Hasil untuk "Social legislation"

Marisa Herrera

In this essay we propose to rethink the centrality of the right to identity as the base human right or backbone of the adoptive legal system in Argentine law. It happens that the right to identity, although always in a relational context such as that contained in filiation, focuses on the satisfaction and protection of people as such, would encounter certain limitations when delving into all interactions – beyond the binarism. relational – that involve certain contemporary problems of adoption. For the purposes of this interpellative task, we are encouraged to get into the ring and thus dispute this centrality in light of the development of the right to family life, taking arts as a starting point. 17 of the ACHR and 8 of the ECHR with the consequent dynamic interpretation carried out by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights.

Stević Ivana, Vajagić Maja, Knežević Bojana et al.

Obesity is a chronic, complex, relapsing disease impacting healthcare systems and the economy worldwide. We aim to analyze the utilization trends of antiobesity drugs, and their reimbursement status on drug lists of health insurance funds (HIF) in selected European countries. The DDD/1000 inhabitants/day methodology is used for utilization trend analysis, where data from official national utilization reports were used. For the reimbursement status analysis of 5 antiobesity drugs (orlistat, semaglutide, liraglutide, naltrexone/bupropion, setmelanotide), the websites of national health insurance funds (HIF) of 22 European countries were screened. Trend analysis revealed fluctuation for almost all antiobesity drugs (the highest decrease seen for orlistat in Serbia, and the highest increase for liraglutide in Croatia). Novel antiobesity drugs show an increasing utilization trend in almost all the countries. In two out of three European countries, 437 antiobesity drugs are not covered by the HIF. Slovenia and Denmark reimburse most of the antiobesity drugs. The Netherlands is the only country where the cost of setmelanotide is paid by the HIF. Our results emphasize the importance of prioritizing the introduction and implementation of new strategies and reimbursement scheme models in global and national antiobesity policies.

Predrag Novaković

In the relatively abundant bibliography on archaeological theory and epistemology the impact of archaeological practice on archaeological epistemology has remained somehow less explored despite the fact that in the last three decades archaeology has undergone radical changes in practice. We would like to point to three interconnected trends: an exceptional increase in the amount of archaeological fieldwork, the fact that probably more than 90% of all field projects are in the domain of heritage protection, and that archaeology has become a data-driven discipline, producing new circumstances which challenge the traditional epistemological views and require social epistemological rethinking. This paper aims to explore some social epistemological aspects in current archaeological practice in Slovenia where two rather distinctive groups of archaeological researchers emerged, academic archaeologists and field professionals. The distinction between the two groups has grown since the late 1990s with the introduction of preventive archaeology, changes in legislation in heritage protection, and the development of the commercial sector in archaeology. These changes opened a series of questions on epistemic effects in new circumstances, e.g. how these two groups contribute to archaeological knowledge, how their modes of obtaining knowledge are structured and organized, what social factors condition these modes, and, least but not last, the question of forms of epistemic asymmetries.

Sky Wei Chee Koh, Victor Loh Weng Keong, Liow Yiyang et al.

Objectives: The disruptions wrought by COVID-19 have spurred the development of vaccines at a pace unprecedented in global history. We have witnessed vaccine development from in vivo testing to population-wide implementation in just under 1 year. Singapore’s vaccination rate of 80%, attained at the start of September 2021, marks a milestone. It signals that plans to shift from a “zero transmission” approach to an endemic “living with COVID-19” approach is headed in the right direction, albeit cautiously and with some uncertainty. Although we ask ourselves at what rate our society should be reopened, we acknowledge that such questions are not easily answered because newer variants are proving more transmissible and, possibly, vaccine resistant compared to earlier variants. Methods: COVID-19 vaccination milestones were plotted. A timeline was used to map key events of Singapore’s vaccination strategy in terms of legislation, logistics and operations, vaccination eligibility, vaccination sites, and measures implemented to encourage vaccine uptake. These factors were compared with Singapore’s vaccination rate from December 2020 to early September 2021. Results: The successful vaccination strategy in Singapore has been explored in 4 main areas: good leadership and evidence-based decision making, use of communications, utilizing existing logistics, and an ever-ready primary care. Conclusions: As we transition to our second year of combating COVID-19, emerging variants, spread despite vaccination, and the contesting voices of antivaxxers pose new challenges. Vaccine-generated immunity is only one, albeit an important, element of a comprehensive COVID-19 strategy. The strategy must also entail surveillance, self-testing, contact tracing, quarantine, legislation, financial support, and strengthened social responsibility. As providers of vaccination and translators of upstream evidence and policy decisions in the community, primary care providers should be involved early in decision making regarding interventions in the community because they can foresee challenges on the ground. Let us put our continued trust in primary care providers to contribute to making Singapore a COVID-19–resilient nation.

Emad Attia Mohamed OMRAN, Yuriy BILAN

Economic literature highlights the vital role that women can play in enhancing the economic development of nations. However, there is still gender inequality in developing countries, especially in education and labour market participation. Although women represent nearly half of the population in Egypt, their labour force participation rate is still very low compared to men. This paper's primary goal is to investigate the short and long-run associations between female labour force participation and Egypt's GDP growth rate. The study used annual time series data from 1990-2019, where the vector error correction model (VECM) was employed. The study found that female labour force participation and the gross fixed capital formation growth rate can enhance the GDP growth rate in the long run. Nevertheless, there is no statistically significant relationship in the short run. This paper's main recommendations are that the Egyptian government needs to implement policies that encourage women's labour force participation and decrease gender inequality. These policies could be changes in legislation, modernization of social norms, Job flexibility, and increasing access to childcare. Moreover, they need to focus on both the demand and supply sides of the quality of female labour force participation by matching the women’s education with the creation of suitable jobs.

V. V. Popov, A. V. Erokhina, S. V. Cherkasova

This work is devoted to the analysis of the sociological and legal aspects of the implementation of authentication in social networks through passport data. In the article, along with authentication, the uses of biometric data, as well as the features of Russian legislation in the sphere of personal data, are considered. The positive and negative aspects of introducing authentication by passport data in social networks are shown and the psychological and legal aspectsare reveled. The authors analyzed all the features of authentication, the complexity of application and the impact of this innovation on the prevention of deviant behavior among the adolescent age group. The object of the research is authentication by passport data in social networks.   The subject of the research is psychological and legal aspects of establishing authentication based on passport data.   The methodological and theoretical basis of the research is made up of particular and general scientific approaches to the study of this topic, formal logical and comparative methods, as well as methods of structural analysis were used.   In the course of the study, conclusions about the main features of storing citizens’ data, the complexity of storing data of Russians on foreign Internet platforms, conclusions on the need to filter information for minors were drawn, and also considered the phenomenon of deviant behavior among adolescents and the influence of information in social networks on their consciousness.

Evgeniya Sergeevna Zaitseva

In 438, at the initiative of Emperor Theodosius II, one of the most significant legislative collections of the late Roman Empire, the Codex Theodosianus (Eng. Theodosian Code), was published, which is a valuable source on the social history of the Roman state in Late Antiquity. Based on the data of the Codex Theodosianus and Novellae of Emperors, the author of the article reconstructs the most important components of the social status of Roman senators of the fourth century BC. It is revealed that in the view of the emperor and the compilers of the Theodosian Code, the senatorial aristocracy was thought of as the highest class of the Roman Empire. Several factors influenced the status of Roman senators. Following a “suitable” way of life and proper performance of political functions determined the position of the senator in society and formed his reputation not only in the eyes of the emperor, but also in the eyes of his community, as well as other classes. The way a person got into the ranks of the senatorial aristocracy also affected the status. So, it was not so much the origin that was important, but the observance of legality in obtaining titles, and, in the case of decurions, the legitimacy of the transition from one estate to another. Finally, the possession of the patrimony and ensuring its proper functioning guaranteed the full and timely payment of taxes by the senators, and in the eyes of the ruler was important for maintaining the high status of the senatorial aristocracy. Unlike legislation, reality was more complex. Thus, the social status was influenced by a much larger number of components (for example, the acceptance or rejection of a Roman aristocrat by the city plebs), moreover, the proper fulfillment by the senator of all the requirements put forward by the imperial power did not always lead him to success in political activity.

V. V. Kostytsky, V. D. Sydor, I. O. Kostytska

The aim. To conduct a comprehensive study of the legal regulation peculiarities of natural therapeutic resources and factors of sanatorium and resort treatment for the population, to identify problems of legal regulation of these relations and to outline the ways to resolve them. Materials and methods. The research material is a modern regulatory framework. The methods of information retrieval, analysis, systematization and generalization were carried out. Results. It has been established that natural therapeutic resources include mineral and thermal water, medical mud and ozokerite, sea and lake brine, sea water, natural objects and complexes with favorable climatic conditions. It has been substantiated that sanatorium and spa treatment is an important part that provides continuity and complexity of medical rehabilitation measures. The main resorts, located on theterritory ofUkraine, have been described. It has been determined that regulation of social relations in the sphere of organization and development of resorts and sanatorium-resort treatment, detection and accounting of natural medical resources, ensuring their rational extraction, use and protection in order to create favorable conditions for treatment, medical rehabilitation, prevention of diseases and vacation for people is provided by environmental, land, health care and resort legislation. Conclusions. Legal regulation of the natural therapeutic resources usage is ensured by environmental, land, health care and resort legislation. The purpose of this legislation is to regulate social relations in the sphere of organization and development of resorts and sanatorium and spa treatment, to detect and account natural medical resources, to ensure their rational extraction, use and protection in order to create favorable conditions for treatment, medical rehabilitation, prevention of diseases and population health improvement. Efficient exploitation of natural therapeutic resources in resort treatment is currently affected by a number of economic, political, environmental problems, which have to be solved by organizational and legal means of the state impact on such legal relations.

G. Yu. Gagarina, S. N. Miroshnikov

In the article questions of management of social and economic development of territorial subjects of the Russian Federation are considered. It is shown that among problematic and key issues application of a system of strategic planning is found. Shortcomings of the current legislation of this feld of activity are allocated. As new approach three main stages in the organization of management of social and economic development of regions are analyzed, the existing risks and restrictions are considered. It is shown that sustainable development is a consequence of use not of separate tools, but integrated system approaches based on strategic planning.

Klara Stephanie Szlezák

This article investigates American visual culture in the form of news photographs and its engagement with social (in)justice and labor legislation during the first two decades of the 20th century. Press photographs of the annual May Day parades in New York City, taken for and distributed by Bain News Service, depict immigrant workers as they march through Manhattan both to celebrate their labor and demand more rights. In contrast to many contemporary images of immigrant workers as downtrodden and in need of bourgeois charity, in these photographs the workers appear as proud, confident, and capable agents in the struggle for labor rights.

Warren Kealy-Bateman

Sweeping social change is occurring in India with regard to the proposed transgender legislation and the enshrinement of associated rights. This progressive legislative change occurs as existing Indian law is profoundly reshaped by the judiciary with regard to other members of this sexually diverse group, the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) group. Now as a group of immense interest within high-income countries, this article through Government, legal, and medical literature, explores the possible population of interest in India, relevant law and associated health disparities. The author considers the evidence of a mental health burden, among the estimated 45.4 million LGBT people in 2011. The complex contribution of psychiatrists is noted, and a prism for care delivery is suggested. The underlying goal of lower morbidity for the entire LGBT community is through enhanced care opportunities, understanding, and reduced societal discrimination.

Natalia V Badaeva

The article concerns the problem of prospects and ways of the legal norms harmonization in the field of proprietary rights in BRICS countries (on the example of Braziland China). The new Civil Code of Brazil adopted in 2002 was examined as the main act dealing with the rights in rem. It reflected all important changes which fixing was required in the Brazilian society during the modern period. In the field of the proprietary rights the emphasis was placed on establishment of the principle of social function of property, reducing terms of an acquisitive prescription and partial review of system of the proprietary rights in the codified act. The Chinese civil legislation is not codified yet, so Proprietary Rights Act of 2007 contents all basic provisions on the subject. This act fully fixes the social and economic features established in the Chinese society, considers traditions and customs, and also provides participants of a business community with a comprehensive protection of the proprietary rights. The law has features of the complex act as it contains a set of regulations of administrative and legal nature along with rules of the civil nature. In conclusion some proposals were formulated to reach the goal of the harmonization of BRICS countries legislation concerning rights in rem. The member-states of BRICS should understand the necessity to move to the harmonization and to continue adopting legal institutions of other legal systems with appropriate interpretation. The denial of conservatism in the determined rules may help to reach success and to harmonize the legislation of BRICS countries. The unification of civil legal regulation will give a good direction to increase the cooperation between member-states of BRICS.

Władysław Świątek

The current legislation, rules and procedures for reporting data referring to the situation of enterprises do not provide full information necessary to make decisions. This study attempts to present corporate social responsibility reports as an element reducing the so-called gap in value between the book value and market value of enterprises. The benefits and threats resulting from reporting social attitudes and their impact on the perception of the company by stakeholders are also presented.

Amrita Kapur

<p>This article examines the unexplored potential for the International Criminal Court&rsquo;s (ICC) direct engagement with States to influence national prosecutorial priorities for international crimes, and how this may be leveraged to improve criminal prosecutions for crimes of sexual violence in particular. The article focuses on the intersection of two phenomenona: first, how international norms can influence national behaviour; and second, how systemic failures to prosecute crimes of sexual violence can be challenged. The article centres on engagement between the ICC and States pursuant to the principle of complementarity in The Rome Statute, as manifested in preliminary examinations. Drawing on the transnational legal process (TLP) framework, the article suggests how complementarity can be utilized to promote national compliance with the international norm of criminal accountability for international crimes. By examining ICC documents and practice, the article contends that exposing the gendered dimensions of State de-prioritization of sexual violence crimes will enable the ICC, as an international institution interacting with these regimes, to better facilitate gender-sensitive criminal justice responses to international crimes.</p> <hr /><p>Este art&iacute;culo analiza el potencial inexplorado del compromiso directo entre la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI) y los estados para influir en las prioridades nacionales procesales por cr&iacute;menes internacionales, y c&oacute;mo esto se puede aprovechar para mejorar en particular los procesos penales por delitos de violencia sexual. El art&iacute;culo pone el acento en en la intersecci&oacute;n de dos fen&oacute;menos: en primer lugar, c&oacute;mo pueden influir las normas internacionales en el comportamiento nacional; y en segundo lugar, c&oacute;mo se pueden impugnar los fallos sist&eacute;micos para enjuiciar los cr&iacute;menes de violencia sexual. El art&iacute;culo se centra en el compromiso entre la CPI y los estados, en virtud del principio de complementariedad del Estatuto de Roma, tal y como se manifiesta en su pre&aacute;mbulo. Tomando como referencia el marco del proceso legal transnacional (PLT), el art&iacute;culo sugiere que se puede utilizar la complementariedad para promocionar el cumplimiento nacional de la norma internacional de la responsabilidad criminal ante delitos internacionales. Analizando los documentos y la pr&aacute;ctica de la CPI, el art&iacute;culo defiende que si se expone la dimensi&oacute;n de g&eacute;nero de la falta de prioridad de los estados sobre delitos de violencia sexual, la CPI podr&aacute;, como instituci&oacute;n internacional que interact&uacute;a con estos reg&iacute;menes, ofrecer una mejor respuesta de la justicia penal ante delitos internacionales, que sea sensible a la circunstancia de g&eacute;nero.</p> <p><strong>DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN</strong>: <a href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=2608397" target="_blank">http://ssrn.com/abstract=2608397</a></p>

Kate Zavin

This paper discusses the global role of doctors in light of a new piece of legislation passed by Turkey on January 17, 2014 that criminalizes emergency medical care outside of hospitals. In particular, I will compare the activist goals of the trend-setting physician outreach groups (Doctors without Borders, Doctors for the World, and Physicians for Human Rights) to the international guidelines of medical neutrality that Turkey’s bill blatantly violates. Medical neutrality, the principle of noninterference with medical services, precludes detrimental actions directed towards healthcare workers, medical facilities, and patients during conflict. The First Geneva Convention, one of the four treaties of the Geneva Convention, declares that the violation of medical neutrality constitutes a war crime. The underlying premise of this statement is that healthcare workers and their patients are removed from politics. Since their conception, however, the aforementioned physician outreach groups have arguably contradicted this premise in their goal to act as witnesses to human rights violations, and have consequently created a new role and set of responsibilities for global physicians.   Turkey first began limiting medical autonomy after the Gezi Park protests on May 30, 2013. The protests were originally organized by environmentalists as a peaceful sit in that opposed the government’s urban development plans. Events escalated after the police brutally evicted the protesters from the park. Not only did the police use rubber bullets, tear gas, water cannons, and live ammunition, there were also reports of sexual assault and beatings. In a reaction that has been compared to Occupy Wall Street, anti-government demonstrations arose around the country, which the government continued to repress violently. Over the next couple of months, Amnesty International recorded at least 8,000 people injured and three deaths that could be positively connected to police brutality.[i] Besides targeting protestors, the police also attacked anyone who tried to give medical care to the protestors.[ii] The concept of medical neutrality was not only disregarded, it was actively destroyed as police raided hospitals and demanded that healthcare workers give them the names of their patients, as well as a list of the doctors who had treated the injured. Even without the names, the police arrested many injured patients in the medical facilities. In August, the Turkish parliament announced that it was writing a new bill that would include Article 33, a declaration that criminalized emergency medical care given outside of the hospital. The article would force healthcare workers to wait for a government authorized ambulance to retrieve the injured; they would not even be able to administer the most basic first aid without authorization. Physicians would have to go through an additional licensing process before they could work in hospitals. “If convicted, violators could be imprisoned for up to three years and face fines of nearly $1 million.”[iii] Significantly, three years is the same amount of prison time given to someone who deliberately injures another person.[iv]   Leading up to the moment when the bill was officially passed on January 17, international humanitarian groups protested its implications. They were concerned primarily with two issues. First, the groups accused the Turkish government of eliminating medical autonomy in order to spread terror and silence dissenting voices. Many factions before the Turkish government have ignored medical neutrality, presumably in order to strengthen their positions, and Turkey would not even be the first government to use this tactic in an official capacity. For example, in 2011, the Bahrain government accused 47 Bahraini medical staff, 23 doctors, and 24 nurses of anti-state activities and brought them to trial in a military court. At the time, the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics published an op-ed piece that discussed the importance of maintaining global medical neutrality.[v] The author, Sabeeh Baig, explains that medical neutrality grew out of a need to prevent an increasing number of civilian causalities during the post World War II years. These civilians had been victims of political forces out of their control, and the world powers agreed that these civilians should be protected. In order for this to work, the conflicting factions had to allow everyone access to medical care, and the physicians had to stay out of politics and treat everyone who came to them, no matter if they were innocent bystanders or active soldiers. The government’s response in Turkey emphasizes a major problem with the assumption that conflicting factions would adhere to medical neutrality. The Turkish government is trying to repress their people. If they allow healthcare workers to treat the very people that the police have intentionally injured, then they are allowing healthcare workers to undermine their actions. Even if healthcare workers help injured police officers as well, their actions cannot be considered as neutral by the government. This is not a game where once you are tagged, you are “out” and no longer involved. Healthy or injured, civilians are still a part of the country, and the conflict is internal between the government and its civilians. It is dangerously idealistic to believe that the same government that brutalized its civilians because of a peaceful protest against urban development would respect medical care as existing beyond its control. Once the government’s goals are recognized, then it is impossible for healthcare workers to maintain a neutral position, because these goals refuse to acknowledge a middle ground between supporting the government and supporting the civilians. No matter how humanitarian groups choose to act, they cannot avoid making a political choice. This conclusion appears to contradict the idealism of the medical profession and the impartial humanitarian aid that international groups strive to provide, but it actually brings to the surface the political aspect of global medicine that has existed for years. Doctors without Borders, Doctors for the World, and Physicians for Human Rights wrote charters that have implicitly reinterpreted the Hippocratic Oath in order to expand physician duty to include “the victim”. These groups have adopted the protection of human rights as one of their many responsibilities as physicians, and Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) is the strongest advocate for this stance. On their webpage, they state that “PHR was founded in 1986 on the idea that health professionals, with their specialized skills, ethical duties, and credible voices, are uniquely positioned to stop human rights violations.”[vi] While historically physicians have made house calls to patients within their communities, these humanitarian groups actively seek out the sick and the injured outside of the physicians’ immediate reach. Moreover, although many of the people whom they treat are inflicted with a disease or injury that is not directly attributable to human influence, such as malaria or an earthquake, most of the people they treat have been hurt in some way by their social conditions. PHR gathers evidence of humans rights violations and trains their physicians to testify in court. Doctors without Borders and Doctors for the World do not go as far as creating court cases, but they do claim to bear witness to human rights violations and “may speak out publicly in an effort to bring a forgotten crises to view, alert the public to abuses occurring beyond the headlines, criticize the inadequacies of the aid system, challenge the diversion of humanitarian aid for political interests, or call out policies that restrict access to medical care or essential medicines.”[vii] As much as these groups claim to provide impartial medical care, their impartiality only applies outside of their responsibility to their patients. When it comes to protecting their patients, these groups are unequivocally political. While the first issue raised by the humanitarian groups centers on the Turkish government manipulating its people through medical care, the second issue reveals the political nature of the groups. The Physicians for Human Rights (PHR)’s press release stated that the “bill will put doctors in direct conflict with their ethical and professional responsibilities to care for the sick and wounded.”[viii] At first glance, this is clearly not a political statement. The majority of physicians and civilians take it for granted that physicians have a responsibility to people who are in physical need of treatment. This responsibility is considered ethical, not political. That is true only until a government disagrees. Although it is difficult to accept that a human rights violator has a valid political stance in the issue of medical care, it is possible to find examples of politicized medical care closer to home. In the United States, people do not have the right to medical care. They only have the right to treatment under certain situations, such as emergency care as stipulated by EMTALA. Currently the biggest difference between the United States and Turkey, is that the Turkish government is restricting access to medical care in order to bring further harm to its citizens. Nevertheless, this is still a political choice by the government, and the humanitarian groups are expressing the opposing political policy that both governmental supporters and protesters have the right to access medical care. Disagreements between humanitarian physicians and human rights violators raise the question of whether physicians are acting outside of their traditional roles, or if their roles have just appropriately expanded to account for their globalized patient population. Are physicians making modern house calls when they travel to different countries, or are they taking on a new role with different responsibilities and professional guidelines? These questions are in part answered by analyzing medical neutrality in the context of the new law in Turkey. Although medical neutrality itself has been placed outside of human rights violation discussions so that physicians could work within countries that are experiencing internal conflict and external criticism, violating medical neutrality is the same as committing a human rights violation; the Turkish government has denied access to autonomous medical care in order to increase governmental influence against dissenters. In this scenario, physicians are not only providing medical treatment, they are acting as advocates for the people’s rights to humane treatment. Through these international humanitarian groups, global physicians have taken on the responsibility of protecting their patients not only from physical ailments and the injuries created by natural disasters, but also from social ills. Currently these groups are hiding behind the shield of expressed impartiality, but once they openly admit that their actions cannot be interpreted as impartial, then they will be left unprotected by their shield of medical neutrality. This could put global physicians in a dangerous position, and yet it could also be an opportunity to discuss how global medicine is more specialized and requires a different set of skills than traditional, single community medicine. PHR is currently experimenting by teaching their physicians how to recognize torture in their patients, but there are many other skills that could improve physicians’ efficiency and success in the field both in protecting human rights and improving human health.  REFERENCES   [i] "Turkey Accused of Gross Human Rights Violations in Gezi Park Protests." Amnesty International, last modified October 2, 2013, http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/turkey-accused-gross-human-rights-violations-gezi-park-protests-2013-10-02.  [ii] Murat Çekiç, June 14, 2013, comment on the protests in Turkey, "A Hospital in Amnesty's Office."  http://livewire.amnesty.org/2013/06/14/a-hospital-in-amnestys-office/. [iii] Rick Gladstone, "Turkey: Contentious Medical Bill Signed," The New York Times, January 17, 2014. Accessed February 13, 2014. http://nyti.ms/1cDIB32. [iv] Tulin Daloglu, "Emergency Care Criminalized in Turkey," Al-Monitor, June 15, 2013. Accessed  February 13, 2014. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/01/turkey-criminalizes-emergency-care.html. [v] Sabeeh Baig, "Op-Ed: Medical Neutrality on Trial," Berman Institute Bioethics Bulletin, July 27, 2011. Accessed February 13, 2014. http://bioethicsbulletin.org/archive/op-ed-medical-neutrality-on-trial/. [vi] "About PHR." Physicians for Human Rights, accessed February 13, 2014. http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/about/. [vii] "History & Principles,"  Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), accessed February 13, 2014. http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/aboutus/?ref=main-menu [viii] "Turkish President Signs Bill That Criminalizes Emergency Medical Care." Physicians for Human Rights, last modified January 17, 2014, accessed February 13, 2014. 17 Jan. 2014. Web. 13 Feb. 2014. http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/press/press-releases/turkish-president-signs-bill-that-criminalizes-emergency-medical-care.html

Limor Zer-Gutman

The legal profession in Israel has undergone many significant changes in response to the dramatic increase in the number of lawyers that, although emerging in 1995, still continues. The article reveals and discusses these changes which were first expressed within the profession itself - The profession became heterogeneous as it absorbed increasing numbers of minorities, new immigrants, and residents of the periphery, groups previously unable to gain admission into university law schools. Women's entry into the profession, a trend that began before 1995, has likewise intensified, so that women currently comprise 43% of all lawyers. Another influence is the rising educational level, with steadily mounting numbers of lawyers earning an MA since 1996. Another internal phenomenon, one quite predictable in saturated markets, is exit from the profession. A separate chapter deals with the effects on legal practice. For example, the decline in legal fees and the creation of new specializations and sub specializations Some effects on legal practice are more difficult to ascribe exclusively to the dramatic rise in the number of lawyers; they should be attributed other factors. Still, the rise in the number of lawyers remains very meaningful. For example, broadening scope of litigation as well as the sharp rise in law firm size, particularly among Israel's largest firms. Another chapter discusses the influence exerted by the increase in the number of lawyers on ethical behavior and disciplinary courts. Such influence was found to be weak or still inchoate. La abogacía en Israel ha sufrido numerosos cambios en respuesta al dramático aumento en el número de abogados que, aunque incipiente en 1995, todavía continúa. El artículo revela y analiza estos cambios, que se expresaron en primer lugar dentro de la propia profesión. Así por ejemplo, la profesión se hizo heterogénea, ya que absorbió un número creciente de minorías, nuevos inmigrantes y residentes de la periferia. Uno de los apartados trata los efectos sobre la práctica legal. Por ejemplo, la disminución de las tarifas legales. Es más difícil achacar exclusivamente al dramático aumento en el número de abogados algunos efectos sobre la práctica jurídica, sino que deben atribuirse a otros factores. Sin embargo, el aumento del número de abogados sigue siendo muy significativo. Otro apartado analiza la influencia ejercida por el aumento en el número de abogados sobre el comportamiento ético y los tribunales disciplinarios, y se ha descubierto que esta influencia es todavía débil o incipiente. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2276872

J van Wyk

Local government occupies a unique place in the South African system of government. This is circumscribed by the Constitution which contains directives. Enjoining municipalities inter alia to provide democratic and accountable government for local communities and to promote social and economic development (section 152) as well as to undertake developmentally-oriented planning (section 153). In addition local government has a specific role to play regarding access to adequate housing and, in that context, evictions. In terms of sections 25 and 26 of the Constitution as well as legislation enacted in terms of these provisions new and different procedures have been put in place to demarcate the role of municipalities in evictions. The interpretation, by the courts, of these legislative provisions, has created a framework within which municipalities must react to and deal with evictions. In terms of that framework a number of duties and responsibilities are placed on municipalities, which include that they do the following: have policies, actions and programmes in place, draw up proper housing plans, be notified of evictions, mediate and engage with all stakeholders and provide temporary - and suitable alternative - accommodation of a specific standard, all of which must be consistent with principles of human dignity and be reasonable. Against this background this paper will interrogate the role of local government in evictions, concentrating on the constitutional directives for municipalities, the different eviction procedures and the duties and responsibilities of municipalities.

Mônica Wermelinger, Maria Helena Machado, Antenor Amâncio Filho

O artigo revisita o processo histórico de construção do modelo de educação profissional de nível médio vigente no Brasil, procurando identificar aspectos que auxiliem na compreensão de questões pertinentes a essa modalidade de ensino. Aborda a dualidade do ensino médio, a associação entre discriminação social e ocupações técnicas, a contenção de demanda ao nível superior de ensino, a formação integral do cidadão e a formação para o mundo do trabalho, situando a educação profissional na área da saúde nesse contexto. Foram utilizados, como fontes, a legislação brasileira para a educação, além de referenciais, diretrizes e documentos técnicos do Ministério da Educação. O artigo ressalta a importância que o conceito de terminalidade adquiriu nas propostas para a educação profissional, apontando a politecnia como alternativa à formação escolar e profissional, assinalando as peculiaridades da área da saúde que a afastam do modelo de educação profissional de nível médio com caráter de terminalidade.<br>El artículo revisita el proceso histórico de la construcción del modelo de educación profesional del nivel medio en Brasil, buscando identificar los aspectos que ayuden a la comprensión de las cuestiones pertinentes a esta modalidad de educación. Aborda aspectos como la dualidad de la educación media, la asociación entre la discriminación social y las ocupaciones técnicas, la contención de la demanda a la universidad, la formación integral del ciudadano y la formación para el mundo del trabajo, precisando la educación profesional en el área de la salud en este contexto. Han sido utilizados, como fuentes, la legislación brasileña para la educación, además de los referenciales, las directrices y documentos técnicos del ministerio de la educación. El artículo resalta la importancia que el concepto de término de formación adquirió en las propuestas para la educación profesional, señalando la politecnia como alternativa a la formación propedéutica y profesional, señalando las particularidades del área de la salud que la separan del modelo de la educación profesional de nivel medio con carácter de término de formación.<br>This paper argues the historical process of professional education models construction in the Brazilian high schools to help the understanding of this education modality questions. It approaches the high schools ambiguity, the association between social discrimination and technical occupations, containment of demand to the Universities, citizen's integral formation and formation to the work, pointing out the health area in this context. It had been used, as sources, the Brazilian legislation for the education and other governmental technical documents. The article intends to show the importance that the finish point concept acquired in the professional education proposals, pointing the politecnia as alternative to the school and professional formation, designating the peculiarities of the health area.

منصف المحواشي

In this text we try to spot the divorce evolution phenomenon. We interpret the statistical indices of the period from 1960,2005 by confronting them with the change process and the crises happening in the society with independence. Taking the development programme content, adopted by the governing elite, into account, we put the accent on the form and depth of social changes and the values which result through the Tunisian modernization programme. Our aim is to reveal the impact of those changes on the relationships established between two partners, that is to say a man and his wife, within the family, and also to locate negotiation forms which they adopted to meet their conjugal conflicts.

Nanna Mik-Meyer

This article explores how the guidelines for personality assessments in two Danish rehabilitation organizations influence the actual evaluation of clients. The analysis shows how staff members produce institutional identities corresponding to organizational categories, which very often have little or no relevance for the clients evaluated. The goal of the article is to demonstrate how the institutional complex that frames the work of the organizations produces the client types pertaining to that organization. The rehabilitation organizations’ local history, legislation, along with the structural features of the labour market and social work result in a number of contradictions that make it difficult to deliver client-centred care. According to the staff, this is one of the most important aims of “good” social work.