During the digital printing process, the fabric defects need to be accurately detected to ensure product quality. However, the defects are difficult to effectively distinguish from the background, which can cause degradation of detection model performance. To solve this problem, a defect detection model incorporating adaptive attention mechanisms, AdaptiveDet, was proposed for digital printing fabric. First, the initial anchor box was generated using the K-means++ algorithm to better adapt to the complex target shape. Second, the backbone network could be reconfigured using the adaptive CBS module, allowing higher-level features to be extracted and interference with non-critical features to be reduced. Then, the neck network was reconfigured using the ELAN-EVC module so that the model could learn both global and local feature representations to capture information more accurately about minor defects. Finally, the DyHead framework was adopted in the head of YOLOv7-Tiny to enhance the model’s sensitivity to spatial information, which lead to excellent performance in the complex background defect detection task. The experimental results show that the proposed model performs well on the DPFD-DET dataset with mAP@.5 of 93%, which outperforms other detection models. This shows that it could meet the demand for high-precision defect detection for digital printing fabric.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
This study looks at two aspects of ancient Chinese genre painting to interpret the more realistic ancient shopping scenes in the painting of the peddler in spring scenery in the Ming Dynasty, namely, the Ming spring scene and the characters’ costume image features. Through the analysis of the detailed characteristics of the style, structure, pattern, and color of the figure costume in the painting of the peddler, a total of five sets of figure costume for an adult male and four children in the painting of the peddler in the spring scenery of the Ming Dynasty in China were digitally restored using the 3D virtual fitting technology, which clearly showed the characteristics of the figure costume of the peddler and children in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). The figure’s costume style in the painting of the salesman restored in the article is Beizi, closed crotch trousers, open crotch trousers, and abdominal circumference (a type of apron from the Song Dynasty. It is made to resemble a short apron and is wrapped around the abdomen). The study of the painting of peddler in the Ming dynasty in this work provides a reference for future study on ancient Chinese genre paintings of peddler and the restoration of the costumes of the figures in the painting.
Abstract This study electrocoagulated textile effluent to remove dyes. The wastewater reuse method was used to study three reactive dyes: C.I. Reactive Red 221, Blue 19, and Yellow 145. Laboratory wastewater was electrocoagulated. Standard wastewater had three pH values. (4, 7, 10). Electrocoagulation removes volatile dye colors well. The best results were 98% within 15-20 minutes for 1% C.I. Reactive Red 221. After 20 minutes, 1% shade C.I. Reactive Blue 19 and Yellow 145 color removal efficacy is 96%. Electrocoagulation treatment of dyeing effluent is greatly affected by pH. Electrocoagulation efficacy was lowest at pH 4. When pH was highest, removal efficacy was best. Dyeing wastewater removal efficiency improved when pH was changed from 7 to 10. Discolored wash-off cloth batches were rubbed dry and wet. The normal and electro-coagulant treated wash-off batches had wash fastness and rubbing values of 4 to 5 in dry crocking. The C.I. Reactive Dyes (Red 221, Yellow 145, and Blue 19) standard fabrics and treated wash-off with electro-coagulated lot showed 3 to 4 wet rubbing, almost like the standard fabric, but no shade changes at this concentration. All three reactive dyes had color values. Because alkaline pH removes dyes best, color difference values of Batch C (fabric treated by pH 10 wash-off) were within the approved range of 0.38 to 1.50 of all dyes and shades (5%,3%,1%). Batch A values between 2.44 and 13.48 were outside the allowed range (< 1). Batch B (fabric treated by pH 7 wash-off) values fell between Batch A and Batch C.
Robert Abbel, Regis Risani, Maxime Nourtier
et al.
Applying coatings of paraffins and other synthetic waxes is a common approach to impart hydrophobic properties to fibres and thus control their surface characteristics. Replacing these fossil-based products with alternatives derived from renewable resources can contribute to humankind’s transition to a sustainable bioeconomy. This study presents the coating of hemp fibres with waxes extracted from pine bark as an exemplar application. Two bio-based emulsifiers were used to prepare wax emulsions suitable for a dry blending process. The coatings on the fibres were characterised, quantified, and visualised using a combination of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Confocal fluorescence microscopy was an excellent tool to investigate the spatial distribution of the pine bark waxes on the fibre surfaces. While successful deposition was demonstrated for all tested formulations, coating homogeneity varied for different emulsifiers. Compounding the hemp fibres with a bio-based polyester resulted in the substantial improvement of the mechanical behaviour. However, the presence of a wax coating on the fibres did not lead to a significant change in mechanical properties compared to the controls with uncoated fibres. Optimising the composite chemistry or adjusting the processing conditions might improve the compatibility of the hemp fibres with the matrix material, resulting in enhanced mechanical performance.
Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc., Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Dieter Rahmadiawan, Shih-Chen Shi, Hairul Abral
et al.
The preparation method of cellulose films plays a vital role in their properties. This work aims to characterize 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized bacterial cellulose powder (TOBCP) films prepared with three different methods (casting, boiling-casting, and boiling-vacuum). It is found that film by casting (CT film) shows the best electrical properties. A light-emitting diode (LED) in a direct current circuit connected to the CT film glows the most brightly. However, this film had lower tensile strength and thermal stability than films from boiling and boiling-vacuum techniques. The boiling-vacuum film presents the most compact fiber structure and the highest tensile and thermal properties. This film also shows the lowest electrical properties and the dimmest LED light. These results demonstrate the TOBCP properties from different methods that can be used to prepare film with desirable properties.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
In order to compare the degradation of PLA composites by different microorganisms, and reveal the degradation mechanism. Actinomyces israelii, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma harzianum and Phanerochaete chrysosporium were selected to degrade PLA composites. The weight loss, functional groups, thermal properties and crystallinity of the PLA composites before and after degradation were analyzed. The results indicated that A. israelii and A. niger had the strongest ability to degrade the composites, and the weight loss of the PLA composites reached 7.14% and 6.99% respectively after degradation for 28 days, which were significantly higher than that of the control treatment. According to the characterizations, it was found that the degradation was mainly hydrolysis by the microorganisms and their protease and lipase. Microbial degradation would lead to cracks and dents on the surface of the samples, and increase their contact area with microorganisms, thus accelerating the degradation rate. A. israelii and T. harzianum were more inclined to degrade the PLA in the composites during microbial degradation. Microbial degradation destroyed the crystalline region of the composites, which made they easier to degrade. The results would be helpful to explore the microbial degradation mechanism of PLA composites, and promotes its application in different fields.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
This study emphasizes that madder is an input compatible with sustainability goals in the textile sector. Madder is an input (dyestuff) that can be used instead of hazardous chemicals in textile dyeing. With this feature, madder has a high trade potential. It has been cultivated and traded throughout history. Although it came to the point of disappearance after the discovery of synthetic dyes, it has gained significance again today. The study aimed to support, the commercial value of madder with figures. In this study, the commercial value of madder emphasized with figures. Madder is a driving force that carries economies from rural development to national development and it is a material compatible with sustainability goals. It has been frequently preferred in textile coloring in recent years because it supports zero discharge of hazardous chemicals. At the empirical stage of the study, the amount of fabric to be dyed with a unit of madder was calculated by multiplying the product obtained per hectare with the dyestuff ratio. Then, the average of the prices of madder obtained from various producers was collected and the commercial value of the madder was revealed. With the understanding of the commercial value of it, countries, producers and all stakeholders with environmental awareness will evaluate the potential.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Asmus Meyer-Plath, Dominic Kehren, Anna Große
et al.
Recent reports of the release of large numbers of respirable and critically long fiber-shaped fragments from mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber polymer composites during machining and tensile testing have raised inhalation toxicological concerns. As carbon fibers and their fragments are to be considered as inherently biodurable, the fiber pathogenicity paradigm motivated the development of a laboratory test method to assess the propensity of different types of carbon fibers to form such fragments. It uses spallation testing of carbon fibers by impact grinding in an oscillating ball mill. The resulting fragments were dispersed on track-etched membrane filters and morphologically analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The method was applied to nine different carbon fiber types synthesized from polyacrylonitrile, mesophase or isotropic pitch, covering a broad range of material properties. Significant differences in the morphology of formed fragments were observed between the materials studied. These were statistically analyzed to relate disintegration characteristics to material properties and to rank the carbon fiber types according to their propensity to form respirable fiber fragments. This tendency was found to be lower for polyacrylonitrile-based and isotropic pitch-based carbon fibers than for mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers, but still significant. Although there are currently only few reports in the literature of increased respirable fiber dust concentrations during the machining of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber composites, we conclude that such materials have the potential to form critical fiber morphologies of WHO dimensions. For safe-and-sustainable carbon fiber-reinforced composites, a better understanding of the material properties that control the carbon fiber fragmentation is imperative.
Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc., Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
The main aim of this research is to improve the protective thermal performance of fabrics. Flame-resistant fabrics characterizing comparable thermal properties were chosen, cotton fabric with a flame-retardant finish and Nomex® fabric. To improve thermal parameters the coating mixture, based on silica aerogel, was applied on one side of the sample surface. Parameters such as the thermal conductivity, resistance to contact, and radiant heat were determined based on the standards, which set high expectations for the protective clothing. Analysis of the coated fabrics surfaces was conducted based on confocal microscopy. It was found that the coating mixture caused a decrease in thermal conductivity. All the modified fabrics reached 1st efficiency level of protection against contact and radiant heat. The best sample from the point of view of protection against contact and radiant heat was modified cotton fabric with a flame-retardant finish. The coating mixture contained 45 wt% of silica aerogel. Moreover, better adhesion of the coating mixture to the cotton fabric compared with Nomex® fabric was observed.
Recognizing the importance of using plant fibers in polymeric composites and the no availability of data on fine structure, physico-chemical, morphological and others properties of Typha Angustata stem fibers, a study was undertaken with the objective of determining some of these properties. In this work, untreated and treated Typha stem fibers by NaOH treatment have been extracted and characterized to evaluate and compare their surface condition as well as their chemical composition, their fine structure and their mechanical properties. Typha stem treated fibers (TSTFs) have presented best results with an alpha-cellulose content of 51.3%, a density of 1460 kg/m3, an average tensile strength equal to 9.42cN/tex and a diameter of 208.12 µm. Also, Crystallinity Index (CI) of TSTFs was 57.4%. Unsaturated polyester matrix was reinforced with TSTFs and mechanical properties were undergone. Results show that TSTFs could be used for sustainable fiber-reinforced polymer composites with an enhancement in flexural and tensile tests for 12.6% TSTFs ratio.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Rizwana Naveed, Ijaz Ahmad Bhatti, Shahid Adeel
et al.
Recently, natural dyes are used because these are environment-friendly, less lethal, and do not have any detrimental effect on health. For the present study, the cotton fabric and the mixed powder (pomegranate rind and turmeric rhizome) have been irradiated for (1–5) min. It has been found that 3 min is the effective exposure time for improvement in dyeing behavior of cellulosic fabric. Good color strength was observed by dyeing fabric irradiated at 65°C for 40 min in dyeing bath having pH 6. For improvements in color fastness, the optimum concentration of pre-mordant (4% copper) and post-mordant (8% chrome) was employed. It is observed that microwaves increased the color strength as well as color fastness properties of irradiated cotton using aqueous solubilized mixed extract of irradiated pomegranate rind and turmeric rhizome powder.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Waste collected from the agricultural sector can be used as reinforcement in the composites to lower the material cost and encourage the renewable material to reduce carbon footprints. Hence, the current investigation evaluates the physical, mechanical, and wear properties of hybrid composite laminates comprising Tasar silk waste (a waste obtained from textile industries), Jute fibers, Grewia optiva (Bhimal tree) and epoxy resin. For this, epoxy reinforced Jute/Grewia optiva fibers laminates were fabricated with varying percentages of Tasar silk waste (TSW) (0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 wt.%). Experimental results reveal that the void fraction increases from 1.8% to 3.4%; an increase in the water absorption took place at all percentages of TSW and become saturated after 216 hours of immersion. The tensile strength increased from 54.44 MPa to 79.16 MPa, and flexural strength increased from 21.91 MPa to 51.22 MPa with 14 wt.% of TSW. Vickers hardness and impact strength was maximum at 12 wt.% of TSW loading. Specific wear rate was observed as inversely proportional to sliding velocity, and directly proportional to normal load. Statistical analysis of the specimens was carried out using the ANOVA technique, which confirms a significant difference between the obtained results.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Nigusse Abreha Bayrau, Malengier Benny, Mengistie Desalegn Alemu
et al.
There is an increasing interest in long-term electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring in veterinary clinical practice. ECG is the most essential physiological signal in diagnosing and managing heart diseases both in humans and animals. Electrodes are the main components that affect the quality of the acquired signal. This study focuses on the development of silver-coated textile electrodes for veterinary ECG testing (particularly for dogs). Silver printed polyester, embroidered, and silver-plated conductive hook textile electrodes were used for ECG measurement in dogs. This is an important validation for the use of textile ECG sensors in combination with hairy skin. ECG signals were collected while the animal was in a static position and walking on a smooth surface. The ECG signals collected from the dog using the silver printed polyester and embroidered textile electrodes with slight skin preparation have identifiable P, QRS, and T waveforms and were comparable with signals from standard silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes. Results revealed that these textile electrodes can be used for ECG monitoring in a dog to avoid associated problems with commercially used crocodile clamps and standard Ag/AgCl electrodes. The hook electrodes show promising results when placed on the hairy regions of a dog without any skin preparation.
Viscose dyeing is one of the major pollutants of water due to the large amount of salt in the dyeing effluent. This study paves the way for improving environmentally sustainable wool waste and highlights a promising invaluable application through salt-free viscose dyeing. The keratin hydrolysate (KH) was obtained using microwave (MW) alkaline hydrolysis then applied on the viscose fabric in the finishing bath formulation using the pad-cure technique. The rheology of the hydrolyzed wool fibers and the amino acids composition using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) was estimated; furthermore, the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of freeze-drying keratin hydrolysate was evaluated. Microwave-assisted keratin hydrolysis leads to the breakdown of peptide bonds and the release of low molecular weight proteins and peptides. The color strength (K/S) of the dyed post-finished viscose fabric increased 75% compared with that dyed by conventional technique. FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy disperse x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) demonstrated and confirmed the effective finishing of keratin hydrolysate. The tensile strength and elongation of viscose fabric did not change after finishing with KH, while the air permeability improved and the light fastness properties for the modified viscose fabrics.
Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, Chemical technology
Harshad Pingulkar, Ashok Mache, Yashwant Munde
et al.
Natural fiber composites (NFC) exhibit good specific mechanical properties in comparison to synthetic fiber composites (SFC). The study investigates interlaminar glass (G) fiber hybridized jute (J) and flax (F) reinforced epoxy composites designated as JGGJ, GJJG, FGGF, and GFFG along with their virgin counterparts. Composite laminates of four plies are manufactured by hand-layup followed by compression molding to investigate tensile, flexural, and interlaminar shear properties. Further the effect of hybridization is also investigated for modal frequencies and damping ratio obtained from experimental modal analysis. Glass fiber hybridization as extreme layers shows significant improvement in flexural and shear properties as compared to tensile. Glass fiber reinforcement, as core layers improve the damping by 155.55% and 101.31% for JGGJ and FGGF, respectively, over pure glass epoxy. However with increase in bending stiffness of GJJG and GFFG, the bending modal frequency is improved. Also, the modal frequency and damping ratio increases following a power-law variation with a decrease in the free length. Finite element and analytical validations are presented to the experimental frequencies and flexural modulus, respectively. These studied hybrid composites can serve as semi-structural members like interior trim panels in automotive applications that possess significant strength and dissipate in-service vibrations effectively.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
This review highlights the great role of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid technology in textile dyeing processes. The unequivocal physical characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide are presented and further researched to continue the development of high efficiency, compact dyeing to save energy and water in manufacturing processes. This review also focuses on the solubility of the dyes in scCO2 as well as the application of the technology to both synthetic and natural fabrics. Some factors relating to the economics of sustainable scCO2 technology are also outlined.
Leonardo Yuan, Xupeng Wei, Jenny P. Martinez
et al.
In this paper, a titanium dioxide particle coated carbon fiber was prepared by reaction spinning. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was used as the precursor to generate a continuous carbon nanofiber. A solution containing 10% wt PAN polymer dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) was made as the core fluid. The sheath fluid contains 10% titanium (IV) isopropoxide, 85% ethanol, and 5% acetic acid. The two solutions were co-spun onto an aluminium plate covered with a layer of soft tissue paper. A titanium hydroxide layer formed at the surface of the PAN fiber through the hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide due to the moisture absorption in the co-spinning process. The reaction spun fiber was converted to a partially carbonized nanofiber by the heat treatment in air at 250 °C for two hours, then in hydrogen at 500 °C for two hours. During the early stage of the heat treatment, the titanium hydroxide decomposed and produced titanium dioxide nanoparticles at the surface of the carbon fiber. The structure and composition of the carbonized fiber were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photosensitivity of the particle-containing fiber was characterized by measuring the open circuit voltage under visible light excitation. The photoelectric energy conversion behavior of the fiber was confirmed by open circuit potential measurement. The potential applications of the composite fiber for photovoltaics and photonic sensing were discussed.
Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc., Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Smart textiles based on actuator materials are of practical interest, but few types have been commercially exploited. The challenge for researchers has been to bring the concept out of the laboratory by working out how to build these smart materials on an industrial scale and permanently incorporate them into textiles. Smart textiles are considered as the next frontline for electronics. Recent developments in advance technologies have led to the appearance of wearable electronics by fabricating, miniaturizing and embedding flexible conductive materials into textiles. The combination of textiles and smart materials have contributed to the development of new capabilities in fabrics with the potential to change how athletes, patients, soldiers, first responders, and everyday consumers interact with their clothes and other textile products. Actuating textiles in particular, have the potential to provide a breakthrough to the area of smart textiles in many ways. The incorporation of actuating materials in to textiles is a striking approach as a small change in material anisotropy properties can be converted into significant performance enhancements, due to the densely interconnected structures. Herein, the most recent advances in smart materials based on actuating textiles are reviewed. The use of novel emerging twisted synthetic yarns, conducting polymers, hybrid carbon nanotube and spandex yarn actuators, as well as most of the cutting–edge polymeric actuators which are deployed as smart textiles are discussed.
Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc., Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.