map projections. Maps and map related visualizations play an important and indispensable role in many other spatial disciplines such as geography and geodesy. Cartography has many overlaps with these traditional disciplines as well as with the more recent ones of photogrammetry and remote sensing. This paper reviews fundamental aspects of the conception of space and time throughout human history, the historic development of cartography from a technique of map making to a spatial science, highlighting major milestones in the history of the discipline. As a young science and confronted with major technological developments in the late 20th century cartography underwent several crises as to what exactly is cartography and how it relates to other spatial sciences, in particular to geographic information systems. Major pitfalls and misconceptions are discussed and the three major scientific pillars of cartography are identified. The relationships of cartography with neighboring disciplines are discussed and the position of cartography vis a vis the others is delineated. Finally, desirable future developments of scientific cartography are discussed.

F. Hruby

In recent years, immersion has become a frequently emphasized factor in the geovisualization research agenda. A principal reason for this growing interest is the assumption that immersive virtual environments (IVE) facilitate the formation of spatial presence, generally understood as the sense of “being there”. In a virtually mediated environment, the feeling of being there is of particular concern for cartographic ambitions, in terms of generating insights through geospatial representation. Current literature indicates that immersive VR systems stimulate the experience of spatial presence; however, this assumption is mainly based upon user studies in the visual communication channel. Moreover, research on IVE for geovisualization matters has to date been focused on visual-graphical rather than on auditive or even multisensory representations in virtual space. In this context, the present paper aims to evaluate the potential of audiovisual cartography with immersive virtual environments. Following a brief discussion of basic concepts, such as immersion, spatial presence and embodiment, we will integrate these aspects into a geovisualization immersion pipeline (GIP), as a framework with which to systematically link the technical and cognitive aspects of IVE. In the subsequent sections, we will examine this framework in the audio channel by analyzing how sound is implemented and perceived in GeoIVE. As we shall see, the positive effect of a combined audio-visual vs. exclusively visual presentation is supported by a series of user studies of sound effects, making audiovisual cartography with IVE a rich and worthwhile field of research.ZusammenfassungVirtuelle Realität (VR) und Immersion haben sich in den vergangenen Jahren auf der Forschungsagenda der Kartographie fest etabliert. Ein Hauptgrund dieses wachsenden Interesses ist die Annahme, dass immersive virtuelle Umgebungen räumliches Präsenzerleben induzieren, so dass sich Rezipient/inn/en in einer medialen Umgebung anwesend fühlen und Handlungsmöglichkeiten innerhalb derselben wahrnehmen. Für das grundsätzliche Ziel der Kartographie, raumbezogenes Wissen durch Repräsentationen zu vermitteln, ist das Phänomen räumlichen Präsenzerlebens von besonderem Interesse. Rezente Studien weisen zwar darauf hin, dass immersive VR-Systeme ein hohes Präsenzerleben erzeugen können, stützen sich dabei jedoch in erster Linie auf Untersuchungen des visuellen Kommunikationskanals. Ebenso hat sich die kartographische Erforschung immersiver Umgebungen bislang vor allem visuellen bzw. graphischen, weniger aber auditiven und multisensorischen Repräsentationsformen gewidmet. Vor diesem Hintergrund versucht der vorliegende Text, das Potenzial einer audiovisuellen Kartographie in immersiven virtuellen Umgebungen zu bewerten. Der einleitenden Diskussion zentraler Termini (z.B. Immersion, räumliches Präsenzerleben, Embodiment) folgt eine Verknüpfung dieser Schlüsselbegriffe innerhalb einer kartographischen Immersionspipeline – eine Modellvorstellung, die technische und kognitive Aspekte immersiver Umgebungen systematisch verbindet. Ausgehend von dieser Modellverstellung wird in den nachfolgenden Abschnitten untersucht, wie akustische Information in kartographischen VR-Systemem wahrgenommen und implementiert werden kann. Anhand einer Reihe empirischer Studien wird gezeigt, dass audiovisuelle Darstellungen verglichen mit ausschließlich visuellen Repräsentationen das räumliche Präsenzerleben verstärken können und somit audiovisuelle Kartographie in immersiven virtuellen Umgebungen zu einem reichen und lohnenden Gebiet zukünftiger Forschung machen.

Jorge Chen, K. Clarke

ABSTRACT This review paper explores at a high conceptual level cartography’s potential role in the emerging field of indoor mapping. It introduces an interdisciplinary literature on foundational theories, approaches, and applications of indoor maps driven by advancements in indoor positioning systems and an accompanying desire to exploit those capabilities through maps. The review concludes that cartography, with its rich heritage in the mapping arts and sciences, can make important contributions as technologies, needs, and theories converge to make sophisticated indoor mapping a reality. This paper includes discussions of issues, challenges, and prospects for indoor mapping along with examples of possible new applications.

D. Weinberg, J. Holtzman, S. Hasselquist et al.

We map the trends of elemental abundance ratios across the Galactic disk, spanning R = 3 – 15 kpc and midplane distance ∣ Z ∣ = 0 – 2 kpc , for 15 elements in a sample of 20,485 stars measured by the SDSS/APOGEE survey (O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni). Adopting Mg rather than Fe as our reference element, and separating stars into two populations based on [Fe/Mg], we find that the median trends of [X/Mg] versus [Mg/H] in each population are nearly independent of location in the Galaxy. The full multi-element cartography can be summarized by combining these nearly universal median sequences with our measured metallicity distribution functions and the relative proportions of the low-[Fe/Mg] (high-α) and high-[Fe/Mg] (low-α) populations, which depend strongly on R and ∣ Z ∣ . We interpret the median sequences with a semi-empirical “two-process” model that describes both the ratio of core collapse and Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) contributions to each element and the metallicity dependence of the supernova yields. These observationally inferred trends can provide strong tests of supernova nucleosynthesis calculations. Our results lead to a relatively simple picture of abundance ratio variations in the Milky Way, in which the trends at any location can be described as the sum of two components with relative contributions that change systematically and smoothly across the Galaxy. Deviations from this picture and future extensions to other elements can provide further insights into the physics of stellar nucleosynthesis and unusual events in the Galaxy’s history.

Dennis Edler, Olaf Kühne, Julian Keil et al.

AbstractSince the mid-1990s, sound has been discussed and used in multimedia cartography. There are four main variants of auditory map elements that have been established in the theory and practice of audiovisual cartography, i.e. abstract sounds/abstract sound sequences, speech, music and, especially, audiorealistic sequences representing so-called “soundscapes”. In cartography, soundscapes are often addressed in large-scale representations. The term originates in multidisciplinary landscape research. Empirical findings of landscape research, and especially those of social constructivist landscape research, have shown the relevance of non-visual stimuli for people’s individual impressions and meanings of the experienced landscape. Amongst the non-visual landscape dimensions, the auditory dimension is the most prominent one. As 3D cartography offers new methods and techniques of designing and experiencing highly realistic, incl. photo- and audiorealistic landscape representation, this discipline becomes more and more interesting for simulating and presenting multisensory landscapes and for presenting the results of empirical findings in landscape research. After an introduction to traditional means of audiovisual cartography and the relevance of auditory stimuli for social constructivist approaches of landscape research, a modern software-based method is presented which highlights the opportunity to imbed 3D sound data representing a location’s soundscape into audiovisual 3D environments in Virtual Reality (VR). It is technically based on the cross-platform game engine Unity3D.ZusammenfassungAudiovisuelle Kartographie: Etablierte und neue Methoden zur Repräsentation von Klanglandschaften Seit Mitte der 1990er Jahren wird die akustische Dimension in der Multimediakartographie diskutiert und eingesetzt. Seither haben sich hauptsächlich vier Ausprägungen durchgesetzt, die als akustische Kartenelemente verwendet werden: abstrakte Töne und Tonfolgen, Sprache, Musik und audiorealistische Sequenzen zur Darstellung so genannter soundscapes (dt. „Klanglandschaften“). In der Kartographie beziehen sich Darstellungen von Klanglandschaften häufig auf großmaßstäbige Raumausschnitte. Der Begriff entstammt der multidisziplinären Landschaftsforschung. Empirische Erkenntnisse der Landschaftsforschung, insbesondere der sozialkonstruktivistischen Landschaftsforschung verdeutlichen, dass nicht-visuelle Reize der Landschaft die individuelle Interpretation der erfahrenen Landschaft maßgeblich beeinflussen. Unter den nicht-visuellen Landschaftsdimensionen gilt die akustische Dimension als bedeutendste. Aktuelle Entwicklungen zu Methoden und Techniken der 3D-Kartographie bieten Möglichkeiten zur hochrealistischen Gestaltung und Erfahrung audio-visueller 3D-Landschaften. Dies kann die Landschaftsforschung durch moderne multisensorische Darstellungsformen sowie Ergebnispräsentationen unterstützen. Dieses Paper führt ein in traditionelle Darstellungsvarianten der audiovisuellen Kartographie und diskutiert die Bedeutung der Klanglandschaften für die (sozialkonstruktivistische) Landschaftsforschung. Im Anschluss wird ein aktuelle Software-gestützte Methode zur Implementierung von audiorealistischem 3D-Sound in 3D-Landschaften in Virtual Reality (VR) vorgestellt. Dies basiert auf der plattformübergreifenden Spiele-Engine Unity3D.

Neha Garg, Mingxun Wang, Embriette R. Hyde et al.

Our understanding of the spatial variation in the chemical and microbial makeup of an entire human organ remains limited, in part due to the size and heterogeneity of human organs and the complexity of the associated metabolome and microbiome. To address this challenge, we developed a workflow to enable the cartography of metabolomic and microbiome data onto a three-dimensional (3D) organ reconstruction built off radiological images. This enabled the direct visualization of the microbial and chemical makeup of a human lung from a cystic fibrosis patient. We detected host-derived molecules, microbial metabolites, medications, and region-specific metabolism of medications and placed it in the context of microbial distributions in the lung. Our tool further created browsable maps of a 3D microbiome/metabolome reconstruction map on a radiological image of a human lung and forms an interactive resource for the scientific community.

Łukasz Wielebski, Beata Medyńska-Gulij, Łukasz Halik et al.

The aim of the paper is to elaborate on and evaluate a multiperspective cartographic visualization of the spatial behavior of pedestrians in urban space. The detailed objective is to indicate the level of usefulness of the proposed visualization methods for analyzing and interpreting the following features: track shape (trajectory geometry), topographical truth, track length, track visibility, walking time, motivation for getting to the finish point, walking speed, stops, spatial context (spatial surroundings, street names, and so on), and trajectory similarity. Each of the elaborated visualization presents spatial data from a different perspective and visually strengthens other aspects of the behavior of participants of the experiment. Recording the movement of participants by means of global positioning system (GPS) receivers was the first method used in the research, with the other one being a questionnaire that made it possible to determine what kind of motivation pedestrians had when selecting a track leading to the finish point. The results demonstrate different levels of usefulness of the six presented visualizations for reading selected features of the spatial behavior of pedestrians.

S. Caquard, A. Griffin

Giuseppe Samo

This volume provides a mechanism to uncover the extremely rich split-CP of V2 languages, in both root and embedded clauses, on the basis of theoretical arguments and empirical findings. The movement of the inflected verbal head is triggered to agree with the profiled informational value of the fronted XP. The V2 “constraint” shall thus be observed as a sum of micro-V2s, in which the inflected head creates Spec-Head configurations with the activated criterial positions in the relevant context. The “second linear” position of the verb results from the movement of the inflected verb to the highest activated criterial head. In other words, there is no “bottleneck effect”, but ordinary violations in terms of locality between fronted XPs. This monograph is aimed principally at postgraduate students and researchers interested in the description of natural languages adopting the guidelines of the Cartography of Syntactic Structures.

Ivan V. Protsyuk, A. Melnik, Louis-Félix Nothias et al.