Hasil untuk "Botany"

M. L. Fernald, R. Rollins

P. J. Edwards, P. Tomlinson

Preface Acknowledgements Part I. General Account: 1. Ecology 2. Floristics 3. Biogeography 4. Shoot systems 5. Root systems 6. Water relations and salt balance 7. Flowering 8. Seedlings and seeds 9. Utilization and exploitation Part II. Detailed Descriptions by Family References Index.

Kiana Toufighi, S. Brady, Ryan S. Austin et al.

S. B. Badgujar, V. Patel, A. Bandivdekar

Foeniculum vulgare Mill commonly called fennel has been used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related to digestive, endocrine, reproductive, and respiratory systems. Additionally, it is also used as a galactagogue agent for lactating mothers. The review aims to gather the fragmented information available in the literature regarding morphology, ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Foeniculum vulgare. It also compiles available scientific evidence for the ethnobotanical claims and to identify gaps required to be filled by future research. Findings based on their traditional uses and scientific evaluation indicates that Foeniculum vulgare remains to be the most widely used herbal plant. It has been used for more than forty types of disorders. Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of numerous valuable compounds, such as volatile compounds, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and amino acids. Compiled data indicate their efficacy in several in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antinociceptive, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antithrombotic, apoptotic, cardiovascular, chemomodulatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and memory enhancing property. Foeniculum vulgare has emerged as a good source of traditional medicine and it provides a noteworthy basis in pharmaceutical biology for the development/formulation of new drugs and future clinical uses.

Steffan P. Hansen, Julien M. Haran

The monotypic genus Epibrithus (Curculionidae: Entiminae) was described by Marshall for Epibrithus pustulatus Marshall, 1955, a species from the Citrusdal region in a Western inland region of the Cape Floristic Region. This paper provides the re-description of the genus, the re-description of E. pustulatus and the description of two new species, Epibrithus longicarinatus Haran & Hansen sp. nov. and Epibrithus boroveci Haran & Hansen sp. nov. from South Africa. The species can most readily be distinguished on features of ventrite 5 of males, and features of the aedeagus and copulatory sclerites. COI data supports the morphological divisions. Based on morphological examination, we propose to transfer the genus to the tribe Oosomini until larger molecular revisions can confirm tribal relationships. Epibrithus appears to be native to a small area in the valleys/mountain slopes of the Western part of the Cape Floristic region. Adult Epibrithus appear to favour dense shrubs and trees, are rarely obtained in the field, and are scarce in collections.

Milan Mirosavljević, Vojislava Momčilović, Vladimir Aćin et al.

Small grain crops showed significant yield variation under different nitrogen fertilization treatments. Understanding factors influencing yield is crucial for optimizing productivity. This study assessed how nitrogen fertilization affects grain number, grain weight, and other yield components in triticale, wheat, six-rowed, and two-rowed barley across multiple locations and seasons. Key traits, including grain number per spike, spike number per unit area, and spike dry weight, were analyzed. Triticale cultivars achieved the highest average grain yield (GY) of 8709 kg ha−1, significantly outperforming wheat (7656 kg ha−1) and six-rowed barley (7676 kg ha−1), particularly under high nitrogen (100 kg N) fertilization, where triticale reached 9184 kg ha−1. Grain number per unit area (GN) was strongly positively correlated with GY across all crops, with the highest GN values observed in triticale (21,937) under 100 kg N fertilization. Fruiting efficiency (FE) and spike dry weight at anthesis (SDWa) showed crop-specific relationships with GN, with the strongest association between GN and SDWa observed in triticale, while FE exhibited the highest values in wheat (112.3) and the lowest in two-rowed barley (82). Triticale’s superior yield was linked to greater grain number and spike dry weight, while wheat’s high fruiting efficiency contributed to its performance. Despite its high spike number and spike dry weight, two-rowed barley had lower grain number per spike, limiting its yield. Nitrogen fertilization improved yield components across all crops, though trade-offs between grain weight and other traits were observed. These findings provide insights for breeders and agronomists in optimizing small grain production.

Dipendra Shahi, Jia Guo, Md Ali Babar et al.

Abstract Background Grain number (GN) is one of the key yield contributing factors in modern wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties. Fruiting efficiency (FE) is a key trait for increasing GN by making more spike assimilates available to reproductive structures. Thousand grain weight (TGW) is also an important component of grain yield. To understand the genetic architecture of FE and TGW, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a panel of 236 US soft facultative wheats that were phenotyped in three experiments at two locations in Florida and genotyped with 20,706 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Results FE showed significant positive associations with GN, grain yield (GY), and harvest index (HI). Likewise, TGW mostly had a positive correlation with GY and HI, but a negative correlation with GN. Eighteen marker-trait associations (MTAs) for FE and TGW were identified on 11 chromosomes, with nine MTAs within genes. Several MTAs associated with other traits were found within genes with different biological and metabolic functions including nuclear pore complex protein, F-box protein, oligopeptide transporter, and glycoside vacuolar protein. Two KASP markers showed significant mean differences for FE and TGW traits in a validation population. Conclusions KASP marker development and validation demonstrated the utility of these markers for improving FE and TGW in breeding programs. The results suggest that optimizing intra-spike partitioning and utilizing marker-assisted selection (MAS) can enhance GY and HI.

Yimin Zhou, Yulang Yan, Jiaxiang Wang et al.

This study investigated the accumulation and distribution of cadmium (Cd) in the Soil-<i>Lilium</i> system and researched the effects and mechanisms of applying oyster shell powder (OSP) and organic fertilizer (OF) on reducing Cd accumulation and enhancing <i>Lilium</i> yield. The results showed that the total Cd content in soils across different planting regions was below 0.3 mg·kg⁻¹, while the Cd content in <i>Lilium</i> bulbs ranged from 0.44 mg·kg⁻¹ to 1.35 mg·kg⁻¹, indicating a consistent trend of Cd accumulation in <i>Lilium</i> bulbs. Cd contents were highest in the leaves and lowest in the bulbs, suggesting a strong translocation of Cd from the roots to the aerial parts. Both OSP and OF treatments improved <i>Lilium</i> growth and reduced Cd accumulation in the bulbs. OF significantly increased bulb yield by 62.5%, while OSP effectively reduced Cd content in the bulbs to 0.30 mg·kg⁻¹, below the regulatory safety threshold. OSP mitigated Cd accumulation by decreasing the availability of Cd in the soil and by competing with Cd for root uptake via its abundant Ca²⁺ ions. OF reduced Cd accumulation in the bulb by enhancing Cd sequestration in the fibrous roots and promoting its translocation away from the bulb. This study provides new insights into Cd dynamics in the Soil-<i>Lilium</i> system and offers practical strategies for producing <i>Lilium</i> safely.

Longfei Lin, Boran Ni, Hongmei Lin et al.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., which is known as Heshouwu (何首乌 in Chinese) in China. It is traditionally valued and reported for hair-blacking, liver and kidney-tonifying and anti-aging effects as well as low toxicity. The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological research and toxicology of Polygonum multiflorum, based on the scientific literature. Moreover, trends and perspectives for future investigation of this plant are discussed. It will build up a new foundation for further study on Polygonum multiflorum. Materials and methods A systematic review of the literature on Polygonum multiflorum was performed using several resources, including classic books on Chinese herbal medicine and various scientific databases, such as PubMed, SciFinder, the Web of Science, Science Direct, China Knowledge Resource Integrated (CNKI). Results Polygonum multiflorum is widely distributed throughout the world and has been used as a traditional medicine for centuries in China. The ethnomedical uses of Polygonum multiflorum have been recorded in many provinces of China and Japan for nine species of adulterants in six families. More than 100 chemical compounds have been isolated from this plant, and the major components have been determined to be stilbenes, quinones, flavonoids and others. Crude extracts and pure compounds of this plant are used as effective agents in pre-clinical and clinical practice due to their anti-aging, anti-hyperlipidaemia, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects and to promote immunomodulation, neuroprotection, and the curing of other diseases. However, these extracts can also lead to hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and embryonic toxicity. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that the main components of Polygonum multiflorum, such as 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and emodin are distributed among many organs and tissues. Conclusion Therapeutic potential of Polygonum multiflorum has been demonstrated in the conditions like Alzheimer׳s disease, Parkinson׳s disease, hyperlipidaemia, inflammation and cancer, which is attributed to the presence of various stilbenes, quinones, flavonoids, phospholipids and other compounds in the drug. On the other hand, the adverse effects (hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and embryonic toxicity) of this plant were caused by the quinones, such as emodin and rhein. Thus more pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms on main active compounds are necessary to be explored, especially the combined anthraquinones (Emodin-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Physcion-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, etc.) and the variety of stilbenes.

Shifa Shaffique, Anis Ali Shah, Sang-Mo Kang et al.

Abstract Drought stress significantly retards the plant production. Melatonin is a vital hormone, signaling molecule, and bio-regulator of diverse physiological growth and development processes. Its role in boosting agronomic traits under diverse stress conditions has received considerable attention. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of action and how they increase drought stress tolerance has not been fully interpreted. The current study aimed to ascertain the protective role of melatonin in fortifying the antioxidant defense system, modulating the phytohormone profile, and improving agronomic traits of tomato seedlings under drought stress. After the V1 stage (1st leaf fully emerged), tomato seedlings were exposed to PEG-6000 to mimic drought-induced stress (DR 10% and DR 20%), followed by exogenous application of 100 µM soil drench. Drought-induced stress negatively impacted tomato seedlings by reducing growth and development and biomass accumulation, diminishing salicylic acid (SA) and chlorophyll levels, and dramatically lowering the antioxidant defense ability. However, melatonin protected them by activating the defense system, which decreased the oxidative burst and increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and APX. Administration of 100 µM melatonin by soil drench most remarkably downregulated the transcription factors of SlDREB3 and SlNCED3. This study has validated the moderating potential of melatonin against drought-induced stress by maintaining plant growth and development, enhancing hormone levels, elevating antioxidant enzyme activities, and suppressing the relative expression of drought-responsive genes. These findings also provide a basis for the potential use of MT in agricultural research and other relevant fields of study.

Tae Hyeon Heo, Hyeon Park, Nam-Wook Kim et al.

Waxy maize is mainly cultivated in South Korea for the production of food and snacks, and colored maize with increased anthocyanin content is used in the production of functional foods and medicinal products. Association mapping analysis (AMA) is supported as the preferred method for identifying genetic markers associated with complex traits. Our study aimed to identify molecular markers associated with two anthocyanin content and six seed coat color traits in near-isogenic lines (NILs) of colored waxy maize assessed through AMA. We performed AMA for 285 SSR loci and two anthocyanin content and six seed coat color traits in 10 NILs of colored waxy maize. In the analysis of population structure and cluster formation, the two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2ho” variety waxy maize and the 10 NILs were clearly divided into two groups, with each group containing one of the two parental inbred lines. In the AMA, 62 SSR markers were associated with two seed anthocyanin content and six seed coat color traits in the 10 NILs. All the anthocyanin content and seed coat color traits were associated with SSR markers, ranging from 2 to 12 SSR markers per characteristic. The 12 SSR markers were together associated with both of the two anthocyanin content (kuromanin and peonidin) traits. Our current results demonstrate the effectiveness of SSR analysis for the examination of genetic diversity, relationships, and population structure and AMA in 10 NILs of colored waxy maize and the two parental lines of the “Mibaek 2ho” variety waxy maize.

Xin Tian, Renjiao Zhang, Zhengfei Yang et al.

This study aimed to reveal the impact of MeJA and ZnSO₄ treatments on the physiological metabolism of barley seedlings and the content of phenolic acid. The results showed that MeJA (100 μM) and ZnSO₄ (4 mM) treatments effectively increased the phenolic acid content by increasing the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (PAL) and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and by up-regulating the expression of genes involved in phenolic acid synthesis. As a result of the MeJA or ZnSO₄ treatment, the phenolic acid content increased by 35.3% and 30.9% at four days and by 33.8% and 34.5% at six days, respectively, compared to the control. Furthermore, MeJA and ZnSO₄ treatments significantly increased the malondialdehyde content, causing cell membrane damage and decreasing the fresh weight and seedling length. Barley seedlings responded to MeJA- and ZnSO₄-induced stress by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and controlling their gene expression levels. Meanwhile, MeJA and ZnSO₄ treatments significantly upregulated <i>calcium-adenosine triphosphate</i>, <i>calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-related kinase</i>, and <i>calmodulin-dependent protein</i> genes in barley seedlings. This suggested that Ca²⁺ may be the signaling molecule that promotes phenolic acid synthesis under MeJA and ZnSO₄ treatment. This study deepens the understanding of the phenolic acid enrichment process in barley seedlings under MeJA and ZnSO₄ treatments.

Brett R. Lane, Amy E. Kendig, Christopher M. Wojan et al.

Invasive plants, which cause substantial economic and ecological impacts, acquire both pathogens and beneficial microbes in their introduced ranges. Communities of fungal endophytes are known to mediate impacts of pathogens on plant fitness but few studies have examined the temporal dynamics of fungal communities on invasive plants. The annual grass Microstegium vimineum, an invader of forests and riparian areas throughout the eastern United States, experiences annual epidemics of disease caused by Bipolaris pathogens. Our objective was to characterize the dynamics of foliar fungal communities on M. vimineum over a growing season during a foliar disease epidemic. First, we asked how the fungal community in the phyllosphere changed over 2 months that corresponded with increasing disease severity. Second, we experimentally suppressed disease with fungicide in half of the plots and asked how the treatment affected fungal community diversity and composition. We found increasingly diverse foliar fungal communities and substantial changes in community composition between timepoints using high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 region. Monthly fungicide application caused shifts in fungal community composition relative to control samples. Fungicide application increased diversity at the late-season timepoint, suggesting that it suppressed dominant fungicide sensitive taxa and allowed other fungal taxa to flourish. These results raise new questions regarding the roles of putative endophytes found in the phyllosphere given the limited number of pathogens known to cause disease on M. vimineum in its invasive range.

Elżbieta Rudolphi-Szydło, Barbara Dyba, Anna Janeczko et al.

Abstract Background In earlier studies [1], we indicated that applying brassinosteroids (BRs) to lipids that had been isolated from plants altered the physicochemical properties of the monolayers. A continuation of these dependencies using the defined model lipid systems is presented in this paper. The influence of homocastasterone (HCS) and castasterone (CS) (BRs for which the increase in concentration were characteristic of plants grown at low temperatures) on the membrane properties of their polar and the hydrophobic parts were studied. Results Changes in the electrokinetic potential indicate that both BRs decreased the negative charge of the surface, which is an important factor in modifying the contacts with the polar substances. This property of BRs has not yet been described. The studies of the interactions that occur in the hydrophobic part of the membrane were investigated using the EPR methods and Langmuir techniques. The physicochemical parameters of the lipid structure were determined, and the excess of Gibbs free energy was calculated. Conclusion We conclude that examined BRs modify both the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the membranes, but to a greater extent HCS. The consequence of these changes may be the attempt to maintain the stability of the membranes in stressful temperature conditions and / or to the possibility of adsorption of other substances on membranes surfaces. The change of plant metabolism towards increasing the amount of BR, mainly HCS (under cooling) may by an important factor for maintaining optimal structural properties of membranes and their functionality despite temperature changes.

A. W. Whiley, B. Schaffer, B. Wolstenholme

Greta Aline Dettke, Claudenir Simões Caires

Abstract Dendrophthora and Phoradendron are neotropical genera of mistletoes belonging to the tribe Phoradendreae. The phylogenetic relationships between these two genera are still not entirely understood and, morphologically, Dendrophthora differs from Phoradendron solely by the presence of one, anther locule, as opposed to two in the latter. This study provides a synopsis of species of both genera for Brazil, where we revised all the names with Brazilian types or cited for the country. A total of 173 names were evaluated and the presence of 44 taxa in Brazil was confirmed: three species of Dendrophthora and 41 of Phoradendron. An identification key for the confirmed taxa is proposed and taxonomic comments are elaborated, along with an iconography, geographic distribution of the taxa, and original illustrations and photos of some species. Six new synonyms are proposed in Dendrophthora, and 12 in Phoradendron; 27 names are lectotypified.

PhytoFrontiers™ Vol. 1 No. 4

V. HÝSKOVÁ, K. BĚLONOŽNÍKOVÁ, N. ČEŘOVSKÁ et al.

Heat shock and almost all types of stresses associated with oxidative stress are accompanied by heat shock protein (HSP) expression. HSPs are involved in refolding denatured proteins and directing unrepairable proteins for degradation. Thus, under stress conditions, HSPs help to restore cellular balance. However, in virus-infected plants, HSP70 can have both positive and negative effects because viruses usually recruit HSP70. HSP70 can promote the replication and translation of the viral genome, the formation of viral replication complexes, and the propagation of viral particles from cell to cell and throughout the plant. HSP gene silencing in various virus-host plants systems and the comparison of susceptible and resistant species have shown that HSPs70 accelerate the development of infection. Conversely, during the process known as thermotherapy, the temperature increase inhibits viral replication in some host and virus systems. The success of thermotherapy depends not only on the temperature and treatment period or duration but also on the plant species and viral strain. In this review, we discuss the ambiguous role that HSPs70 play during viral infections in plants towards weighing the balance between their positive and negative functions.