Hasil untuk "Auxiliary sciences of history"

Muhammad Ghalib Darul

This paper explores the development of Qur’anic exegesis methodology from the classical to the contemporary period using a qualitative library research approach. The study aims to identify the various interpretive methods employed by Qur’anic scholars (mufassir) throughout history, as well as their significance in preserving the integrity of divine revelation and addressing the demands of changing times. Qur’anic interpretation requires a robust methodological foundation to avoid misinterpretation. Historically, methods such as bi al-ma’tsur (transmitted), bi al-ra’yi (reason-based), ijmali (general), tahlili (analytical), maudhu’i (thematic), and muqaran (comparative) have evolved to suit different socio-religious contexts. In the modern era, new approaches like contextual, maqasidi, and scientific interpretations have emerged in response to contemporary issues such as environmentalism, gender, and pluralism. This study also highlights the importance of mastering auxiliary sciences such as Arabic grammar, rhetoric, and the reasons for revelation (asbab al-nuzul) as prerequisites for valid interpretation. Thus, the methodology of tafsir is not merely an academic tool but a spiritual framework ensuring that the divine message of the Qur’an remains authentic, relevant, and applicable across time and context.

Т.Н. Прудникова, Р.Б. Сарыглар, Д.Н. Шауло et al.

В 2020 г. в долине р. Тапса, левом притоке Большого Енисея (Бий-Хема), впервые был обнаружен поселенческий объект, вовлеченный в древнюю систему орошения. На обозначенной территории были проведены ландшафтные, флористические, археологические, палеоботанические, остеологические исследования, а также радиоуглеродное датирование, что в целом представляет итог начального этапа изучения древней ирригации в верховье Енисея. Возраст поселения, согласно предварительной археологической разведке, а также возраст древней ирригации, определенный радиоуглеродным датированием погребенных почв, соответствуют скифо-сакскому времени (Прудникова, 2023). Почвенные разрезы вскрыли культурные слои поселения, насыщенные костяным материалом, обломками древесного угля и керамики, растительными остатками. Из культурных слоев были отобраны 3 пробы на карпологический анализ для возможного определения особенностей палеогеографии, хозяйственной деятельности. Анализ полученного материала дает первое представление о хозяйственных практиках местного населения в первом тысячелетии до н.э., особенностях природной среды и ее изменении.

Oleg Vitalyevich Smirnov

This article substantiates the possibility of obtaining data on extinct Finno-Ugric languages of Central Russia through a formalized catalogue of substrate toponyms of Finno-Ugric origin within the historical Merya lands (HML). The key to etymologizing lexical facts within the local toponymic system, presumably left by the Merya and Muroma languages, lies in the identification of several dozen instances of geographical name calquing. This approach suggests that the study of the local substrate toponymic system is akin to deciphering the writing through existing bilinguals. The presumable calques provide the most reliable toponymic evidence for these extinct languages. Mapping these calques within the HML reveals a strong correlation with the locations of archaeological sites, which are thought to be left by the Merya in the late 1st to early 2nd millennium AD, indicating their time and history of origin. The recurrence and widespread nature of these cases reduce the probability of random matches to near zero. The number of toponymic bases involved in the calquing process exceeds 70 units. This is sufficient to perform primary observations on the phonetic and word-formation features of substrate lexical facts from the perspective of historical phonetics and historical lexicology of Finno-Ugric languages. The study revealed not only instances of Russian toponymic calques but also repeatedly occurring cases of calquing between different dialects (languages) of extinct Finno-Ugric ethnic groups. This alone indicates the presence of not one but several Finno-Ugric dialects (languages) in the HML territory before Russian settlement. The first part of the article demonstrates examples and the importance of detecting cases of calquing for the formation of an initial set of reliable etymologies. The second part will present an analysis of the phonetic and word-formation features of the identified linguistic facts of the extinct Finno-Ugric languages in the HML and their closest correspondences in the Finno-Volga languages.

Grzegorz Dąbrowski

This article was inspired by a paper written by Czesław Robotycki, which was entitled O banalizacji tekstów w etnografii [On the Trivialization of Texts in Ethnography]. According to Robotycki, the trivialization boils down to the disproportion between the tools used and the social and cultural reality they describe. This is particularly the case when authors resort to ready‑made and often identical interpretative clichés, usually theories that are popular at a given time. This article is, in a sense, an elaboration of Robotycki’s ideas, although its main aim is to provide key information and categories related to the understanding of the Buddhist concept of emptiness which, from the perspective of Buddhist thought, expresses the complexity of all phenomena while sensitizing us to the fact that every generalization, whether it is a single word or an elaborate theory, is at best a form of image of the reality described in this way.

Benedetta Paolino, Maria Cristina Sorrentino, Severina Pacifico et al.

In this study, a historically significant journal subject to fungal colonization was used as a case study for experimenting with a fumigation treatment using essential oils. The experiments were carried out both in vitro and in vivo directly on the artifact. Post-treatment monitoring showed that the succession of two fumigation treatments (alternately using rosemary and lavender oil) resulted in the complete disinfection of the first and second populations detected on the substrate. The latter was identified as <i>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i>, a human pathogenic species, which was found to be sensitive to various concentrations of rosemary essential oil (1.2% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) and lavender essential oil (0.4% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>), while it was not contained by the standard biocide based on benzalkonium chloride. The results obtained allowed the proposal of an application protocol for the fumigation of paper items that need to undergo biocidal treatment, which consists of alternating essential oils to increase the action spectrum of the natural substances and implementing a rotation principle to prevent the development of bio-resistances.

Efe Gürel

In this paper, we expand the theory of Weierstrassian elliptic functions by introducing auxiliary zeta functions $ζ_λ$, zeta differences of first kind $Δ_λ$ and second kind $Δ_{λ,μ}$ where $λ,μ=1,2,3$. Fundamental and novel results pertaining to these functions are proven. Furthermore, results already existing in the literature are translated in terms of auxiliary zeta functions. Their relationship to Jacobian elliptic functions and Jacobian functions are given.

Hisashi Hayakawa

On a centennial timescale, solar activity was quantified based on records of instrumental sunspot observations. This article briefly discusses several aspects of the recent archival investigations of historical sunspot records in the 17th to 18th centuries. This article also reviews the recent updates for the active day fraction and positions of the reported sunspot groups of the Maunder Minimum to show their significance within the observational history. These archival investigations serve as base datasets for reconstructing solar activity.

Zenon Piech

In 1805, the Austrian scholar Thomas Vuchich began delivering lectures on the auxiliary historical sciences at the Jagiellonian University – a moment that marks the 220th anniversary of the discipline’s presence at the institution. Throughout the 19th century, these lectures were conducted regularly, though not without interruptions. A turning point came in 1890, with the habilitation of Stanisław Krzyżanowski in the field of auxiliary sciences of history. In the 1890/1891 academic year, he began systematic teaching and research in this area, laying the foundations for these disciplines. In 1916, he was succeeded by Władysław Semkowicz – another eminent scholar – who brought the field to an unprecedented level of development on a national scale. This growth was abruptly halted by the German occupation from 1939 to 1945.

Wojciech Drelicharz

Between 1994 and 2008, a team composed of students from the Epigraphy Section of the Student Historical Society at the Jagiellonian University, doctoral candidates, and young scholars, led by Wojciech Drelicharz from the Department of Auxiliary Sciences of History at the Institute of History of the Jagiellonian University, conducted an inventory of surviving epigraphic and heraldic monuments in the eastern territories of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, now part of the western Ukraine. Thanks to this work, an important part of Poland’s historical heritage was preserved for future generations.

A. Marzec, Marcin Starzyński

This article explores the exceptionally rich collection of photographs of medieval documents housed in the Department of Auxiliary Sciences of History and Source Studies at the Institute of History, Jagiellonian University. The collection was initiated in the final decade of the 19th century by Stanisław Krzyżanowski, the founder of the Department and a pioneer of Polish diplomatics. Comprising several thousand reproductions and negatives, the collection is itself a historical monument of early Polish photography. It was created using techniques such as zincography and glass plate negatives, many of which are still preserved in the Department’s holdings. The authors examine the origins of the idea behind the collection and its early development, drawing on archival materials. They also present a proposal for a modern inventory of the photographs, based on a pilot cataloging of the first one hundred image – a preliminary step toward the creation of a comprehensive photographic catalog.

J. Rogulski

In the present article, the Author offers a detailed overview of the most recent history of the Departament of Auxiliary Sciences of Historical and Source Studies at the Jagiellonian University over the past two decades (2005–2025), during the tenure of Professor Zenon Piech as its head. The article introduces the profiles of the Department’s scholars and presents their academic achievements, including those of Zenon Piech, Wojciech Drelicharz, Andrzej Marzec, Marcin Starzyński, Piotr Rabiej, and Jakub Rogulski, thereby providing a comprehensive picture of the main research directions pursued by this Cracow-based academic unit.

L. Zubanych, I. Prokhnenko

There are many historical tools available to researchers to help them understand the past. In addition to the classical subjects (heraldry, sphragistics, insignology, genealogy, archontology, etc.), a number of new, modern auxiliary sciences (historical psychology, network analysis, etc.) have recently been introduced into the methodology of historiography. Family history research has played an important role in Hungarian history since the 19th century, while the digitisation of the Hungarian National Archives has led to a renewed interest in researching the history of families with a significant historical heritage (and archival material). The archival collection of the Perényi family in Nyaláb and the baron Perényi family archives at the State Archives of Transcarpathia County provide researchers with a relatively accurate picture of the family's history in the 14th and 19th centuries. This may be important, since the public (and scientific) scholarship in Transcarpathia has so far focused mainly on only a fraction of the family's history and its prominent personalities. In our research, we will focus on an early period of the history of the Perényi, the Luxembourg period (1387 – 1437). The members of the Perényi family, who originated in the Abaúj county and rose to the rank of noblemen, rose to the highest echelons of power thanks to their personal talents and loyalty to the ruler, becoming some of the richest landowners in the country. During their European tours (accompanied by the king or on diplomatic missions), the Perényi’s, who were part of King Sigismund's immediate entourage, were able to learn about the various forms of power representation, which they used in their everyday lives and in their wider environment. Some of these have survived to this day, illustrating the Perényi family's cultural patronage. The coats of arms used by the Perényi, for example, adorned church and secular buildings, seals and tombstones, showing the place of the bearer in the social hierarchy. As a result of archaeological research, in addition to the previously known tombstones at Trebišov and Rudabánya, new ones have recently been discovered in Abaújvár and Királyháza.

Ali Kuşçu

ʿAlī Qūshjī, one of the scholars of the 15th century, is known for his expertise not only in the mathematical and astronomical sciences (riyāżī sciences) but also in philosophical and theological sciences (ḥikamī sciences), as well as in auxiliary sciences such as logic, linguistics, and the science of vażʿ. He wrote two independent works, each in book format, on mathematics. The first and earlier work is the introductory-level Risāla dar ʿIlm-i Ḥisāb written in Persian, while the second is ar-Risāla al-Muḥammadiyya fī ʿIlm al-Ḥisāb written in Arabic, aimed at intermediate to upper-intermediate levels. The entirety of the latter work has not yet been the subject of any study or publication in any language. The publication of this book consists of four parts: introduction, mathematical evaluation, Turkish translation and critical edition (tahqīq), and a glossary. In the introduction, preliminary information serving as an introduction to the history of Islamic mathematics is provided, followed by a brief presentation of the author under the heading “ʿAlī Qūshjī.” In the second section titled “Mathematical Works,” the author’s mathematical contributions –two substantial independent works and three in article form– are briefly discussed. The third section involves an external examination of al-Muḥammadiyya. The fourth and fifth sections, titled “Copies” and “Critical Edition Methodology”, serves as a bridge between the external features of the work and its internal content. The sixth section, under the title “Contents of al-Muḥammadiyya,” aims to provide a detailed account of the book’s content, section by section. The final subsection of the introduction is titled “Comparison Between al-Muḥammadiyya and Its Source, al-Miftāḥ.” Here, the two works are compared, including their content, intended audience, and goals, down to the subchapter level. A comparative table is also provided at the end. In the second section, titled “Mathematical Evaluation” the content of al-Muḥammadiyya is rendered in modern mathematical language from start to finish. During this process, no additional examples or formulas were used to ensure better understanding; the text strictly adheres to the original work. The procedures, examples, rules, or geometrical shapes described are essentially translated into modern mathematical language in prose form. In the section on mensuration (al-misāḥa), i.e., applied geometry, figures for calculating area or volume were not drawn by the author. Instead, they were recreated based on the descriptions in the text. These illustrations can be identified by comparing them with the relevant sections of the Turkish translation. The chapter titles were kept as close as possible to those in the Turkish translation, making it easier for readers to follow. The third section, where the critical edition (tahqīq) and Turkish translation are presented side by side, constitutes the main part of the book. Here, the critical edition and its Turkish translation are presented on facing pages. In the final section, a glossary of the most frequently used mathematical terms by ʿAlī Qūshjī throughout the text is provided.

Aygun M. Mammadova

The proclamation of the year 2025 - the year of Peace and Constitution actualised the consideration of numismatic facts - minting of coins reflecting the legal act of the state of different historical periods. This year is marked by reading the memory of a number of scientists-historians - 60 years since the death of corresponding member of AHA, doctor of historical sciences, professor Evgeny Pakhomov, 140 years of the first professional archeologist of Azerbaijan, museologist, ethnographer, geographer Davud Sharifov and 130 years of archeologist and ethnographer of Azerbaijan, honoured worker of science, candidate of historical sciences Ishag Jafarzade. Due to the work of these scientists the history, archeology, numismatics and other auxiliary historical sciences of Azerbaijan have been enriched with scientific conclusions. The article gives a detailed analysis about coins found in different places of Azerbaijan (Agjabedi, Baku, Beylagan, Dashkesan, Gokgel, Gabala, Mingechevir, Shemakha, Yevlakh) as a result of archeological excavations led by local and foreign archeologists, as well as employees of the Institute of History of Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences and Museum of History of Azerbaijan. Although some of these finds have been transferred to the Museum of History of Azerbaijan, they have not been studied in a generalised way. The article presents for the first time photographs of the analogues of such silver and copper coins stored in the Numismatic Fund of the National Museum of History of Azerbaijan

Artem Ponasenko

This multidimensional analysis traces the history of archival education system in the Russian Empire from the late 18th century to 1917 as an integral socio-cultural phenomenon. The period consisted of three main stages: 1) archival education turned from apprenticeship to departmental schools (18th – first half of the 19th century), 2) it entered university curricula (second half of the 19th century), 3) it acquired education institutions of its own (late 19th – early 20th centuries). The Russian model of archival education organically combined fundamental academic training in auxiliary historical disciplines with practice-oriented education in departmental archives, creative adaptation of international experience, and early professional self-organization (Union of Archivists, 1905). The article describes the relevant state reforms (General Regulations, 1720; University Reform, 1863), the activities of major specialists (N. V. Kalachov, D. Ya. Samokvasov), and the gradual integration into the international professional community. By 1917, Russian archival education was a cohesive training system that eventually sprouted the Soviet model. Particular value belonged to such methodological innovations as V. S. Ikonnikov’s system of practical exercises, training archives, and the codes of professional ethics.

Marcin Starzyński

In this article, the author presents the achievements of a new palaeographic discipline known as fragmentology. Its object of study are manuscript fragments that have survived either as loose sheets or were incorporated into the bindings of other manuscripts. Discussing the history of fragmentological research in the European context (while also acknowledging – albeit modest – contributions by Polish historians), the author focuses on a collection of medieval manuscript fragments preserved at the Department of Auxiliary Historical Sciences and Source Studies of the Jagiellonian University. He offers brief descriptions of several (from over one hundred) of the oldest fragments, dated between the 8th and 12th centuries, which contain texts of written monuments that significantly enhance our current understanding of the history of the book in the state of the early Piasts.

Liliya Vasylchenko, Nataliіa Shatska

The New Ukrainian School (NUS) in basic secondary education is moving towards the 8th grade, so we already have certain results. The article highlights the problems of the correlation of usefulness/uselessness, need/not need, importance/not importance of the paper and electronic versions of the textbook, as well as the electronic appendix to it; the attitude of the educational community to the value of the textbook parameters in the educational process of the NUS is analyzed. The relevance and prospects of the problem are determined, the importance of directing the educational process to providing both theoretical acquisitions (normative and legal support) and the direct availability of textbooks, auxiliary methodological materials, etc. is substantiated. Given that there have been cardinal changes in the teaching of certain subjects (natural sciences, integrated courses in language and literature, civics and history), special attention is paid not only to the availability and provision of textbooks, but the format of the textbook - paper or electronic - has also turned out to be important. The modern interpretation of the concept of "textbook" and the phenomenon of "electronic textbook" and "paper textbook" are considered. The actual interpretation of the concept of "paper textbook" is proposed, namely, that it is a book that has undergone editorial and production processing and is printed on paper. While "electronic textbook (e-textbook)" is an electronic educational publication with a systematic presentation of educational material that corresponds to the educational program, contains digital objects of various formats and provides interactive interaction. An e-textbook is created in the form of a computer program. The scientific works of researchers are analyzed to determine the traditions of program and textbook creation of author teams of different years and subject areas and the conceptual principles of digitalization of the educational environment of a general secondary education institution in the modern realities of the pandemic and martial law. The results of the study of key aspects of the organization of the educational process in the conditions of distance and blended learning are presented: features of teaching in the adaptive cycle of education and the basic one (integration of courses or subject training), the use of a textbook (paper or electronic version), the impact of an electronic application on learning and the process of teaching subjects, the importance/non-importance of having an interactive electronic application to a textbook for a subject or an integrated course. Respondents emphasize that it is the digital application to a paper textbook that makes it possible to organize students' self-education in modern conditions; to create comfortable conditions for teaching individuals with special educational needs; students' perception of information occurs at a higher level due to the visualization of certain processes and phenomena. In the following publications, we hope to investigate and highlight the impact of using an electronic application to a textbook on the learning process of students.

Mahima Kaushik, Siddhartha Mahajan, Nitin Machahary et al.

PURPOSE This study aimed to develop a classifier using supervised machine learning to effectively assess the impact of clinical, demographical, and biochemical factors in accurately predicting the antiseizure medications (ASMs) treatment response in people with epilepsy (PWE). METHODS Data was collected from 786 PWE at the Outpatient Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), New Delhi, India from 2005 to 2015. Patients were followed up at the 2nd, 4th, 8th, and 12th month over the span of 1 year for the drugs being administered and their dosage, the serum drug levels, the frequency of seizure control, drug efficacy, the adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and their compliance to ASMs. Several features, including demographic details, medical history, and auxiliary examinations electroencephalogram (EEG) or Computed Tomography (CT) were chosen to discern between patients with distinct remission outcomes. Remission outcomes were categorized into 'good responder (GR)' and 'poor responder (PR)' based on the number of seizures experienced by the patients over the study duration. Our dataset was utilized to train seven classical machine learning algorithms i.e Extreme Gradient Boost (XGB), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Classifier (SVC), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Naïve Bayes (NB) and Logistic Regression (LR) to construct classification models. RESULTS Our research findings indicate that 1) among the seven algorithms examined, XGB and SVC demonstrated superior predictive performances of ASM treatment outcomes with an accuracy of 0.66 each and ROC-AUC scores of 0.67 (XGB) and 0.66 (SVC) in distinguishing between PR and GR patients. 2) The most influential factor in discerning PR to GR patients is a family history of seizures (no), education (literate) and multitherapy with Chi-square (χ2) values of 12.1539, 8.7232 and 13.620 respectively and odds ratio (OR) of 2.2671, 0.4467, and 1.9453 each. 3). Furthermore, our surrogate analysis revealed that the null hypothesis for both XGB and SVC was rejected at a 100 % confidence level, underscoring the significance of their predictive performance. These findings underscore the robustness and reliability of XGB and SVC in our predictive modelling framework. SIGNIFICANCE Utilizing XG Boost and SVC-based machine learning classifier, we successfully forecasted the likelihood of a patient's response to ASM treatment, categorizing them as either PR or GR, post-completion of standard epilepsy examinations. The classifier's predictions were found to be statistically significant, suggesting their potential utility in improving treatment strategies, particularly in the personalized selection of ASM regimens for individual epilepsy patients.

Simone Dilaria, Caterina Previato, Jacopo Bonetto et al.

In this paper, we discuss the presence of volcanic pozzolans in the structural mortars of the Roman Temple of Nora in Sardinia (3rd c. AD), represented by pyroclastic rocks (pumices and tuffs) employed as coarse and fine aggregates. The provenance of these materials from the Phlegraean Fields was highlighted through a multi-analytical approach, involving Polarized Light Microscopy on thin sections (PLM), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Quantitative Phase Analysis by X-ray Powder Diffraction (QPA-XRPD), and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) investigations. These volcanic pozzolans, outcropping in the Bay of Naples between Pozzuoli and the Vesuvius, are traditionally associated with the <i>pulvis puteolana</i>, the famous pozzolanic ash prescribed by Vitruvius and Pliny in order to confer strength and waterproofing capabilities to ancient concretes. This is the first evidence of the trade of this volcanic material from the Neapolitan area to Sardinia, starting at least by the Middle Imperial Age. The use of the <i>pulvis puteolana</i> in the Roman Temple of Nora seems primarily targeted to strengthen above-ground masonries, while waterproofing capabilities were not strictly pursued. This opens new questions about the construction reasons for which the demand and commercialization for this product was intended.

Adelmo Eloy, Thomas Palmeira Ferraz, Fellip Silva Alves et al.

Science and Engineering fairs offer K-12 students opportunities to engage with authentic STEM practices. Particularly, students are given the chance to experience authentic and open inquiry processes, by defining which themes, questions and approaches will guide their scientific endeavors. In this study, we analyzed data from over 5,000 projects presented at a nationwide science fair in Brazil over the past 20 years using topic modeling to identify the main topics that have driven students' inquiry and design. Our analysis identified a broad range of topics being explored, with significant variations over time, region, and school setting. We argue those results and proposed methodology can not only support further research in the context of science fairs, but also inform instruction and design of contexts-specific resources to support students in open inquiry experiences in different settings.