Traditional OFDM frame synchronization methods, such as preamble-sequence-based, pilot-based, and deep learning-based frame synchronization algorithms, are limited to single-channel computing ideas, resource consumption, and high clock requirements in the face of Starlink’s high-speed and high-dynamic communication environment.However, although the multi-channel parallel frame synchronization algorithm based on SDPSK modulation introduces frequency offset correction and local preamble sequence correlation to improve the performance and reduce the clock requirements, it increases the amount of computation and hardware resources. In view of the above situation, a four-way parallel design of Starlink downlink signal frame synchronization lightweight circuit based on frequency offset correction assistance was proposed. Firstly, a lightweight coarse frame synchronization and frequency offset estimation structure based on delay correlation multiplexing was designed, so that the circuit would not need to calculate the delay correlation value again during frequency offset estimation. Then, a lightweight frequency offset correction module based on four-channel parallel DDS was proposed to avoid the resource consumption of buffering when a single-channel signal was converted under the multi-channel structure. Finally, the lightweight fine frame synchronization structure based on symbolic correlation and look-up table complex multiplier was designed to reduce the resource consumption of local sequence and signal, and the resources of LUT, LUTRAM, FF and BRAM were saved by 7%, 2%, 5% and 8% respectively under the premise of ensuring performance. Based on the Starlink open leading structure, a lightweight circuit design of Starlink downlink signal frame synchronization based on frequency offset correction assistance was proposed, and verilog code was written for FPGA implementation, and its resource occupation and performance were verified by the xczu47dr chip-on-board produced by Xilinx.
This paper introduces a coordinated framework in which a base station (BS) and a Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) jointly support their respective user groups while mitigating the impact of a Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based jammer. Specifically, the RIS-assisted users rely on a reflective surface under attack from an UAV-jammer, and the BS simultaneously supports its own associated UEs alongside the RIS. We adopt an alternating optimization strategy that decomposes the original non-convex formulation into tractable subproblems using Block Coordinate Descent (BCD), thereby enabling multi-tier cooperation in complex interference environments. We frame our objective as the sum rate maximization, a metric for overall system performance, to maintain service quality and enhance robustness under severe jamming. The core of our methodology is the transformation of the resulting non-convex subproblems into tractable convex formulations via Semidefinite Programming (SDP). We employ a joint design of beamforming and phase shift optimization, whose combined effect leads to substantial performance improvements within the proposed framework. Extensive simulations and comparisons with existing algorithms demonstrate that this design achieves superior interference suppression and resource efficiency, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art baselines in sum rate, energy efficiency, UAV-jamming resilience and group-aware support for both BS- and RIS-served users.
Telecommunication, Transportation and communications
Vincent Charpentier, Giada Landi, Eleni Giannopoulou
et al.
Abstract The advent of advanced mobile communication systems like 5G and beyond holds promise for vertical sectors, particularly in transport & logistics (T&L), by enhancing network performance and ensuring high levels of quality of service (QoS), crucial for automating and optimizing T&L processes. However, assessing the impact of 5G requires investments in network infrastructure, posing time, and return on investment uncertainties. To address this, the European project VITAL-5G offers an open, virtualized, and flexible experimentation platform that provides 3rd party vertical stakeholders the opportunity to test and validate 5G-enabled services under realistic conditions. This paper explores the VITAL-5G platform’s capabilities, detailing the infrastructure that supports 5G standalone (SA) testing across multiple trial sites, including port and logistics environments. We highlight a subset of performed activities and experimentation campaigns, technical and operational challenges faced by 3rd party experimenters, and the potential business opportunities that emerge from 5G-enhanced services in the T&L sector. Finally, we present insights into future developments and opportunities for extending these capabilities to other vertical sectors.
Pham Quang Tin, Ta Nguyet Minh, Nguyen Ho Thanh Dat
et al.
Amidst the 4.0 Revolution, the integration of innovative information technology solutions has become indispensable for firms seeking to enhance operational performance and gain competitive advantages. The restaurant industry is no exception, as Restaurant Management Systems (RMS) have increasingly attracted interest from both service providers and users. However, the underlying mechanisms driving the RMS adoption behavior (BH) of restaurant frontline personnel remain theoretically underexplored. This study addresses the identified gap by employing a unified theoretical framework that integrates the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and the Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT) to examine the influence of individual psychological and perceptual factors, along with innovation-specific characteristics, on the BH of RMS, with a particular focus on the restaurant industry in Vietnam. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling on a sample of 316 respondents, this study found the direct impact of Perceived Usefulness, along with perceptions of Compatibility, Observability, Risk on potential users Attitude (ATT) toward RMS, while Perceived ease of use and Trialability exerted no significant influence. The findings revealed that ATT, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control play crucial roles in shaping future adopters BI, which, in turn, could directly impact their BH. It was also confirmed that the relationship between BI and BH can be moderated significantly by gender and job position in the context of restaurants. These insights offer valuable implications for RMS providers to refine their promotion solutions, and for policymakers to design supportive measures that foster RMS adoption within the restaurant industry.
Afsaneh Saeidanezhad, Wasim Ahmad, Muhammad A. Imran
et al.
In the rapidly advancing field of wireless localization, achieving accurate indoor tracking is crucial for the next generation of smart factories, automated workflows, and efficient supply chains. The integration of 5G networks within industrial environments offers high connectivity, yet challenges remain in obtaining the fine-grained positioning required for localization applications. This article presents the development and simulation-based evaluation of the sensor-guided non-line-of-sight (NLoS) corrective localization (SGNCL) algorithm within the 5G New Radio network framework. The proposed algorithm utilizes data integration techniques to effectively mitigate NLoS errors, which are prevalent in complex indoor environments with high delay spreads. We describe the algorithm's design, operational principles, and the comprehensive simulation setup used to assess its performance. In comparison to the minimum variance anchor set, which exhibited a mean error of 2.5 m, the SGNCL algorithm achieved a significant improvement, reducing the mean error to 0.86 m. The results also highlight the algorithm's ability to handle varying delay spreads and sensor densities, ensuring robust localization performance across different scenarios. These findings demonstrate the potential of the SGNCL algorithm to enhance 5G-enabled indoor localization services by addressing NLoS challenges through simulation-based insights.
Abstract This paper analyzes the fundamental trade-offs that occur in the co-design of pilot resource allocations in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing signals for both ranging (via time-of-arrival estimation) and communications. These trade-offs are quantified through the Shannon capacity bound, probability of outage, and the Ziv–Zakai bound on range estimation variance. Bounds are derived for signals experiencing frequency-selective Rayleigh block fading, accounting for the impact of limited channel knowledge and multi-antenna reception. Uncompensated carrier frequency offset and phase errors are also factored into the capacity bounds. Analysis based on the derived bounds demonstrates how Pareto-optimal design choices can be made to optimize the communication throughput, probability of outage, and ranging variance. Different pilot resource allocation strategies are then analyzed, showing how Pareto-optimal design choices change depending on the channel.
The cybersecurity field lacks sufficient annotated data for event recognition, and the scenarios and semantics are complex, making it difficult to construct accurate event recognition models. A few-shot cybersecurity event detection method by data augmentation with prompting question answering was proposed. Firstly, event representation knowledge was obtained using prompt information and combined with label words to map cybersecurity event types. New data was generated from unlabeled text to expand the training data. Then, the generated high-confidence pseudo-annotated instances and raw data were used to fine-tune the model to enhance its semantic understanding of cybersecurity events. Experimental verification was conducted on two datasets in cybersecurity. The result showes that the proposed method’s substantial superiority in low-resource network security event detection tasks compared to other baseline methods.
Motivation is the process of increasing employee commitment and it is considered one of the key fundamentals, which are essential for organizational success. In a globalized working environment, implementing an effective compensation system, job enrichment, and enlargement, and appropriate training are some of the critical challenges facing by organizations to keep motivated their employees. Thus, the present study aims to investigate possible influencing factors such as compensation, job enrichment and enlargement, training, and their effects on employee motivation in the telecommunication sector in Libya. The findings revealed that all investigative factors have significant relationships with employee motivation. This study suggests that telecommunication companies should formulate an appropriate compensation system comprising of monetary and non-monetary rewards, provide job training to enhance knowledge and skills, as well as offer job enrichment and enlargement opportunities for the employees to expand their motivation and therefore result in organizational success. The limitations of the study and future research recommendations are addressed at the end.
Rômulo Fernandes daCosta, Diego daSilva de Medeiros, Osamu Saotome
et al.
Abstract This article presents a deep neural network‐based constant false alarm rate (NNB‐CFAR) detector for simulated high‐frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) data. A deep neural network is trained to identify fluctuation parameters of each cell of a range‐Doppler power spectrum based on the patterns present in the neighbouring cells. The estimated parameters are then used for calculating a detection threshold with a user‐specified probability of false alarm. To train the network, a realistic model of HFSWR echoes is used for generating a large labelled range‐Doppler image dataset, including many possible clutter scenarios and interfering target echoes. Several CFAR windows are extracted from the training range‐Doppler dataset and used as training data. The neural network is trained to replicate the output of a maximum likelihood estimator based on the reference cells of the CFAR window. The NNB‐CFAR algorithm was then compared to traditional CFAR algorithms by identifying targets in the second set of simulated range‐Doppler images. The probability of detection was also experimentally measured in the context of HFSWR for all algorithms. Results show that the technique can significantly improve detection rates amid strong clutter.
J. Divakaran, Somashekhar Malipatil, Tareeq Zaid
et al.
With increasing advancements in the field of telecommunication, the attainment of a higher data transfer rate is essentially a greater need to meet high-performance communication. The exploitation of the fuzzy system in the wireless telecommunication systems, especially in Fifth Generation Mobile Networks (or) 5G networks is a vital paradigm in telecommunication markets. A comprehensive survey is dealt in the paper, where it initially reviews the basic understanding of fuzzy systems over 5G telecommunication. The literature studies are collected from various repositories that include reference materials, Internet, and other books. The collection of articles is based on empirical or evidence-based from various peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, dissertations, and theses. Most of the existing soft computing models are streamlined to certain applications of 5G networking. Firstly, it is hence essential to provide the readers to find research gaps and new innovative models on wide varied applications of 5G. Secondly, it deals with the scenarios in which the fuzzy systems are developed under the 5G platform. Thirdly, it discusses the applicability of fuzzy logic systems on various 5G telecommunication applications. Finally, the paper derives the conclusions associated with various studies on the fuzzy systems that have been utilized for the improvement of 5G telecommunication systems.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating effect of contingent reward on the relationship between democratic leadership and organizational performance. Design/methodology/approach Explanatory and cross-sectional survey designs were used. A quantitative research approach was also adopted to collect the data from 476 employees in the telecommunication industry. Using statistics package for social science, the data was analyzed via descriptive statistics, correlation and hierarchical regression techniques. Findings The results reveal that both democratic leadership and contingent reward have a significant positive relationship with organizational performance. Furthermore, contingent reward significantly augments and moderates the relationship between democratic leadership and organizational performance. Thus, the combination of democratic leadership and contingent reward would more likely produce higher organizational performance. Originality/value This study has made a significant contribution to leadership and organizational literature by establishing the effectiveness of contingent reward as a moderator on the relationship between democratic leadership and organizational performance in a telecommunication industry.
High-performance electromagnetic interference shielding is becoming vital for the next generation of telecommunication and sensor devices among which portable and wearable applications require highly flexible and lightweight materials having efficient absorption-dominant shielding. Herein, we report on lightweight carbon foam–carbon nanotube/carbon nanofiber nanocomposites that are synthesized in a two-step robust process including a simple carbonization of open-pore structure melamine foams and subsequent growth of carbon nanotubes/nanofibers by chemical vapor deposition. The microstructure of the nanocomposites resembles a 3-dimensional hierarchical network of carbonaceous skeleton surrounded with a tangled web of bamboo-shaped carbon nanotubes and layered graphitic carbon nanofibers. The microstructure of the porous composite enables absorption-dominant (absorbance ∼0.9) electromagnetic interference shielding with an effectiveness of ∼20–30 dB and with an equivalent mass density normalized shielding effectiveness of ∼800–1700 dB cm3 g–1 at the K-band frequency (18–26.5 GHz). Moreover, the hydrophobic nature of the materials grants water-repellency and stability in humid conditions important for reliable operation in outdoor use, whereas the mechanical flexibility and durability with excellent piezoresistive behavior enable strain-responsive tuning of electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding, adding on further functionalities. The demonstrated nanocomposites are versatile and will contribute to the development of reliable devices not only in telecommunication but also in wearable electronics, aerospace engineering, and robotics among others.
Abstract Human Resource Management (HRM) has the capacity of influencing the organizational behavior of the employees, thereby ensuring achievement of the corporate objectives. HRM positively influences firm performance which leads to Organizational Commitment. This study proposed to assess the relationship of HR practices & Organizational Commitment. It is also intended to test job satisfaction as a mediator, between HR practices and Organizational Commitment among the employees of the telecommunication sector of Pakistan. The data were gathered from 218 individuals employed at various telecommunication companies located in Lahore. PLS, SEM was performed on the data, using the SmartPLS 3 software. “Recruitment and Selection”, “Performance Appraisal Satisfaction”, “Rewards and Recognition” & “Work Environment” result in statistically significant variation in “Organizational Commitment”. Relationship of “Recruitment and Selection”, “Training” and “Work Environment” is complementarily mediated by “Job Satisfaction. Relationship of “Performance Appraisal Satisfaction” is Indirect-only mediated by “Job Satisfaction”. The relationship of “Reward and Recognition” and “Organizational Commitment” is not mediated by “Job Satisfaction”. Our findings contribute to the existing body of literature of how the different facets of Job Satisfaction can mediate the relationships among the HR practices adopted by firms & Organizational Commitment. Telecom companies should improvise extra attention over HR practices that contribute positively toward the performance of employees eventually accentuating employees’ level of satisfaction and consequently the quality of services rendered to customers.
Abstract A cross-sectional and quantitative study design, with the aim of explaining the relationship between relationship marketing and customer loyalty, and the mediating role of word of mouth in this relationship was undertaken. A sample of 384 was determined from a population of the mobile telecommunication users based on Krejcie & Morgan sampling framework. The study utilized 384 questionnaires. The authors conducted confirmatory factor, correlation, regression, mediation and SEM for analysis, interpretation and results. While trust, relationship satisfaction and reciprocity components of relationship marketing have been found to be significant predictors of customer loyalty in other studies, our study findings reveal contrasting results. This is a unique finding in our study. However, in line with earlier studies, our findings indicate a positive significant relationship between relationship marketing components of communication, commitment and customer loyalty. The study also finds a significant positive relationship between the relationship marketing components of communication and commitment and word of mouth and a significant positive relationship between word of mouth and customer loyalty. Telecommunication companies should pay attention to relationship encounters that build commitment, should develop targeted communication channels which build positive word of mouth communication. This will ultimately create loyal customers for mobile telecommunication companies.
Abstract To solve the problem of the mismatch of the wideband underdetermined direction of arrival (DOA) estimation under the condition of the On‐grid model, this paper extends the narrowband Off‐Grid model to wideband and proposes a new DOA estimation algorithm for Off‐Grid sources based on group sparsity. The proposed algorithm first obtains the preliminary estimation result under the current predefined discrete grid through the group sparsity wideband DOA estimation algorithm. Then, the Off‐Grid optimisation problem is adopted to calculate the Off‐Grid deviation vector. It is also assumed that the off‐grid deviation vectors of each frequency subband are exactly the same, thereby reducing the number of parameters to be estimated. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can not only maintain similar or even better estimation accuracy but also greatly reduce the computational complexity. Finally, simulation is conducted and the results verify the effectiveness and performance of the proposed method.
Abstract This study investigates the indirect effect of employee empathy (EE) on customer loyalty (CL) and loyalty outcomes through intervening variables, i.e. customer affective commitment, perceived service quality, and customer satisfaction (CS). Associations between the constructs of the proposed model are examined in the context of employee–customer interactions. Data were collected through the online survey from 360 useable responses collected from active users of telecommunication services from the province of Anhui, China. To test the model, structural equation modeling was applied by using AMOS 21. The findings confirm the positive and indirect effect of EE on CL and loyalty outcomes (i.e. positive word-of-mouth and repurchase intentions). Results of the present study provide insights for the service sector, specifically telecommunication sector in order to increase CS and loyalty toward the services.
Amro Alzghoul, Hamzah Elrehail, Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali
et al.
Purpose This study aims at providing empirical evidence pertaining to the interaction among authentic leadership, workplace harmony, worker's creativity and performance in the context of telecommunication sector. These research streams remain important issues and of interest as the world continues to migrate toward a knowledge-based economy. Design/methodology/approach Applying structural equation modeling, this study diagnosed the impact of Authentic leadership (AL) on employees (n = 345) in two Jordanian telecommunication firms, specifically, how it shapes workplace climate, creativity and job performance. The study also tests the moderating role of knowledge sharing in the model, as well as the mediating role of workplace climate on the relationship between AL and positive organizational outcomes. Findings The empirical result suggests that AL positively influences workplace climate, creativity and job performance; workplace climate positively influences creativity and job performance; workplace climate mediates the relationship between AL and creativity, and job performance; and knowledge sharing behavior moderates the relationship between AL and workplace climate. Originality/value This study highlights the magnificent power of AL and knowledge sharing, not only in shaping the workplace atmosphere but also in delineating how these variables stimulate creativity and performance among employees. The implications for research and practice are discussed.
Electro-optic modulators transform electronic signals into the optical domain and are critical components in modern telecommunication networks, RF photonics, and emerging applications in quantum photonics, neuromorphic photonics, and beam steering. All these applications require integrated and voltage-efficient modulator solutions with compact form factors that are seamlessly integrable with silicon photonics platforms and feature near-CMOS material processing synergies. However, existing integrated modulators are challenged to meet these requirements. Conversely, emerging electro-optic materials heterogeneously and monolithically integrated with Si photonics open up a new avenue for device engineering. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is one such compelling material for heterogeneous integration in Si exhibiting formidable electro-optic effect characterized by unity-order index change at telecommunication frequencies. Here we overcome these limitations and demonstrate a monolithically integrated ITO electro-optic modulator based on a Mach Zehnder interferometer featuring a high-performance half-wave voltage and active device length product of VπL = 0.52 V mm. We show that the unity-strong index change enables a 30 μm-short π-phase shifter operating ITO in the index-dominated region away from the epsilon-near-zero point for reduced losses. This device experimentally confirms electrical phase shifting in ITO enabling its use in applications such as compact phase shifters, nonlinear activation functions in photonic neural networks, and phased array applications for LiDAR.Electro-optic modulators transform electronic signals into the optical domain and are critical components in modern telecommunication networks, RF photonics, and emerging applications in quantum photonics, neuromorphic photonics, and beam steering. All these applications require integrated and voltage-efficient modulator solutions with compact form factors that are seamlessly integrable with silicon photonics platforms and feature near-CMOS material processing synergies. However, existing integrated modulators are challenged to meet these requirements. Conversely, emerging electro-optic materials heterogeneously and monolithically integrated with Si photonics open up a new avenue for device engineering. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is one such compelling material for heterogeneous integration in Si exhibiting formidable electro-optic effect characterized by unity-order index change at telecommunication frequencies. Here we overcome these limitations and demonstrate a monolithically integrated ITO electro-optic ...