Hasil untuk "Social sciences (General)"

Xiaodong Ding, Hao Huang, Zhengyu Shi et al.

Abstract This article analyzes the divergence between China’s Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) and the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), despite their textual similarities. It argues that China’s approach to data protection is shaped by distinct domestic understandings of “risk,” rooted in past legislation, judicial practices, and social concerns. Using focal point theory, the authors identify three key dimensions of risk in China: large-scale participation, economic loss, and threats from third parties. These focal points explain why China’s risk-based approach prioritizes different enforcement goals than the GDPR. The article also shows how these differences manifest in several areas, including the definition of personal information, the regulation of automated decision-making, and the design of enforcement authorities. Ultimately, the article challenges the assumption that legal diffusion through the “Brussels Effect” leads to uniform global standards. Instead, it highlights how domestic cultural and institutional factors reshape transplanted laws, creating seemingly performative enforcement that reflects localized regulatory logics.

Saleh Rahimi, Faramarz Soheili

IntroductionBibliometric analysis is widely acknowledged as a robust and systematic approach for examining extensive scholarly literature. It serves as a vital tool for mapping the landscape of contemporary research across various academic fields. The increase in bibliometric studies over the past decade highlights their growing importance in evaluating the evolution and impact of scientific inquiry. Among these methods, co-word analysis emerges as a powerful technique for uncovering conceptual connections between ideas and themes within a discipline. By analyzing term co-occurrences, this approach revealed underlying thematic clusters, prevailing trends, and evolving patterns over time, providing a dynamic perspective for interpreting the intellectual structure of a research domain.  Materials & MethodsThis study utilized bibliometric analysis to examine scholarly literature. Data were processed using VOSviewer, UCINet, and BibExcel software. The data were extracted from the Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC) database using the keywords “globalization” or “globalisation”. Plain text files obtained from the ISC database were imported into BibExcel. Employing natural language processing techniques within this software, key terms (nouns or noun phrases) were extracted. A frequency threshold of 4 was established, meaning a term had to appear at least 4 times in the sample to be included in the bibliometric map. This threshold is recommended to effectively eliminate irrelevant terms. Following several processing steps, a symmetric matrix was created and converted into a correlation matrix. This matrix was then imported into VOSviewer, which assessed the strength of relationships between the remaining terms that met the threshold. The extracted data spanned 25 years (1999–2023) and included 1,281 documents containing 4,502 author keywords. After standardization, 2,169 unique keywords remained. By applying the threshold, a 162×162 matrix was generated with diagonal cell values set to zero. Cluster analysis was conducted using the K-means method in VOSviewer. Discussion of Results & ConclusionThe terms “globalization”, “Iran”, and “cultural globalization” ranked first to third with frequencies of 703, 54, and 45, respectively. The keyword “globalization” with 703 occurrences emerged as the central concept within the research domain.Cluster analysis in VOSviewer identified 11 clusters related to globalization concepts:Globalization and economyGeopolitics of globalizationGlocalizationGlobalization and anti-globalizationGlobalization and transnationalizationCultural globalizationGlobalization of educationGlobalization and national securityGlobalization and identityGlobalization and geocultureGlobalization and urban environmentUsing UCINet, centrality and density scores were calculated for each cluster, resulting in a strategic diagram. The origin of the diagram was set at the mean centrality (7.14) and density (0.541). Notably, Cluster 7 (globalization of education) exhibited the highest centrality (18.857) and density (1.451), indicating strong internal and external conceptual linkages. First Quadrant (High Density/Centrality): Clusters 6 (cultural globalization) and 7 (globalization of education) represented core themes characterized by high cohesion and centrality, demonstrating extensive interconnections with other aspects of globalization. Second Quadrant (High Density, Lower Centrality): Clusters 9 (globalization and identity) and 10 (globalization and geoculture) were specialized subfields that exhibited cohesion but had limited influence on broader research trends. Third Quadrant (Low Density/Centrality): Clusters 2 (geopolitics), 3 (glocalization), 4 (anti-globalization), 5 (transnationalization), 8 (national security), and 11 (urban environment) consisted of emerging or declining topics with underdeveloped connections. Fourth Quadrant (Low Density, High Potential): Cluster 1 (globalization and economy) showed low centrality but high potential for future growth, reflecting globalization impact on national and international economies through concepts like economic growth and the KOF Globalization Index.This study underscored globalization as an interdisciplinary topic that spans foundational concepts and specialized applications. Researchers are encouraged to investigate the emerging areas identified in the third quadrant: geopolitics of globalization, glocalization, anti-globalization, transnationalization, national security, and urban environment. Although currently underdeveloped, these themes hold significant potential for shaping future scholarly discourse.

Samiya Bedoui, Asma Adouane

This study aims to assess satisfaction with the quality of education in educational institutions in Algeria and to determine the factors that significantly influence it. The study was based on a survey of inspectors representing the primary control body for educational institutions in Algeria. The questionnaire contained questions based on which the inspectors assessed the quality of education in 1,101 schools (representative sample). A three-point Likert scale was used to evaluate inspectors' agreement with the statements included in the questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 7 factors that characterize the quality of the professional development of pedagogical workers, the educational program, textbooks, the educational process, the conditions of school education, the evaluation process, and the effectiveness of the teacher's work. Correspondence of the data to the normal law of distribution was confirmed with the help of SENWEKS (asymmetry coefficient/skewness coefficient) and KIRTOSIS (variation coefficient or excess) indicators. The reliability of the research tools and the possibility of relying on the questionnaire data were confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and validity - using the overall internal consistency coefficient. The internal consistency reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Pearson's linear correlation coefficients between the factors and the total score of the questionnaire. The study proved that the factors of the quality of education, with the highest level of satisfaction expressed by the respondents, were the quality of educational programs (inspectors have a favourable opinion about the educational content, considering it relevant and well structured) and textbooks (inspectors appreciate the clarity and richness of the content of the textbook, emphasizing its essential role in student learning), while they were the least satisfied with the quality of learning conditions (inspectors point to a lack of educational resources, inadequate infrastructure and a large number of students in the classroom). One-sample Student's t-test (one-sample T-Student Test) was used to identify the factors that have the most significant impact on measuring the quality of education in educational institutions in Algeria. The most important factors were the effectiveness of the teachers, the quality of the curriculum and the quality of the textbooks. The research emphasizes the importance of continuous learning and adequate support for teachers.

Harvy Vivas Pacheco, Diego Rodríguez-Mariaca, Ciro Jaramillo et al.

The mobility plan and the road infrastructure works implemented, together with the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) connected bus system in its first two phases, generated optimistic expectations about the reduction of lethal crashes in the city. This research studies the relationship between investments in transportation infrastructure in the city and the distribution of traffic fatalities. Although it is not strictly speaking an impact assessment, the approach we propose performs geostatistical contrasts between intervened and non-intervened areas, using a geographically weighted model that attempts to model the spatial variability of the factors associated with the intra-urban road traffic crash rate, controlling for infrastructure interventions and some proxy indicators of urban structure. The findings reveal that fatalities decreased in areas both with and without intervention. Despite the expectation of reducing fatal injuries, the differential effects of the interventions were relatively small. The risk of road traffic crashes was even increased in critical points of the city with recurrent lethal crashes. The effects of road interventions on fatal road traffic crashes in Cali did not correspond to the high social and economic costs involved in the BRT system and the work plan.

Viorel ROȘ, Andreea LIVĂDARIU

The existence of signs registered as trademarks (national, European, international) is necessary in the public interest, as they serve producers of goods and services and consumers alike. While any sign may in principle constitute a trademark if it is capable of distinguishing the goods and services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings and if it can be represented in a register (of trademarks) in such a way as to enable determination of the subject-matter of the protection conferred, the scope of registrable signs is limited by two categories of grounds established by law (EU Regulation) with a view to: (i) the effective protection of the rights previously acquired by other persons and the prevention of the risk of confusion/association between the goods/services of different traders, which are „relative grounds for refusal of registration”, and (ii) the prevention of registrations and, where appropriate, the invalidation of registrations of the signs which, objectively, cannot constitute trademarks for intrinsic reasons (impossibility of representation, lack of distinctiveness, shape required by the nature of the goods, shape necessary to obtain a technical result, shape which gives substantial value to the product), or extrinsic ones (they must be available to everyone because they are of use to trade in general, or are misleading as to the nature, quality or geographical origin of the product/service, are protected against use in trade as being „of special public interest” and belong to, and are used by, the states, international organizations, and/or other public entities, including coats of arms, logos, seals, Olympic signs, but also those which are contrary to public order and public morality), which qualify as „absolute grounds for refusal of registration”. The grounds for refusal of registration and/or, where appropriate, for declaration of invalidity of registered trademarks on account of coming into conflict with public order or public morality in the European Union and in the USA are not few, quite the opposite, but the relevant jurisprudence is not uniform. For example, of the 81 applications for registration as trademarks of a number of signs, among them the word „mafia”, 51 were rejected, 20 were granted, and 5 are under examination, one of the applications (for the Coffemafia trademark) was granted in 2020, although in 2016-2018, the Boards Appeal and Revocation (Cancellation) of the EUIPO, and subsequently the EU Court, at the request of the Italian Republic, ruled the „La Mafia se sienta a la mesa” trademark to be invalid on the grounds that the word „mafia” was contrary to public order and its use was detrimental to public interest. However, despite the „Fack Ju Göhte” trademark being ruled to be contrary to public morality by the EUIPO and the EU Court, the Court of Justice of the European Union allowed its registration by ruling it was not contrary to public morality. In the USA, which seems to have an extremely interesting and well-reasoned jurisprudence, things aren’t any different. A number of six trademarks containing the word „Redskins” (red skin) belonging to the Washington Redskins football team (currently under a different name), registered in the 60s and 70s, challenged at registration in 1992, then in 2014, after a first decision rejecting the application, following a second application (supported by the US President and 50 senators), were revoked on the grounds of being discriminatory against the Native Americans. However, the „The Slants” (from „slanted-eye”, a pejorative term used to describe Asians) walked an entirely different path. The application (filed in 2006) to register it as a trademark for entertainment services by an all-Asian band of the same name (The Slants) was rejected by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office - USPTO. Then, after a lengthy legal battle it was allowed for registration, with the courts, including the Supreme Court, ruling that the Lahman Act (i.e., the U.S. trademark law) provisions on the discrimination clause are contrary to the Constitution and the fundamental right to free speech. These judgments, plus another one on the sign for which registration was requested, and refused, as „CANNABIS STORE AMSTERDAM”, an EU trademark, are underlying our examination of such notions as „general/public interest”, „public order” and „public morality”, based on the finding that while important and used frequently, they are neither defined nor analysed in the legal doctrine and jurisprudence, and are used as something that needs no explanation. Such a need exists, though. After analysing them, we were able to issue our (rather critical) opinions on the EU Court judgment of 15 March 2018 that ruled the invalidity of the „La Mafia se sienta a la mesa” trademark, which we find to be wrong on the merits and, in any case, to be lacking the necessary supporting documents, while also infringing the fundamental right to free speech. However, we also found that the revocation of the „La Mafia se sienta a la mesa” trademark on the grounds of conflicting with the public order did not serve its purpose because it is not possible to prohibit the use of the sign as an unregistered trademark, because that sign is still successfully in use, because the network of restaurants that continue to use it is thriving and will even expand to other countries, and because the EU Court's decision (which probably would not have been upheld by the CJEU if appealed, as we could conclude from analysing the judgment issued in the „Fack Ju Göhte” trademark) has contributed to its growing reputation, so it may be claimed as a well-known trademark in the future, which makes the victory of the Italian Republic, which filed the application for declaration of invalidity, a bitter one. And also because the word MAFIA is at the centre of the debate, we considered it important and sought to identify its origins and uses, as well as denotations and connotations.

Ammar Jafaripournimchahi, Yingfeng Cai, Hai Wang et al.

In this study, a novel traffic flow modeling framework is proposed considering the impact of driving system and vehicle mechanical behavior as two different units on the traffic flow. To precisely model the behavior of Connected and Autonomous (CA) vehicles, three submodels are proposed as a novel microscopic traffic flow framework, named Integrated-Hybrid (IH) model. Focusing on the realization of the car following behavior of CA vehicles, the driving system (vehicle control system) and the vehicle mechanical system are modeled separately and linked by throttle and brake actuators model. The IH model constitutes the key part of the Full Velocity Difference (FVD) model considering the mechanical capability of vehicles and dynamic collision avoidance strategies to ensure the safety of following distance between two consecutive vehicles. Linear stability conditions are derived for each model and developing methodology for each submodel is discussed. Our simulations revealed that the IH model successfully generates velocity and acceleration profiles during car following maneuvers and throttle angle/brake information in connected vehicles environment can effectively improve traffic flow stability. The vehicles’ departure and arrival process while passing through a signal-lane with a traffic light considering the anticipation driving behavior and throttle angle/brake information of direct leading vehicle was explored. Our numerical results demonstrated that the IH model can capture the velocity fluctuations, delay times, and kinematic waves efficiently in traffic flow.

Yoel López-Leyva, Roberto González-Garduño, Maximino Huerta-Bravo et al.

Nutritional aspects modulate the parasitological and immune response in infected sheep. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the parasitological and humoral immune response of Pelibuey sheep experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus that were fed diets with two different energy (n = 12) and protein (n = 12) levels. Twenty-four Pelibuey lambs infected with H. contortus were evaluated over 12 weeks. An additional six animals were considered as a control group. Fecal egg count (FEC) was determined, in addition to packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma protein (TPP), and immunoglobulin levels (IgA, IgG, and IgM) by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Data were analyzed by repeated measures over time. The lambs that received a high-energy (HighE) diet had the lowest FEC (P < 0.01) regardless of whether they received a high (HighP) or low (LowP) level of protein. The effect of energy level was also observed over time: FEC values decreased and PCV and TPP values increased. Higher immunoglobulin levels were obtained for females (P < 0.05) than males yet, overall, the energy and protein levels of the diets did not affect the response of the immunoglobulins. Over time, however, an increase in IgG and IgM was observed, whereas the IgA level remained basal.

Lida Cruz Jerónimo-Arango, Concepción Yaniz

Learning Competence is one of the most important twenty-first century skills. Objective: To identify and compare the levels of learning competence among students who are starting and finishing undergraduate and postgraduate programs in Education in four Colombian universities. Method: It is a research with descriptive scope of quantitative character. A non-probabilistic sampling of opportunity was used in which 581 students participated, enrolled in the first and last semester and postgraduate in Education to whom the Learning Competency Scale (LCS) was applied. The data were analyzed with the statistical platform SPSS version 23. Results: The outcome shows significant differences between first-semester of undergraduate students and students of the last semester of postgraduate, but not the same for students who are completing their undergraduate formation. Conclusion: The scale of the learning competence is a valid instrument to measure the progress of this said competence in the population studied. The imperfect development of this competence may be due to the fact that it is possible that in the first years of formation, the participants in this study were unaware of the existence of this competence and have had no experience what it means to obtain it, they consequently assume it as acquired. © Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales.

Sebastian Weier

Tri Handayani, Suyanto Suyanto

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan korelasi kecerdasan emosional, pengetahuan kewirausahaan, dan hasrat marginal menabung dengan motivasi berwirausaha mahasiswa Pendidikan Ekonomi FKIP Universitas Negeri Jambi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian korelasional. Dengan populasi mahasiswa Pendidikan Ekonomi FKIP Universitas Negeri Jambi dan sampel penelitian ini adalah mahsiswa angkatan 2012 sebanyak 79 orang yang dipilih dengan teknik nonprobability purpose  sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu angket untuk kecerdasan emosional, hasrat  marginal menabung dan motivasi berwirausaha dan tes untuk pengetahuan kewirausahaan. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah correlasi product moment dengan taraf signiikansi 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Terdapat hubungan positif dan signifikan antara kecerdasan emosional dan motivasi berwirausaha dengan determinasi korelasi 0,456, pada taraf signifikan 0,05 (2) Terdapat hubungan positif dan signifikan antara pengetahuan kewirausahaan dan motivasi berwirausaha dengan determinasi korelasi 0.459, pada taraf signifikan 0,05. (3) Terdapat hubungan positif dan signifikan antara hasrat marginal menabung dan motivasi berwirausaha dengan determinasi korelasi 0,517, pada taraf signifikan 0,05 (4) Terdapat hubungan positif dan signifikan secara bersamaan antara kecerdasan emosional, pengetahuan kewirausahaan, dan hasrat marginal menabung dengan motivasi berwirausaha dengan determinasi korelasi 0,625, pada taraf signifikan 0,05   KORRELATION EQ, ENTREPRENEUR KNOWLEDGE, AND MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO SAVE WITH ENTREPRENEUR MOTIVATION OF STUDENT ECONOMIC EDUCATION Abstract This research aims to describe the relationship between emotional inteligency, entrepreneur knowledge,  marginal propensity to save, and entrepreneurship motivation of students majoring in Economic Education Science, in Teacher Education Faculty, Jambi University. This is correlation research. The population of this research was students majoring Economic Education Science of Teacher Education Faculty, Jambi University and the sampel was 79 students from 2012 intake using nonprobability purpose sampling tehnique. The data were collected using questionnaire of emotional inteligency, marginal propensity to save, entrepreneur motivation and tes of entrepreneur knowledge. The data were analyzed using correlation product moment with level of significant 0.05. The research finding reveals that: (1) There is a positive and significant relationship between emotional inteligency and students entrepreneurship motivation with a correlation coefficient 0.456, in level of significant 0.05; (2) There is significant relationship between entrepreneurship knowledge  and student entrepreneurship motivation with a correlation coeffivient 0.459, in level of significant 0.05; (3) There is significant relationship between marginal propensity to save and entrepreneurship motivation with a correlation coefficient 0.517, in level of significant 0.05;(4) There is significant relationship between emotional inteligency, entrepreneurship knowledge, and marginal propensity to save with students entrepreneurship motivation with a correlation coefficient 0.625 in level of significant 0.0.5.

F. Pourmohseni-Koluri

An important aspect of university life is romantic relationships. Research has showed these relationships effect major areas of youth function such as close relationships, identity development, sexual development, and peer relationships. The present study examined the gender differences in attachment style and personality traits in love styles among university students. For this purpose, among Ardebil university students, 200 participants were selected based on random sampling. Participants were responded the HEXACO Personality Inventory (Ashton & Lee, 2004), attachment styles scale (Colins & Reed, 1990) and Love Attitude Scale (Hendric & Hendric, 1989). The investigation of gender differences in love styles showed that boys reported higher scores in ludus and pragma and girls reported higher scores in eros (P< 0/01, P< 0/05). Also regression analyses showed that, in boys, conscientiousness, and in girls close attachment were as a significant predictor of eros. Also, in boys, honesty-humility predicts ludus, and anxious attachment and agreeableness predict pragma. In girls, emotionality and anxious attachment predict pragma (P

Diego P. Roldán

El artículo se focaliza en los procesos de apropiación, desplazamiento y conflicto en la trayectoria del fútbol desde su introducción como una práctica selecta y británica hasta su masificación e integración al imaginario nacional. A través de las repercusiones de partidos internacionales, se reconstruyen las ligaduras que el fútbol rosarino estableció con las narraciones del deporte nacional y el estilo criollo. Asimismo, se exploran las condiciones para la profesionalización del fútbol a comienzos de la década de 1930 y las sensibilidades activadas durante ese proceso. La última parte del trabajo está dedicada a indagar en torno a las modalidades que adquirió el fútbol como espectáculo masivo, donde resulta central la formación de la figura del aficionado, las relaciones sociales mantenidas en los estadios y el vínculo del fútbol con el mercado del entretenimiento y el tiempo libre.

Efraín Gaytán Jiménez, Manuel Rosales González, Humberto Reyes Hernández et al.

In Mexico, like in other Latin-American countries, mental and cognitive disorders in childhood have become more relevant because of the social and economic impact either at individual, familial or community level. Due to limitations in health care systems, the prevalence of these conditions in children is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of behavioral, emotional and cognitive difficulties in children with different levels of marginalization, living in the metropolitan area of La Laguna, Mexico. An analytical observational cross-sectional study was conducted. The prevalence of ADHD was 14.7% and for anxiety was 15.4%. Cognitive impairment was observed in 25.4% of the sample. Children living in the area with the highest level of marginalization had nine times more risk to present cognitive impairment compared with a low marginalization group, whereas for the medium marginalization group, the risk was six times higher than the low marginalization group. The results demonstrated a high impact of social vulnerability in cognitive development.

S. E. Kovan

A theoretic concept of crises and anti-crisis management in social and economic systems at the macro- and microlevels is offered. The concept is based on the elaborated interaction model of systems of different levels. General regularities of the occurrence of crises in social and economic systems are determined based on the given theoretic model. A criterion for determination of the crisis state of the considered systems is formulated. Goals, conditions and base strategies of anti-crisis management are determined based on the area of occurrence of negative impact factors – in the inner or outer environment of the system.

L. R. Iksanova

Objective: to determine and ground the development strategy of intellectual capital of a holding. Methods: abstract-logical, comparison, analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction. Results: basing on the analysis of theoretical provisions and an example of certain holding the necessity was proved to elaborate the development strategy of intellectual capital of a holding. Nine principle of forming and developing the intellectual capital were proposed, which are integral to forming the holding strategy; necessity of each principle is proved. The main stages of forming the development strategy of intellectual capital of a holding are extinguished. Scientific novelty: basing on the analysis of existing scientific approaches, the author’s definition of the intellectual capital of a holding was proposed. The development strategy of intellectual capital is grounded, for which a system of principles is proposed for developing the intellectual capital of a holding; a part of which (for example, the principles of balancing, synergism) are specific for holding companies; the main stages of forming the development strategy of intellectual capital are extinguished. Practical value: possibility to broaden the range of competences of a holding structure by forming and improving all the elements of intellectual capital, which is essential for innovative economy with high competition, as well as to increase the possibilities of competences exchange between the holding departments.

I. Dadashi, M. Asghari, S. Zarei et al.

Introduction: Choosing an optimal capital structure is prerequisite for maximizing the firm value. Given the competitive market conditions, determining the appropriate method of financing companies is boost for increasing their efficiency and viability. <br />Methods: This paper is composed of two main sections: the first section examines the relationship between capital structure and technical efficiency of 22 pharmaceutical companies listed on the Stock Exchange between 2006 and 2010. For this purpose, the property and debt ratios to evaluate capital structure and data envelopment analysis (input oriented CCR and BCC model) were used to detect technical efficiency using Win QSB 2.0 software. Additionally, Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between capital structure and Technical efficiency in 95% confidence level using SPSS software. In the second section, the Scale Efficiency of companies was computed by using BCC model and VRS approach. Moreover, the less efficient units were recognized by determining the absolute efficiency, and the reference group for each of them was specified. <br />Results: Although Pharmaceutical Companies of Iran Daro, Sina Daro, Pars Daro and Tehran Daro were the most effective companies in their industry based on DEA outputs, they are considered weak in terms of efficiency. <br />Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that there is no significant relationship between capital structure and efficiency of pharmaceutical companies. Moreover, all these companies had low efficiency. This indicates that none of the companies had the optimal production volume.

Rasha Salti

Between the generation of experimental film makers of the 1960s and 1970s in the Arab world and that of the video makers of the 2000s, there is a generation of authors who have been consecrated and acclaimed regionally and internationally. The films produced by the first generation are very rarely shown, if ever, and most of them, particularly those produced by the most eccentric and most experienced artists, have fallen into obsolescence. In other words, there has been no significant transmission of experience through time or space. While attempts to trace shared sensibilities and extract resonances may be a subjective academic exercise, the reading or deconstructing of films within the context of shared cultural poetics is not an entirely useless or meaningless speculative exercise. The three installments (2010-2012) of Mapping Subjectivity: Experimentation in Arab Cinema from the 1960s to Now, presented at the Museum of Modern Art in New York were an embodiment of such an exercise. Our study is a reflection based on field research, and motivations behind the program’s selections.

Débora Marques de Almeida Nogueira Mortati, André Munhoz de Argollo Ferrão

O período do trabalho é de 1890 a 1930, em que o estado de São Paulo começa seu processo de industrialização, a economia cafeeira está no auge e é fundada a companhia de energia elétrica que fará a primeira usina hidrelétrica do estado de São Paulo; este panorama vai evoluindo até 1930, quando a economia cafeeira entra em crise, a indústria já está estabelecida e a construção de hidrelétricas após 1930 assume outro caráter: o das grandes hidrelétricas, encerrando o ciclo das pequenas centrais hidrelétricas. A geração de energia elétrica no Brasil segue os caminhos da ferrovia e vai desenhando novas fronteiras entre o rural e o urbano, o campo e a indústria. A configuração das cidades muda conforme a disponibilidade de “melhorias”, sendo que muitas delas eram movidas a eletricidade. As nascentes indústrias também vão ocupando o espaço entre a ferrovia e a energia, criando novos bairros e centralidades. Analisa-se então, os processos que a energia hidrelétrica desencadeia no território paulista e suas consequências.

Carlos Mejía Reyes

Paul Sissons