Hasil untuk "Bridge engineering"

Xinying Hou, Yanjie Zhao, Yue Liu et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly impacted numerous domains, including Software Engineering (SE). Many recent publications have explored LLMs applied to various SE tasks. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the application, effects, and possible limitations of LLMs on SE is still in its early stages. To bridge this gap, we conducted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on LLM4SE, with a particular focus on understanding how LLMs can be exploited to optimize processes and outcomes. We selected and analyzed 395 research articles from January 2017 to January 2024 to answer four key Research Questions (RQs). In RQ1, we categorize different LLMs that have been employed in SE tasks, characterizing their distinctive features and uses. In RQ2, we analyze the methods used in data collection, pre-processing, and application, highlighting the role of well-curated datasets for successful LLM for SE implementation. RQ3 investigates the strategies employed to optimize and evaluate the performance of LLMs in SE. Finally, RQ4 examines the specific SE tasks where LLMs have shown success to date, illustrating their practical contributions to the field. From the answers to these RQs, we discuss the current state-of-the-art and trends, identifying gaps in existing research, and highlighting promising areas for future study. Our artifacts are publicly available at https://github.com/security-pride/LLM4SE_SLR.

W. Zhai, Zhaoling Han, Zhaowei Chen et al.

ABSTRACT Train–track–bridge dynamic interaction is a fundamental concern in the field of railway engineering, which plays an extremely important role in the optimal design of railway bridges, especially in high-speed railways and heavy-haul railways. This paper systematically presents a state-of-the-art review of train–track–bridge dynamic interaction. The evolution process of train–bridge dynamic interaction model is described briefly, from the simplest moving constant force model to the sophisticated train–track–bridge dynamic interaction model (TTBDIM). The modelling methodology of the key elements in the TTBDIM is systematically reviewed, including the train, the track, the bridge, the wheel–rail contact, the track–bridge interaction, the system excitation and the solution algorithm. The significance of detailed track modelling in the whole system is highlighted. The experimental research and filed test focusing on modelling validation, safety assessment and long-term performance investigation of the train–track–bridge system are briefly presented. The practical applications of train–track–bridge dynamic interaction theory are comprehensively discussed in terms of the system dynamic performance evaluation, the system safety assessment and train-induced environmental vibration and noise prediction. The guidance is provided on further improvement of the train–track–bridge dynamic interaction model and the challenging research topics in the future.

M. Rashidi, Masoud Mohammadi, Saba Sadeghlou Kivi et al.

Over the last decade, particular interest in using state-of-the-art emerging technologies for inspection, assessment, and management of civil infrastructures has remarkably increased. Advanced technologies, such as laser scanners, have become a suitable alternative for labor intensive, expensive, and unsafe traditional inspection and maintenance methods, which encourage the increasing use of this technology in construction industry, especially in bridges. This paper aims to provide a thorough mixed scientometric and state-of-the-art review on the application of terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) in bridge engineering and explore investigations and recommendations of researchers in this area. Following the review, more than 1500 research publications were collected, investigated and analyzed through a two-fold literature search published within the last decade from 2010 to 2020. Research trends, consisting of dominated sub-fields, co-occurrence of keywords, network of researchers and their institutions, along with the interaction of research networks, were quantitatively analyzed. Moreover, based on the collected papers, application of TLS in bridge engineering and asset management was reviewed according to four categories including (1) generation of 3D model, (2) quality inspection, (3) structural assessment, and (4) bridge information modeling (BrIM). Finally, the paper identifies the current research gaps, future directions obtained from the quantitative analysis, and in-depth discussions of the collected papers in this area.

Sebastian Cisowski

Abstract: The development of modern driver assistance systems, such as Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and its enhanced version ACC+, represents a significant step towards improving road safety. This article analyzes the operation of these systems in the context of the causes and effects of traffic accidents. Based on the reconstruction of a specific traffic incident, a detailed assessment of the impact of ACC and ACC+ on traffic safety was conducted. The study is based on the analysis of measurable technical parameters that change under varying road conditions, both with the systems activated and deactivated. The paper also discusses examples of preventive strategies for similar incidents, utilizing new technologies applied in modern vehicles. Particular attention is given to differences in vehicle behavior under various operational scenarios of ACC and ACC+ systems, with a focus on their impact on the safety of road users. This article contributes to the development of knowledge on minimizing accident risks through advanced driver assistance systems. Keywords: ACC; ACC+; Safety; Traffic

Pavlo Holoborodko, Darius Bazaras, Aldona Jarašūnienė

The analysed research question raises the problem of modernisation of technical specifications of the locomotive on electric traction. The authors of the scientific research consider the modernisation of the DS3 locomotive with the transition from a single-phase (25 kV 50 Hz AC) to a two-phase (25 kV 50 Hz AC/3 kV DC) power supply system, which aims to increase interoperability with neighbouring railway networks. A multi-level literature review has been carried out, transient and dynamic characteristics have been modelled in MATLAB, and the principles of control of traction converters and motors have been formulated. Ensuring stable operating modes when switching power systems is confirmed by optimal attenuation ζ ≈ 0.7, and the electromagnetic compatibility analysis has revealed characteristic interference of 500–3000 Hz, thus allowing us to propose filters in accordance with EN 50121. The radar graph of the comparative analysis provides an improvement in the main metrics (power, traction efforts, efficiency, and reaction time) in the context of an ideal 100% scale. A step-by-step roadmap for the functional compatibility of ERTMS / ETCS and GSM-R in the Siemens SIBAS 32 platform has been designed and technical conditions for certification according to TSI and EN standards have been formed. The modernisation of DS3 is recognised as technically feasible, cost-effective and compliant with international technical aspects, which ensures prospects for joint operation in Ukraine and the EU.

FANG Zhongwang, ZHOU Shijie, XIAO Yupeng et al.

In order to reveal the evolution law of adsorbed bound water and the deformation characteristics of high liquid limit soil under static and dynamic loading, Hainan high liquid limit soil and Hunan clayey sand were selected as comparative samples. Through consolidation, consolidation-creep, and dynamic triaxial tests, the deformation patterns of high liquid limit soil under different loading conditions were obtained. By combining nuclear magnetic resonance tests, the variation pattern of adsorbed bound water content in specimens before and after the consolidation and dynamic triaxial tests was studied. The results show that under static loading, the compression coefficient of high liquid limit soil meets the requirements of the Specifications for Design of Highway Subgrades (JTG D30—2019) for subgrade fill materials. The adsorbed bound water content is basically stable, and the consolidation-creep deformation is small. Under dynamic loading, the elastic strain and permanent axial strain of the specimen increase with increasing loading amplitude. Dynamic loading significantly reduces the adsorbed bound water content in the high liquid limit soil, leading to the large plastic cumulative deformation of the soil under cyclic loading. The study can provide a reference for the engineering application of high liquid limit soils as lower embankment fill.

Shuai Wan, Shuhong Guan, Yunchao Tang

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is increasingly being used in the field of bridge engineering, and the technology for monitoring bridges has undergone a radical change. It has evolved from the initial local monitoring and assessment, which relied mainly on manual work, to the current all-round and full-time intelligent assessment provided by intelligent monitoring systems. This paper reviews the development of structural health monitoring technology in the civil engineering field and examines two current AI methods in bridge structural health monitoring, namely knowledge-driven and data-driven approaches. The advantages and disadvantages of these two AI methods are analyzed, and future development trends are also discussed. The overview results reveal that knowledge-driven methods have the advantages of interpretability and stability. However, their current application is limited, and significant technical bottlenecks remain. On the other hand, the data-driven approach demonstrates higher efficiency and accuracy. Nevertheless, it is characterized by instability and insecurity due to its "black-box" nature, which hinders its ability to explain the internal operation mechanism. Given these findings, the hybrid knowledge-data-driven approach emerges as a potential solution. This approach can effectively integrate the advantages of both knowledge-driven and data-driven methods while avoiding their respective disadvantages. Consequently, the hybrid approach proves to be more stable, safe, and efficient in practical applications.

Dingyuan Yan, Wei Xie, Jianyu Zhang et al.

Taking advantages of the versatile functionality and tunable energy dissipation, aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) emerge as a rising star to afford multimodal theranostics platform. Nevertheless, the construction of AIE-active phototheranostic agent in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) which allows superior resolution and minimized photodamage is still a formidably challenging suffering from the limited candidate of building blocks. Herein, benzo[c]thiophene is innovatively utilized as electron-rich and bulky donor (D)/π-bridge which can enlarge the conjugation length and distort the backbone. By precise D/π-bridge engineering, highly stable NIR-II AIEgen DPBTA-DPTQ NPs with acceptable NIR-II fluorescence quantum yield and excellent photothermal conversion efficiency of 40.6% under 808 nm laser irradiation are successfully obtained. In addition, the exactly spatial conformation of DPBTA-DPTQ is determined for the first time by associating X-ray single crystal diffraction and theoretical simulations, elaborately revealing the relationship between structure and AIE effect/photothermal performance. Extensive in vitro tests demonstrate that DPBTA-DPTQ NPs with good biocompatibility show efficient photothermal therapeutic effects. Furthermore, their prominent performance on fluorescence-photoacoustic-photothermal trimodal imaging-guided photothermal eradication of tumor is verified in HepG2 and B16-F10 tumor-xenografted mice, demonstrating distinguished cancer theranostic capability.

H. Hosamo, M. Hosamo

There has been a significant surge in the interest in adopting cutting-edge new technologies in the civil engineering industry in recent times that monitor the Internet of Things (IoT) data and control automation systems. By combining the real and digital worlds, digital technologies, such as Digital Twin, provide a high-level depiction of bridges and their assets. The inspection, evaluation, and management of infrastructure have experienced profound changes in technological advancement over the last decade. Technologies like laser scanners have emerged as a viable replacement for labor-intensive, costly, and dangerous traditional methods that risk health and safety. The new maintenance techniques have increased their use in the construction section, particularly regarding bridges. This review paper aims to present a comprehensive and state-of-the-art review upon using laser scanners in bridge maintenance and engineering and looking deeper into the study field in focus and researchers’ suggestions in this field. Moreover, the review was conducted to gather, evaluate, and analyze the papers collected in the years from 2017 to 2022. The interaction of research networks, dominant subfields, the co-occurrence of keywords, and countries were all examined. Four main categories were presented, namely machine learning, bridge management system (BMS), bridge information modeling (BrIM), and 3D modeling. The findings demonstrate that information standardization is the first significant obstacle to be addressed before the construction sector can benefit from the usage of Digital Twin. As a result, this article proposes a conceptual framework for building management using Digital Twins as a starting point for future research.

Jin Luo, Minshui Huang, Yongzhi Lei

In civil engineering structures, modal changes produced by environmental conditions, especially temperature, can be equivalent to or greater than the ones produced by damage. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish the variations in structural properties caused by environmental changes from those caused by structural damages. In this paper, we present a review of the technical literature concerning variations in the vibration properties of civil structures under varying temperature conditions and damage identification methods for bridge structures. First, the literature on the effect of temperature on vibration properties is roughly divided into experimental and theoretical studies. According to the classification of theoretical research methods, the progress in research on the probability analysis method, the artificial intelligence method, and the optimization algorithm method in this field is reviewed. Based on the different methods of experimental research employed in this field, the experimental research is reviewed according to qualitative and quantitative analyses. Then, damage identification methods for bridge structures are reviewed, considering data-based and model-based methods. Finally, different research methods are summarized.

Marwa Qate'a, Adnan Mohammed, Muhsin Jweeg

Most research on single-point incremental forming (SPIF) has focused on aluminum sheets of various thicknesses and titanium and steel with moderate mechanical resistance and low thicknesses. However, brass alloys, which exhibit moderate resistance comparable to certain aluminum alloys, have yet to receive much attention from researchers. Consequently, the formability of brass alloys requires a more thorough investigation. This study examines two ductile materials: Aluminum 1100 and Brass CuZn37. Both materials were formed under identical conditions into a hyperbolic truncated pyramid with varying wall angles ranging from 20° to 80° using the SPIF process, with dimensions of 150 mm × 150 mm and a thickness of 0.8 mm. A comparison was made based on fracture depth, maximum wall angle, and minimum thickness before fracture to evaluate the formability of brass alloys in relation to aluminum alloys. The results indicate that while Aluminum 1100 exhibits higher formability than Brass CuZn37, the differences in formability between the two materials are relatively small. The fracture depth, maximum wall angle, and minimum thickness before fracture were 37.1 mm, 80.21°, and 0.24 mm for Aluminum 1100, compared to 34.4 mm, 76.81°, and 0.33 mm for Brass CuZn37. Notably, the effect of process parameters on the formability of Brass CuZn37 was significantly greater than their effect on Aluminum 1100.

Fengrui Mu, Gui Zhu, Yongjun Zhou et al.

The pull-out method is a simple and effective method for detecting the preload of suspension bridge cable clamp bolts. However, research on the pull-out method is currently limited. The force principles governing the bolt during the pulling process are unclear, and the relationship between tension force and the desired preload remains uncertain. This paper aims to explore the force principles of bolts during the pull-out method detection process through a combined approach of theoretical analysis, full-scale test, and finite element simulation. The results indicate that the bolt preload increases during the pulling process. The preload detected by the pull-out method is not the initial preload of the bolt, but rather it exceeds the initial preload. The force relationships among various components are determined as follows: the preload subtracts the change value of the force exerted by the nut at the tension end, which equals the change value of tension force. Additionally, an analysis of the impact of the length of the bolt clamping section and the bolt area on the preload was conducted. Under the same bolt area, a shorter clamping section length corresponds to a greater increase in preload. With the same clamping section length, the increment of preload increases with the bolt area. These findings can serve as references for detecting and specifying the preload of the bolts.

Paolo Rugarli

Abstract This paper deals with the collapse load of corroded parallel steel units, such as sets of corroded strands alone, or embedded in a concrete core. It is shown that what is relevant is the distribution of the damage between the units, and not the total area loss due to corrosion. The paper also shows that assuming that the area loss is related to the limit load loss is misleading, and potentially dangerous.

Wancheng Gu, Wanbo Li, Yu Zhang et al.

Abstract Developing versatile, scalable, and durable coatings that resist the accretion of matters (liquid, vapor, and solid phases) in various operating environments is important to industrial applications, yet has proven challenging. Here, we report a cellular coating that imparts liquid-repellence, vapor-imperviousness, and solid-shedding capabilities without the need for complicated structures and fabrication processes. The key lies in designing basic cells consisting of rigid microshells and releasable nanoseeds, which together serve as a rigid shield and a bridge that chemically bonds with matrix and substrate. The durability and strong resistance to accretion of different matters of our cellular coating are evidenced by strong anti-abrasion, enhanced anti-corrosion against saltwater over 1000 h, and maintaining dry in complicated phase change conditions. The cells can be impregnated into diverse matrixes for facile mass production through scalable spraying. Our strategy provides a generic design blueprint for engineering ultra-durable coatings for a wide range of applications.

Azadeh Noori Hoshyar, Maria Rashidi, Yang Yu et al.

Structural health monitoring for bridges is a crucial concern in engineering due to the degradation risks caused by defects, which can become worse over time. In this respect, enhancement of various models that can discriminate between healthy and non-healthy states of structures have received extensive attention. These models are concerned with implementation algorithms, which operate on the feature sets to quantify the bridge’s structural health. The functional correlation between the feature set and the health state of the bridge structure is usually difficult to define. Therefore, the models are derived from machine learning techniques. The use of machine learning approaches provides the possibility of automating the SHM procedure and intelligent damage detection. In this study, we propose four classification algorithms to SHM, which uses the concepts of support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The laboratory experiment, which intended to validate the results, was performed at Western Sydney University (WSU). The results were compared with the basic SVM to evaluate the performance of proposed algorithms.

Zaheer Qasim, Yonggang Tan, Qamar Furqan

The structural development in bridge engineering along with efficiency have got much attention in few decades. Leading to the development, Optimization of structure established on mathematical analysis emerged mostly employed strategies for productive and sustainable design in the bridge engineering. Despite the widespread knowledge, there has yet to be a rigorous examination of recent structural optimization exploration development. Thus, the primary objectives of this paper are to critically review previous structural optimization research, provide a detailed examination of optimization goals and outline recent research field limitations and provide guidelines for future research proposal in the field of bridge engineering structural optimization. This article begins by outlining the relevance of efficiency and sustainability in the bridge construction, as well as the work done required for this review. Suitable papers are gathered and followed by a statistical analysis of the selected publications. Following that, the selected papers are evaluated in terms of the optimization targets as well as their spatial patterns. Structure's optimization four key steps, including modeling, optimization techniques, formulation of optimization concerns and computational tools, are also researched and examined in depth. Finally, research gaps in contemporary works are identified, as well as suggested guidance for future works.

Mingjie Zhang, Fuyou Xu, Zhanbiao Zhang et al.

Abstract The post-flutter limit cycle oscillation (LCO) of a two-degree-of-freedom bridge deck involving aerodynamic nonlinearities is studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. To investigate the aerodynamic mechanism for the post-flutter LCO, a comprehensive energy budget analysis is conducted based on the simulated responses, in which the energy input properties of the 1st-order and higher-order force components are considered separately. Results show that only the 1st-order force components contribute significantly in the energy input, while the contributions of the higher-order force components are insignificant. The sensitivities of aerodynamic derivatives to vibration amplitudes and phase difference between vibration modes are investigated using forced vibration CFD simulations. For the concerned bridge deck, some aerodynamic derivatives are highly sensitive to vibration amplitude, while the influences of modal coupling effects are insignificant. A simplified multi-input multi-output nonlinear self-excited force model with amplitude-dependent aerodynamic derivatives is developed according to the sensitivity analysis. An example of bridge post-flutter LCO with two degrees of freedom is utilized to demonstrate the accuracy of the amplitude-dependent aerodynamic derivative-based model. The model also applies to single-degree-of-freedom LCOs, e.g., galloping and vortex-induced vibration, and hence it may serve as a unified analysis framework for nonlinear bridge aeroelasticity.

Stanislaw Gucma, Jan Dzwonkowski, Marcin Przywarty

This article presents a dedicated kinematic method of determining a safe fairway bend width with a specific turn angle and arc radius as the function of ship parameters and prevailing navigational conditions on the fairway. The assumed approach takes into consideration monoeuvring and navigational components of the safe fairway bend width. The method is based on an analysis of the results of numerical tests conducted on a model representing all physically possible movements of ship's centre of gravity in the bend. The developed method was initially verified on the Ińskie bend, part of the Świnoujście-Szczecin fairway.

Pengfei Cao, Hai Fang, Weiqing Liu et al.

A composite wrapping system for main cable protection of suspension bridges was designed by using prepreg fiber-reinforced composites and nitrile rubber. The circumferential expansion performance of the system was tested, and the curves of circumferential bearing capacity and radial displacement of the components were obtained. Failure modes of each group of components were compared and analyzed. The results show that most of the components are vertically fractured at the lap transition. The increase of the number of prepreg layers contributed the most to the circumferential bearing capacity of components, with a growth rate of 65.31%~109.01%. The increase of rubber belt layers had the most significant effect on the radial displacement of the components, with a growth rate of 7.06%~23.5%. In the initial stage of the test, the strain of each part of the component was smaller due to the compaction by the loading device, and the strain value of the component was generally linearly increased during the loading process, during which the strain of the overlap was the smallest. The calculated cross-sectional temperature deformation of the main cable is in good agreement with the experimental data. The application of the rubber belt increases the deformation of the main cable; therefore, the protection system for the main cable could have more deformation redundancy and delay the arrival of the ultimate strain of the outer prepreg wrap.

Bram Ruijsink, PhD, Phuoc Duong, MD, Isra Valverde, MD, PhD et al.

Retrograde systolic flow in the main pulmonary artery (PA) is a hallmark echocardiographic sign of patent ductus arteriosus. We describe a case of PA aneurysm mimicking patent ductus arteriosus flow. Using 4-dimensional flow cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, this echocardiographic feature is explained and altered flow dynamics in the aneurysmal PA are visualized. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.)