Hasil untuk "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"

Olivier Idir

An $ω$-regular language is Eve-positional if, in all games with this language as objective, the existential player can play optimally without keeping any information from the previous moves. This notion plays a crucial role in verification, automata theory and synthesis. Casares and Ohlmann recently gave several characterizations of Eve-positionallity of $ω$-regular languages. For this, they introduce the notion $\varepsilon$-complete parity automaton and show (among other results) that an $ω$-regular language is Eve-positional if and only if it can be recognized by some $\varepsilon$-completion of a deterministic parity automaton. Colcombet and Idir extended on their work, and obtained a more direct semantic characterization of Eve-positionality. We introduce a new formalism that characterizes the Eve-positional languages, consisting in a restriction of non-deterministic Büchi automata. This allows us to complete a missing implication in Casares and Ohlmann's work. We then use this formalism to describe a determinization procedure for non-deterministic Büchi automaton recognizing such languages, with size blow-up at most factorial. We also show that this construction is, in a suitable sense, optimal.

Jyoti Prakash, Abhishek Tiwari, Mikkel Baun Kjærgaard

Polyglot programming is gaining popularity as developers integrate multiple programming languages to harness their individual strengths. With the recent popularity of platforms like GraalVM and other multi-language runtimes, creating and managing these systems has become much more feasible. However, current research on analyzing multilingual programs mainly focuses on two languages, leaving out the increasing complexity of systems that use three or more. For example, modern web systems often link JavaScript, WebAssembly, and Rust within the same execution chain. This paper envisions the landscape of software systems with three-language polyglot communication. We identify fundamental challenges in analyzing them and propose a conceptual roadmap to advance static analysis techniques to address them. Our vision aims to stimulate discussion and inspire new research directions toward scalable, language-agnostic analysis frameworks for next-generation polyglot systems.

Jakub Merdała

Olga Yu. Panova, Sergey I. Pano

The paper concentrates on the reception of American Nobel prize winner Sinclair Lewis in Soviet literary criticism of the 1920s–1930s. The interpretation of Lewis’ work by a prominent Americanist, literary critic, Party functionary, and editor- in-chief of the International Literature magazine Sergei Dinamov is in the focus of attention. The article traces the publication history of Lewis’s political novel It Can’t Happen Here (1935) in the USSR, its editing, censoring, cutting and translating, as well as its critical analysis and evaluation. In his critical reviews and articles Dinamov sought to give the Soviet reader a “correct” and “up-to-date” interpretation of the novel, and tried, though unsuccessfully, to influence the author, convincing Lewis to reconsider the images of communists in his work. The paper is based on the publications in the 1930s Soviet press as well as archived materials — Dinamov’s correspondence with Lewis, Soviet readers’ reviews from the 1930s of the American writer’s novels, and a transcript of Dinamov’s 1936 lecture at the Institute of Red Professors, that contains a critical survey of Lewis’s work.

Aleksandr Fedchin, Antero Mejr, Hari Sundar et al.

The Message Passing Interface (MPI) is widely used in parallel, high-performance programming, yet writing bug-free software that uses MPI remains difficult. We introduce DafnyMPI, a novel, scalable approach to formally verifying MPI software. DafnyMPI allows proving deadlock freedom, termination, and functional equivalence with simpler sequential implementations. In contrast to existing specialized frameworks, DafnyMPI avoids custom concurrency logics and instead relies on Dafny, a verification-ready programming language used for sequential programs, extending it with concurrent reasoning abilities. DafnyMPI is implemented as a library that enables safe MPI programming by requiring users to specify the communication topology upfront and to verify that calls to communication primitives such as MPI_ISEND and MPI_WAIT meet their preconditions. We formalize DafnyMPI using a core calculus and prove that the preconditions suffice to guarantee deadlock freedom. Functional equivalence is proved via rely-guarantee reasoning over message payloads and a system that guarantees safe use of read and write buffers. Termination and the absence of runtime errors are proved using standard Dafny techniques. To further demonstrate the applicability of DafnyMPI, we verify numerical solutions to three canonical partial differential equations. We believe DafnyMPI demonstrates how to make formal verification viable for a broader class of programs and provides proof engineers with additional tools for software verification of parallel and concurrent systems.

Ashton Wiersdorf, Ben Greenman

We built Chorex, a language that brings choreographic programming to Elixir as a path toward robust distributed applications. Chorex is unique among choreographic languages because it tolerates failure among actors: when an actor crashes, Chorex spawns a new process, restores state using a checkpoint, and updates the network configuration for all actors. Chorex also proves that full-featured choreographies can be implemented via metaprogramming, and that doing so achieves tight integration with the host language. For example, mismatches between choreography requirements and an actor implementation are reported statically and in terms of source code rather than macro-expanded code. This paper illustrates Chorex on several examples, ranging from a higher-order bookseller to a secure remote password protocol, details its implementation, and measures the overhead of checkpointing. We conjecture that Chorex's projection strategy, which outputs sets of stateless functions, is a viable approach for other languages to support restartable actors.

Jule Böhmer

This article deals with the question of how foreign language teaching, especially Russian, will be organized and designed in schools in the future. The rapidly changing social conditions mean that there is a great need for reform of the school system in Germany, which has so far responded too little to the changed conditions of digitality and has not adapted its learning and examination culture to the circumstances of the 21st century. Foreign language teaching, with its current focus on the acquisition of communicative skills, is increasingly being called into question by the rapid pace of technological progress at its core. If artificial intelligence (AI) based applications take over more, easier and better communicative skills in the future, the question arises whether the acquisition of intercultural communicative competencies should not play a greater role in foreign language acquisition. Based on this, suggestions are made as to how Russian lessons can be organized and designed in the future and what measures are necessary for this.

Will Crichton, Shriram Krishnamurthi

This paper documents a year-long experiment to "profile" the process of learning a programming language: gathering data to understand what makes a language hard to learn, and using that data to improve the learning process. We added interactive quizzes to The Rust Programming Language, the official textbook for learning Rust. Over 13 months, 62,526 readers answered questions 1,140,202 times. First, we analyze the trajectories of readers. We find that many readers drop-out of the book early when faced with difficult language concepts like Rust's ownership types. Second, we use classical test theory and item response theory to analyze the characteristics of quiz questions. We find that better questions are more conceptual in nature, such as asking why a program does not compile vs. whether a program compiles. Third, we performed 12 interventions into the book to help readers with difficult questions. We find that on average, interventions improved quiz scores on the targeted questions by +20%. Fourth, we show that our technique can likely generalize to languages with smaller user bases by simulating our statistical inferences on small N. These results demonstrate that quizzes are a simple and useful technique for understanding language learning at all scales.

Sandra Hadžihalilović

This article analyzes a corpus of Croatian and Russian language banking advertisеments texts, analyzed from the point of view of comparing elements of literary-fictional functional style and language game. Particular attention is paid to advertisements aimed at children and their parents. The purpose of this article is to analyze the language of advertising, the function of language game in it, and to analyze the features of the literary-fictional functional style of the given advertising texts. The relevance of our article is due to the insufficient study of banking advertising language in Croatian and Russian. The article provides a comparative analyze of Russian and Croatian’s advertising texts and the study of their functional features, with special attention to the literary-fictional functional style, as a result of which their similarities and differences are established. In several examples, we find a complex interweaving of literary-artistic and colloquial styles, layering them on top of each other. In addition, the results of the study can be useful in the preparation of various scientific materials devoted to the study of advertising text. Also the results presented in our article will help in long-term research of comparative Linguo-culturology of Russian, Croatian and other Slavic languages and their development based on examples from the commonly used language.

Yanyi Zhan

The teaching and study of Bulgarian history at Chinese universities has a history of more than 60-year. Bulgarian history classes have been held in China since 1961 and since then have played an important role in students' understanding of this country, its people and culture. Several generations of Chinese scholars have already made significant contributions to research of Bulgarian history. This article provides an overview of the history of teaching the Bulgarian language and Bulgarian studies in general in China, with the main focus on teaching and studying of Bulgarian history. For more than 60 years, the teaching of Bulgarian history has been central in Bulgarian studies in China. In addition to the required courses, the specialty also provides specialized lectures on various topics under the guidance of experts and scholars in the field from China and other countries. Chinese research in the relevant field is considered in the article in the broader context of the global scholarly tradition, while identifying the characteristic prospects of these studies. Chinese Bulgarian studies complement existing Bulgarian studies, which are mainly dominated by scholars from European and Western countries. The issue of the potential integration of these studies into a wide range of works on Slavic studies, Balkan studies and the history of Central and Eastern Europe is also being considered, as well as the fact that in China “regional and national studies” are included in the 14th category of interdisciplinary disciplines of the first level.

Nadezhda N. Starikova

The review presents a research project implemented at the University of Ljubljana and the Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts and published with the support of the State Agency for Science of the Republic of Slovenia – a two-volume collective monograph devoted to the problems of national translation. The collective set itself the task to shed light on the role of translation and translators in the development of Slovenian literature, language and culture and to present an objective picture of the connections between Slovenian culture and the cultures of other peoples through the diachronic paradigm of translations both into and from Slovenian. The monograph examines national translation from two scientific angles: the first volume presents the history of the origin, formation and evolution of literary translation as one of the important components of the literary process, while the second volume contains a sociologically and culturally oriented study of the phenomenon of translation as a two-way cultural transfer. The chapters of the first volume reveal the chronology of the formation of translation activity within six historical stages: the Reformation, the Baroque and the Enlightenment, the 19th century, the interwar period, the Tito era and three decades of the independent Republic of Slovenia. The second volume contains three parts: the first presents chapters that give an idea of the exchange of literary translations with native speakers of the main Western, Slavic, as well as a number of other languages. The second chapter is devoted to two-way translations of classics (Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, Cankar, etc.) and individual literary genres, while the third contains portraits of forty-five outstanding Slovenian translators of world literature.

M. Doderović, Ivan Mijanović

The population by nationality in Montenegro cannot be tracked in the first half of the 20th century, specifically until the census conducted after World War II. In the censuses of 1921 and 1931, the population was not categorized by nationality, but only by religion, language, and similar characteristics. Additionally, for comparing the population by national groups, the 1961 Census is the most suitable starting point, as it allows tracking the most numerous national groups according to the 2011 Census of population, households, and dwellings. For example, according to the 1953 Census, almost 2% of Montenegro’s population identified as Yugoslavs, while there were no inhabitants who identified as Muslims, a significant national group in Montenegro that began to officially declare themselves as such starting from 1961. The 2011 Census in Montenegro revealed a population of approximately 625,000 people, with 45% identifying as Montenegrins, 28% as Serbs, about 9% as Bosnians, 5% as Albanians, and 1% as Croats. The results indicate that the Montenegrin population is growing, while the number of Serbs has decreased. The largest group is Montenegrins at 45%, while Serbs make up 29%, showing an increase of 2% in those identifying as Montenegrins and a decrease of over 3% in those identifying as Serbs compared to the 2003 census. The proportion of Serbs in Montenegro increased significantly from 3.3% in 1981 to nearly 33% in 2003. In 2011, slightly under 43% of Montenegrin citizens spoke Serbian, whereas nearly 37% spoke Montenegrin. This reflects a 20% decrease in the proportion of citizens listing Serbian as their mother tongue since 2003, alongside a corresponding increase in those speaking Montenegrin. Despite this trend, 6% more citizens still speak Serbian. The 2023 census results show that 38% of the population identifies as Serbs, and around 52% speak Serbian as their mother tongue. This is a significantly higher percentage compared to the 2011 census. On the other hand, it suggests that the number of those identifying as Montenegrins decreased compared to the 2011 data when 43% of the citizens identified as Montenegrins. By religion, Montenegrin citizens are divided into: 72% Orthodox, 19% Muslim, and 3.5% Catholic. The remaining and atheist individuals each make up a little over one percent.

A. Yu. Karpinets

The article is devoted to the development of the Kiselevsk village in 1935, the last year when Kiselevsk existed in the status of a workers’ settlement. The issue of improving the living and communal conditions of the miners of the Kiselevsky mine and their families is being considered. Attention is paid to the problems of the relationship between the material well-being of workers and the increase in labor productivity. The problems of housing and communal services, the development of the branches of upbringing, education and health care are characterized. The methods of ensuring the food security of miners are determined. Specific measures to improve the quality of life of workers in the context of the transformation of the settlement from a working settlement into a city are demonstrated. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that for the first time, based on the processing of materials from the periodical press, the social sphere of the Kiselyovsky mine was characterized in detail in the mid-1930s. The relevance of the study is due to its scientific and social significance. The first is determined by the fact that this kind of research is undertaken for the first time. The second is connected with the need to draw attention to the problems of sustainable socio-economic development of the city of Kiselevsk at the present time.

Michael Kirkedal Thomsen

This PhD dissertation investigates garbage-free reversible computing systems from abstract design to physical gate-level implementation. Designed in reversible logic, we propose a ripple-block carry adder and work towards a reversible circuit for general multiplication. At a higher-level, abstract designs are proposed for reversible systems, such as a small von Neumann architecture that can execute programs written in a simple reversible two-address instruction set, a novel reversible arithmetic logic unit, and a linear cosine transform. To aid the design of reversible logic circuits we have designed two reversible functional hardware description languages: a linear-typed higher-level language and a gate-level point-free combinator language. We suggest a garbage-free design flow, where circuits are described in the higher-level language and then translated to the combinator language, from which methods to place-and-route of CMOS gates can be applied. We have also made standard cell layouts of the reversible gates in complementary pass-gate CMOS logic and used these to fabricate the ALU design. In total, this dissertation has shown that it is possible to design non-trivial reversible computing systems without garbage and that support from languages (computer aided design) can make this process easier.

Paul Krogmeier, P. Madhusudan

We study expression learning problems with syntactic restrictions and introduce the class of finite-aspect checkable languages to characterize symbolic languages that admit decidable learning. The semantics of such languages can be defined using a bounded amount of auxiliary information that is independent of expression size but depends on a fixed structure over which evaluation occurs. We introduce a generic programming language for writing programs that evaluate expression syntax trees, and we give a meta-theorem that connects such programs for finite-aspect checkable languages to finite tree automata, which allows us to derive new decidable learning results and decision procedures for several expression learning problems by writing programs in the programming language.

Abram I. Reitblat

Being a journalist, author of many books for children, popular science essays and compilations, a newspaper day laborer, Vladimir P. Burnashev is especially interesting for literary historians as a memoirist who in the 1870s performed with the memoirs about contemporary writers and historical figures, mainly of the 1820s –1840s. The publication is devoted to the anecdotes collected from the literary and social life of Russia in the 19th century, which were recorded by Burnashev. It is an important and still unsufficiently studied aspect of his creative heritage. The article is accompanied by the publication of a selection of uncensored (mostly scandalous in their subjects) texts by Burnashev from the archives of the Pushkin House and the National Library of Russia. The article raises the question of the anecdotes genre specifics in the 19th century as well.

Paweł Rychlikowski, Bartłomiej Najdecki, A. Lancucki et al.

In this paper we describe our submissions to the 2nd and 3rd SlavNER Shared Tasks held at BSNLP 2019 and BSNLP 2021, respectively. The tasks focused on the analysis of Named Entities in multilingual Web documents in Slavic languages with rich inflection. Our solution takes advantage of large collections of both unstructured and structured documents. The former serve as data for unsupervised training of language models and embeddings of lexical units. The latter refers to Wikipedia and its structured counterpart - Wikidata, our source of lemmatization rules, and real-world entities. With the aid of those resources, our system could recognize, normalize and link entities, while being trained with only small amounts of labeled data.

Boban Arsenijević, Jana Willer-Gold, Nadira Aljović et al.

A recurring hypothesis about the agreement phenomena generalized as closest-conjunct agreement takes this pattern to result from reduced clausal conjunction, simply displaying the agreement of the verb with the nonconjoined subject of the clause whose content survives ellipsis (Aoun, Benmamoun & Sportiche 1994, 1999; see also Wilder 1997). Closest-conjunct agreement is the dominant agreement pattern in the South Slavic languages Slovenian and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian. A natural question is whether closest-conjunct agreement in these varieties may indeed be analyzed as entirely derived from conjunction reduction. In this article, we report on two experiments conducted to test this. The results reject the hypothesis as far as these languages are concerned, thereby upholding the relevance of models developed to account for closest-conjunct agreement within theories of agreement.

Gennadi Obatnine

Феноменология минимализма в русском литературном модернизме связана со стратегией незавершенности текста. Большая незавершенная форма воплощалась, например, в романах Андрея Белого, воспринимавшихся автором как « миниатюры ». В том, что касается текстов малого объема, бинарная оппозиция « завершенность/незавершенность » дала или жанровые образцы минималистской завершенности (сентенции), или минималистской незавершенности (отрывки). Отдельного внимания заслуживает создание русскими символистами эффекта законченной незаконченности или эстетической завершенности незаконченных текстов. Самым известным примером текста с этим эффектом служит дневник. Творчество Вяч. Иванова, М. Гершензона, Ф. Жица и других авторов становится материалом для изучения малой интеллектуальной прозы, которая с точки зрения жанрового определения может метафорически и окказионально получить наименования прозы-зерна.

L. N. Rebrina, N. L. Shamne

The results of a study of the characteristics of German-speaking online petitions on the openPetition platform, constituting a spatio-temporal, substantive, collective-personal systemic-communicative dimension of protest; studying the current manifestations of the mediation of politics and Net-thinking as an attribute of modern mediation in the studied communicative practices of protest are presented in the article. The integrative nature of electronic petitions is revealed, which is determined by their multifunctionality, discursive hybridity and stylistic syncretism. The design features in online petitions of a complex addressee (individual addressee and collective co-addressee) and complex addressee (mass and target addressee); relevant communication strategies and tactics of the mass addressee, individual addressee and co-addressees are described. The regularities of the agenda and discursive construction of the problem in online petitions are determined. The methods of forming and maintaining Internet solidarity in the studied protest practice are described. The manifestations of mediation of politics and personality in the analyzed practices are revealed. Attributes and actual reflection in online petitions of a new type of thinking (Net-thinking) as a consequence of the specifics of modern mediation of protest communication are described. The results of the study make a certain contribution to further understanding of the relationship between technological and sociocultural changes.