Tongde Basin, situated on the east edge of Tibetan Plateau, has accumulated substantial deposits of pebble-sand. The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau has initiated incision in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, subsequently causing incision in tributaries like the Daheba River within Tongde Basin. This transitioned Tongde Basin from a sedimentary to an erosional context from 150,000 years ago. However, debris flow gullies began to develop along Daheba River since the 1970s and migrate upstream fast. The relationship between the location, outbreak time, and migration of debris flow gullies was analyzed using dendrogeomorphic dating techniques. The results indicate that the distribution of debris flow gullies is concentrated in the lower reaches of Daheba River, and the frequency of outbreaks is high. The distribution of debris flow gullies in the middle reaches is relatively small, and the frequency of outbreaks is low, but there is an accelerating trend. The distribution characteristics and frequency of debris flows are closely related to the depth of incision of the debris flow gullies and the thickness of the gravel-sand-layer. In the middle and upper reaches of Daheba River, the river incised through the pebble-sand-layer, resulting in exposed bedrock. The slope of the pebble-sand layer is steep but difficult to support large heights. The slope of the bedrock is gentle but can support a large height. Therefore, the gravel-sand sediment layer is prone to instability and continues to provide a source of debris flows under the action of river incision. The migration of debris flow gullies is related to the potential volume changes of unstable pebble-sand layers caused by the river incision.
River protective works. Regulation. Flood control, Harbors and coast protective works. Coastal engineering. Lighthouses
Amirali Davary, Pete Melville‐Shreeve, Richard Brazier
et al.
ABSTRACT Flood forecasting has undergone significant development over the past two decades, with researchers exploring a range of innovative approaches to quantify both the hazards and risks associated with flood events across a range of magnitudes and frequencies. Recent advances in computing power and data availability have enhanced prediction capabilities, shifting the field towards more sophisticated, data‐driven techniques. This paper reviews these methodologies, tracing their evolution from classical models to modern data‐driven approaches, while highlighting recent progress in data sources and data integration. Our bibliometric analysis indicates that the number of data‐driven flood modelling approaches reported in the literature has increased by approximately fourfold since 2015, underscoring the accelerating trend in flood forecasting research. The focus is on data‐centric techniques, innovations, and ongoing challenges, with special emphasis on unconventional data sources (e.g., commercial microwave links) and their role in flood forecasting. By reviewing traditional and cutting‐edge methods, the discussion identifies underexplored gaps and emerging opportunities within the existing literature, highlighting the trajectory that this fast‐emerging field is following.
River protective works. Regulation. Flood control, Disasters and engineering
Rajeshwari C. Pangarkar, Shafiyoddin Sayyad, Pradnya Maheshmalkar
Abstract In early July 2023, the Yamuna River Basin in Delhi experienced severe flooding, primarily triggered by high-intensity rainfall and flash releases at the Okhla Barrage. The combination of rapid urbanization, impervious surfaces, and inadequate drainage infrastructure exacerbated flood impacts, leading to extensive inundation, property damage, and disruption of livelihoods. Accurate and timely flood mapping is essential for mitigating such urban flood risks and enhancing disaster preparedness. In this study, Sentinel-1 SAR data acquired before and during the flood were utilized to delineate inundated areas. The inherent sensitivity of SAR to surface water, due to reduced backscatter from specular reflection, makes it a reliable tool for identifying flood-prone zones. Flood extent was extracted through preprocessing and threshold-based band math operations. Additionally, Sentinel-2 harmonized data and Dynamic World classifications were integrated to assess Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) changes in the affected region. A coherence analysis using pre- and post-flood datasets further supported the detection of inundated zones. Results revealed significant impacts of flooding on different LULC classes, highlighting the vulnerability of built-up and agricultural areas. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of open-source SAR and optical datasets for flood detection and mapping in urban river basins, thereby offering a cost-effective and reliable approach to strengthen disaster response and urban resilience planning.
Walabuma Oli Emama, Deme Betele Hirko, Milko Abishu Gudeta
Abstract The full text of this preprint has been withdrawn by the authors while they make corrections to the work. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as a reference. Questions should be directed to the corresponding author.
Morteza Movahhedi, Amir Reza Zarrati, Abbas Ghaedi Haghighi
et al.
Many experiments were done over a relatively wide range of effective parameters to determine the stable size of riprap stones around wing-wall abutments. The experiments involved five sizes of riprap stones, three abutment lengths, and various flow depths and velocities. The results of this study indicate that in the range of tested parameters, the most important factors influencing riprap instability are the upstream Froude number, the ratio of abutment length to flow depth, and the ratio of abutment width (thickness) to flow depth. Based on the experimental results, a relation for designing the stable size of riprap around wing-wall abutments is presented and compared with previous equations developed for different shapes of bridge abutments.
River protective works. Regulation. Flood control, Harbors and coast protective works. Coastal engineering. Lighthouses
The Beles River Basin is facing severe soil erosion driven by human-induced activities, leading to significant losses of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrients (nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)). Effective land management practices (LMPs), including mechanical, biological, and agronomic techniques, are potential strategies for mitigating this degradation, but their effectiveness depends on site-specific and agroecological conditions. However, limited information is available on this aspect of the study area. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of LMPs in the warm subhumid lowlands of the Beles River Basin on runoff, soil loss, and sediment-associated losses of SOC, N, and P from agricultural land. Four LMPs (vetiver grass strips (VGS), conservation agriculture (CA), soil bunds (SB), and fanya juu (FJ)) were evaluated via runoff plots arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Farmer practices were used as a control (C). The experiments, which were performed over three years (2021–2023), generated runoff, soil loss, and nutrient loss data. The three-year mean annual runoff ranged from 58.5 to 407.5 mm, and the soil loss ranged from 4.3 to 45.4 t/ha, whereas the annual rainfall varied between 1,402 mm in 2021, 1,254 mm in 2022, and 1,261 mm in 2023. On average, runoff was reduced by 36%–85%, and soil loss was reduced by 53%–91% in the LMP-treated plots. Additionally, sediment-associated losses of SOC, N, and P were reduced by 55%–90%, 52%–90%, and 28%–72%, respectively. The results revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) among the treatments in terms of reducing runoff, soil loss, and sediment-associated losses of SOC, N, and P. The mean annual runoff and soil loss rates during the study were 407.5, 230.3, 136.3, 59.6, and 58.5 mm and 45.4, 21.5, 11.1, 4.5, and 4.3 t/ha under the control, VGS, CA, SB, and FJ practices, respectively. The highest rates of runoff and soil loss were observed under the control conditions (407.4 mm and 45.4 t/ha). Runoff, soil loss, SOC, and nutrient (N and P) losses were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the plots treated with FJ and SB than in the other plots. However, CA and VGS also significantly varied (p < 0.05) in reducing runoff, soil, SOC, and nutrient losses over the years. These results highlight the key role of LMPs in warm subhumid lowland rainfed agroecosystems as effective land management techniques for controlling soil and nutrient loss.
River protective works. Regulation. Flood control, Harbors and coast protective works. Coastal engineering. Lighthouses
Assessing the benthic communities in water bodies under increasing anthropogenic pressure seems to be an urgent task of scientific research aimed at short-term and long-term monitoring of water bodies. This study focuses on the chemical composition of modern sediment and the current state of macrozoobenthos of small lakes in the Republic of Karelia (Kitaiskoe and Plotichie) influenced by anthropogenic factors. It was discovered that the lakes of Medvezhyegorsk have a higher concentration of heavy metals (such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), molybdenum (Mo), and antimony (Sb)) compared to the Earth’s crust and natural background levels. The current study established the significant impact of industry and transportation on the movement and build up of pollutants in these lakes. The qualitative and quantitative parameters analyzed for the benthic communities in the littoral and profundal zones included the species diversity, the structure of dominant species, and their percentage in the samples. According to the level of macrozoobenthos development, both reservoirs (lakes) were classified as mesotrophic, and according to the values of the chironomid index “K” as moderately polluted. The Pantle–Buck method (saprobic index) showed that the lakes can be classified as polluted (water quality class 4). Macrozoobenthos groups most tolerant to environmental conditions, for example, Chironomidae larvae, prevailed in the studied urban lakes. The economic development of the lakes leads to ecosystem transformation and long-term eutrophication over time affecting the biotic indicators of surface water quality. The results obtained can serve as a basis for complex environmental monitoring of the urbanized territories in the taiga zone.
River protective works. Regulation. Flood control, Harbors and coast protective works. Coastal engineering. Lighthouses
Abstract Flood risk models provide important information for disaster planning through estimating flood damage to exposed assets, such as houses. At large scales, computational constraints or data coarseness often lead modelers to aggregate asset data using a single statistic (e.g., the mean) prior to applying non‐linear damage functions. This practice of aggregating inputs to nonlinear functions introduces error and is known as Jensen's inequality; however, the impact of this practice on flood risk models has so far not been investigated. With a Germany‐wide approach, we isolate and compute the error resulting from aggregating four typical concave damage functions under 12 scenarios for flood magnitude and aggregation size. In line with Jensen's 1906 proof, all scenarios result in an overestimate, with the most extreme scenario of a 1 km aggregation for the 500‐year flood risk map yielding a country‐wide average bias of 1.19. Further, we show this bias varies across regions, with one region yielding a bias of 1.58 for this scenario. This work applies Jensen's 1906 proof in a new context to demonstrate that all flood damage models with concave functions will introduce a positive bias when aggregating and that this bias can be significant.
River protective works. Regulation. Flood control, Disasters and engineering
Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi, Ali Nasiri Khiavi, Michael Maerker
et al.
ABSTRACT The study prioritizes sub‐watersheds (SWs) from the Taleqan Watershed in Iran based on Flood Generation Potential (FGP) using Multi‐Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approaches, including Condorcet, Borda scoring, Fallback bargaining algorithms (Game Theory [GT]), and Best‐Worst Method (BWM), and compares the results with observed discharge data. Based on a review of reliable resources, 30 geo‐environmental criteria were identified to prioritize FGP. Quantitative values for each criterion were then calculated for all SWs. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to reduce the FGP conditioning criteria. Next, using the decision matrix based on the selected criteria, three GT algorithms and BWM were applied, and the SWs were prioritized accordingly. FGP maps were then created using all four approaches, with results categorized into five classes, namely, very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. Finally, the prioritization patterns from the MCDM approaches were compared against observed discharge data from all 18 SWs to select the optimal method. The results from all four MCDM approaches indicated that SW5 had the highest potential for flood generation. The BWM approach classified about 56% of the study watershed as having low or very low FGP. In contrast, GT identified only 45% of the area in this category, with approximately 39% of SWs classified with high or very high FGP. The comparison of means using the One‐Way ANOVA test revealed insignificant differences between the MCDM approaches and the observed discharge data. However, the similarities between the results of the Condorcet, Borda scoring, Fallback bargaining, and BWM approaches, compared with the observed discharge data, were 27.78%, 27.78%, 33.33%, and 44.44%, respectively. Accordingly, the BWM approach with the highest similarity was chosen as the optimal model. The summary indicated that the BWM approach outperformed the GT algorithms in mapping flood generation compared to the observed flood discharge data.
River protective works. Regulation. Flood control, Disasters and engineering
This paper presents a novel quadratic programming (QP) approach for constrained control allocation that directly incorporates continuous-time actuator rate constraints without requiring slack variables. Over-actuated aircraft configurations, particularly prevalent in eVTOL and military applications, require control allocation algorithms to distribute commanded control moments among available actuators while respecting position and rate constraints. Existing methods such as direct allocation, pseudo-inverse, cascaded generalized inverse, and exact redistributed pseudo-inverse either cannot handle rate constraints in continuous time or require discretization approaches that compromise performance. Current QP methods that incorporate rate constraints rely on slack variables to ensure feasibility, which prevents full utilization of the attainable moment set and degrades allocation performance. The proposed methodology addresses this limitation by calculating the attainable moment set from both position and rate constraints through convex hull operations, then ensuring feasibility by scaling unattainable commanded moments to the boundary of the attainable moment set while preserving their direction. This approach guarantees the feasibility of the optimization problem without slack variables. The method is validated through simulation on an F-18 fighter aircraft control allocation problem, demonstrating equivalent performance to the established exact redistributed pseudo-inverse method while providing smoother actuator behavior and enhanced constraint satisfaction. Results show that incorporating continuous-time rate constraints leads to improved actuator tracking, reduced overshoot, and more precise adherence to position limits, which is essential for aircraft safety, ride comfort, and actuator longevity.
Robert H. Moldenhauer, Dragan Nešić, Mathieu Granzotto
et al.
We analyze the stability of general nonlinear discrete-time stochastic systems controlled by optimal inputs that minimize an infinite-horizon discounted cost. Under a novel stochastic formulation of cost-controllability and detectability assumptions inspired by the related literature on deterministic systems, we prove that uniform semi-global practical recurrence holds for the closed-loop system, where the adjustable parameter is the discount factor. Under additional continuity assumptions, we further prove that this property is robust.
With the intensification of global warming, droughts and heatwaves occur frequently and widely, which have a serious impact on the healthy growth of vegetation. The challenge is to accurately characterize vegetation vulnerability under compound heat and drought stress using correlation-based methods. This article uses the Haihe River Basin, an ecologically sensitive area known for experiencing droughts nine out of ten years, as an example. Firstly, using daily precipitation and maximum temperature data from 38 meteorological stations in the basin from 1965 to 2019, methods such as univariate linear regression and the Mann–Kendall mutation test were employed to identify the temporal variation patterns of meteorological elements in the basin. Secondly, the Pearson correlation coefficient and other methods were applied to determine the most likely months for compound dry and hot events, and the joint distribution pattern and recurrence period of concurrent high temperature and intense drought events were explored. Finally, a vegetation vulnerability assessment model based on Vine Copula in compound dry and hot climates was constructed to quantify the relationship of the response of watershed vegetation to different extreme events (high temperature, drought, and compound dry and hot climates). The results indicated that the basin’s precipitation keeps decreasing, evaporation rises, and the supply–demand conflict grows more severe. The correlation between the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Temperature Index (STI) is strongest at the 3-month scale from June to August. Meanwhile, in most areas of the basin, the Standardized Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (sNDVI) is positively correlated with the SPI and negatively correlated with the STI. Compared to a single drought or high-temperature event, compound dry and hot climates further exacerbate the vegetation vulnerability of the Haihe River Basin. In compound dry and hot climates, the probability of vegetation loss in June, July, and August is as high as 0.45, 0.32, and 0.38, respectively. Moreover, vegetation vulnerability in the southern and northwestern mountainous areas of the basin is higher, and the ecological risk is severe. The research results contribute to an understanding of the vegetation’s response to extreme climate events, aiming to address terrestrial ecosystem risk management in response to climate change.
Mauro Arcorace, Andrea Libertino, Lorenzo Alfieri
et al.
Abstract Reliable flood hazard mapping is crucial for enhancing flood preparedness, especially in poorly gauged and vulnerable areas. Yet, current flood models are either highly detailed and computationally intensive or oversimplified, failing to capture important flow dynamics. Here, we present the Rapid Estimation of FLood EXtent (REFLEX), a hydro‐geomorphological model for flood hazard mapping at multiple scales that improves upon the existing Height Above the Nearest Drainage model by constraining flood extent using physically‐coherent flood volumes. Input volume is distributed from channel to hillslope cells by using an iterative optimization based on the Manning's equation, bypassing the need for accurate rating curves. The model improves the accuracy of inundation extent in flat areas by accounting for backwater effects, and in coastal zones by extending the calculation boundaries beyond the direct watershed area. REFLEX was tested over five areas with different climatic conditions, including flash‐flood prone catchments in Italy and large floodplains in the Zambezi river basin. Results denote skillful representation of flooded areas in the Italian catchments, with critical success index (CSI) up to 0.62. In the African cases, REFLEX produced the best estimates of the flood extent and CSI comparable with two state of the art global inundation models. REFLEX is a competitive flood modelling tool for large scale and high resolution applications thanks to its limited input requirements and computing times two orders of magnitude shorter than equivalent hydraulic simulations.
River protective works. Regulation. Flood control, Disasters and engineering
مقدمهاجرای اقدامات آبخیزداری در ایران، بهمنظور کاهش خسارات ناشی از استفاده نامناسب انسان از منابع طبیعی از سالها پیش آغاز شده است و اکنون نیز ادامه دارد. برای برنامهریزیهای آتی طرحهای اجرایی آبخیزداری، ارزیابی عملکرد اقدامات گذشته، امری ضروری است. در این راستا، حوزههای آبخیز زوجی با توجه به نحوه اجرای اقدامات آبخیزداری در آنها و همچنین، وجود تجهیزات اندازهگیری هدررفت خاک، رواناب و رسوبدهی در مقیاس دامنه و حوزه آبخیز، کمک زیادی در ارزیابی اثرات اقدامات آبخیزداری مینمایند.مواد و روشهاحوضه زوجی کاخک، با مساحت 217 هکتار در فاصله 300 کیلومتری از شهر مشهد و 35 کیلومتری جنوب غربی شهر گناباد واقع شده است. حوضه زوجی کاخک از دو زیرحوضه شاهد و نمونه تشکیل شده است. در حوضه نمونه، مجموعهای از اقدامات بیولوژیک و سازهای اجرا شده است، در حالیکه زیرحوضه شاهد طبق عرف منطقه مورد بهرهبرداری قرار میگیرد. در این پژوهش، تاثیر اقدامات مختلف آبخیزداری بر وضعیت هدررفت خاک، رسوبدهی و هیدرولوژی در حوضه زوجی کاخک گناباد مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. برای این منظور، دادههای ثبت شده رسوب معلق و دبی در مقیاس حوضه و همچنین، دادههای هدررفت خاک (بهوسیله کرت استاندارد و میخ فرسایشی) و تولید رواناب (کرتهای استاندارد) در مقیاس دامنه مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند.نتایج و بحثنتایج بررسیهای صورت گرفته در مقیاس کرت نشان داد که متوسط سالانه هدررفت خاک دو زیرحوضه نمونه و شاهد بهترتیب 0.05 و 0.27 تن بر هکتار در سال است. این نتایج دلالت بر آن دارد که میزان هدررفت خاک در زیرحوضه شاهد 536 درصد بیشتر از زیرحوضه نمونه است. میزان تولید رواناب در مقیاس کرت نیز در زیرحوضه شاهد 138 درصد بیشتر از زیرحوضه نمونه محاسبه شد. در مقیاس حوضهای نیز نتایج نشان داد که مقدار کل رسوب معلق خروجی از حوضههای شاهد و نمونه طی دوره مورد بررسی بهترتیب 379 و 85 تن است، که نشاندهنده متوسط رسوبدهی ویژه 0.4 و 0.1 تن در هکتار، بهترتیب در حوضههای شاهد و نمونه است. حجم رواناب نیز در زیرحوضه شاهد 1.3 برابر زیرحوضه نمونه ثبت شده است. در نهایت، بررسی زمان شروع رواناب نیز نشان داد که در زیرحوضه نمونه، بهطور متوسط رواناب 132 دقیقه دیرتر از زیرحوضه شاهد به خروجی حوضه میرسد. از سوی دیگر، با وجود تفاوت زیرحوضههای نمونه و شاهد در هدررفت خاک، تولید رواناب و رسوبدهی، نقش وقایع حداکثری در فرسایش خاک و تولید رواناب هر دو زیرحوضه بسیار چشمگیر است. بهطوریکه یک تا سه واقعه فرساینده در هر دو زیرحوضه مورد مطالعه، مسئول بیش از 80 درصد هدررفت خاک در دامنهها و تولید رواناب و رسوبدهی حوضهها هستند.نتیجهگیرینتایج نشان داد که در مجموع حدود 136 هزار متر مکعب ذخیره رواناب و 294 تن کنترل رسوب معلق، در اثر عملیات آبخیزداری در زیرحوضه نمونه صورت پدیرفته است. بنابراین، میتوان بیان کرد که اقدامات آبخیزداری انجام شده در زیرحوضه نمونه، باعث کاهش فرسایش خاک و تولید رواناب در سطح دامنهها نسبت به زیرحوضه شاهد شده است. این عمل از طریق افزایش پوشش گیاهی، افزایش زبری سطح زمین، کاهش توان حمل جریان و ترسیب مواد در حال حمل صورت گرفته است. در ادامه، جریان از دامنهها وارد آبراهه شده و بهوسیله سازههای آبخیزداری، جریان رواناب نگه داشته شده و در نتیجه، میزان رسوبدهی و حجم رواناب زیرحوضه نمونه کمتر از زیرحوضه شاهد است.
General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, River protective works. Regulation. Flood control
Hongkai Dai, Chuanrui Jiang, Hongchao Zhang
et al.
Safety and stability are essential properties of control systems. Control Barrier Functions (CBFs) and Control Lyapunov Functions (CLFs) are powerful tools to ensure safety and stability respectively. However, previous approaches typically verify and synthesize the CBFs and CLFs separately, satisfying their respective constraints, without proving that the CBFs and CLFs are compatible with each other, namely at every state, there exists control actions within the input limits that satisfy both the CBF and CLF constraints simultaneously. Ignoring the compatibility criteria might cause the CLF-CBF-QP controller to fail at runtime. There exists some recent works that synthesized compatible CLF and CBF, but relying on nominal polynomial or rational controllers, which is just a sufficient but not necessary condition for compatibility. In this work, we investigate verification and synthesis of compatible CBF and CLF independent from any nominal controllers. We derive exact necessary and sufficient conditions for compatibility, and further formulate Sum-Of-Squares programs for the compatibility verification. Based on our verification framework, we also design a nominal-controller-free synthesis method, which can effectively expands the compatible region, in which the system is guaranteed to be both safe and stable. We evaluate our method on a non-linear toy problem, and also a 3D quadrotor to demonstrate its scalability. The code is open-sourced at \url{https://github.com/hongkai-dai/compatible_clf_cbf}.
مقدمهچرخه فرسایش خاک، شامل برداشت، حمل و رسوبگذاری که رسوبدهی حوزههای آبخیز را کنترل میکند، شامل مجموعهای از فرایندهای پیچیده و به شدت غیرخطی است. از سوی دیگر، عوامل تاثیرگذار در رسوبدهی حوزههای آبخیز بسیار متنوع بوده و با توجه به شرایط خاص اقلیمی، خاکشناسی، پوشش گیاهی، زمینشناسی، توپوگرافی و غیره در هر حوضه، وزن و نقش هر یک از عوامل یاد شده در تولید رسوب بسیار متفاوت است. تعیین و اندازهگیری دقیق این عوامل و ایجاد رابطههای ریاضی بین آنها اغلب مشکل، پرهزینه، زمانبر و با خطا همراه بوده است. این در حالی است که با استفاده از مدلهای مبتنی بر هوش محاسباتی و بهکارگیری تعداد محدودی از متغیرهای دینامیک حوضه، میتوان رفتار حوزه آبخیز را در تولید رسوب به خوبی شبیهسازی کرد. صرفنظر از نوع مدلهای هوشمند، در اغلب پژوهشهای انجام شده (بهویژه در تحقیقات داخلی)، شبیهسازی رسوب معلق بهطور عمده، بر پایه متغیر دبی جریان بوده است و به نقش متغیرهایی نظیر بارش (بهویژه بارش اخذ شده از تصاویر ماهوارهای) که در رسوبدهی حوضهها موثرند، کمتر توجه شده است. علاوهبر بارش، چولگی دادههای رسوبسنجی نیز از جمله مسایلی است که عدم شناخت و توجه به آن سبب کاهش کارایی مدلهای برآوردگر خواهد شد. در پژوهش حاضر، نقش متغیر بارش روزانه اخذ شده از ماهواره CHIRPS در شبیهسازی رسوب معلق رودخانه قرهچای مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. مواد و روشهابهمنظور شبیهسازی غلظت رسوب معلق روزانه رودخانه قرهچای در محل ایستگاه آبسنجی رامیان در استان گلستان، از شبکه عصبی مصنوعی پرسپترون چند لایه استفاده شد. به این منظور، از متغیرهای دبی جریان و دبی جریان پیشین در مقیاسهای لحظهای و روزانه و همچنین، متوسط بارش روزانه و پیشین حوضه اخذ شده از ماهواره CHIRPS برای یک دوره آماری 37 ساله (1396-1359) بهعنوان متغیرهای ورودی مدل، استفاده شد. جهت افزایش قدرت تعمیمدهی مدلها، از شبکه عصبی نگاشت خود سازمانده (برای خوشهبندی دادهها) و بهمنظور یافتن بهترین ترکیب متغیرهای ورودی، از آزمون گاما استفاده شد. در راستای افزایش کارایی آموزش شبکه، انواع توابع فعالسازی و زیان و همچنین، الگوریتم جلوگیری از بیش برازش استفاده شد. بهمنظور بررسی تاثیر بهکارگیری توابع فعالسازی و زیان در برآورد رسوب معلق، سناریوهای مختلفی در نظر گرفته شد که در مجموع منجر به ساخت نه مدل شد. پس از آن، با استفاده از شاخصهای صحتسنجی، میزان کارایی مدلها در شبیهسازی رسوب معلق مورد بررسی و مقایسه قرار گرفت و سپس مدل برتر انتخاب شد. نتایج و بحثنتایج پژوهش حاضر، نشان داد که از بین مدلهای مختلف، مدل شبکه عصبی با تابع فعالسازی Huber و تابع زیان ReLU، با داشتن میانگین قدر مطلق خطا برابر 368 میلیگرم در لیتر، ریشه میانگین مربعات خطا برابر 597 میلیگرم در لیتر، ضریب ناش-ساتکلیف 0.87 و درصد اریبی 2.2- درصد، بهعنوان مدل برتر انتخاب شد. نتایج همچنین نشان داد که استفاده از متغیر بارش، بهعنوان یکی از عوامل مهم در ایجاد فرسایش و انتقال رسوب حوضه، سبب بهبود کارایی مدلها شده است. لذا با توجه به سهولت استفاده از دادههای بارش ماهواره CHIRPS، میتوان در شبیهسازی رسوب معلق رودخانهها، از این داده نیز به همراه سایر متغیرهای پیشبینی کننده استفاده شود. نتیجهگیریدر شبیهسازی رسوب معلق، اغلب از متغیر دبی جریان بهعنوان تنها متغیر پیشبینی کننده رسوب معلق استفاده میشود، این در حالی است که در حوضههایی با رژیمهای بارانی، یا بارانی-برفی، نقش بارش در تولید روانابهای سطحی و فرسایش خاک بسیار با اهمیت بوده است و نقش مهمی در تولید و انتقال رسوب حوضه دارد. اگرچه استفاده از دادههای بارش اخذ شده از ایستگاههای بارانسنجی زمینی، نقش موثری در افزایش کارایی مدلهای داده مبنا در برآورد رسوب معلق داشته است، با این حال، تهیه صدها لایه مکانی توزیعی بارش روزانه از دادههای نقطهای ایستگاههای زمینی، استفاده از این متغیر را در شبیهسازی رسوب معلق حوضه با مشکلات فراوان (نظیر کمبود یا نامناسب بودن توزیع مکانی ایستگاههای بارانسنجی، نواقص آماری، بهکارگیری روشهای میانیابی نامناسب و زمانبر بودن انجام محاسبات) روبهرو ساخته است. لذا، در عمل، اغلب از متغیر دبی جریان رودخانه بهعنوان متغیر پیشبینی کننده رسوب استفاده شده و کمتر از بارش استفاده میشود. یکی از راهحلهای برونرفت از مشکل یاد شده که در پژوهش حاضر به آن پرداخته شد، استفاده از دادههای ماهوارهای CHIRPS است که برای اولین بار در این پژوهش مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. این دادهها از سال 1981 میلادی در دسترس است و به سادگی میتواند برای شبیهسازی رسوب معلق یا دیگر کاربردهای مرتبط با حوزههای آبخیز مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. نکته مهم دیگر که لازم است در شبیهسازی رسوب معلق به آن توجه شود، وجود چولگی زیاد در دادههای رسوبسنجی بوده (دادههای رسوب معلق و دبی جریان) که عدم توجه به آن در فرایند آموزش (یا واسنجی) و آزمون مدلها منجر به ساخت مدلهای ضعیف به لحاظ کارایی و وجود عدم قطعیت در صحت نتایج آنها خواهد شد. در این رابطه، لازم است از تبدیلهای لگاریتمی و یا توابع مناسب فعالسازی و زیان در فرایند آموزش استفاده شود که در این پژوهش بهترتیب دو تابع ReLU و Huber پیشنهاد شد. از نکات مهم دیگر، توجه به قدرت تعمیمدهی مدلهای داده مبنا است که تا اندازه زیادی وابسته به دادههای استفاده شده در فرایند واسنجی یا آموزش آنها است. این دادهها باید بهگونهای انتخاب شوند که ضمن آنکه معرف دادهها در کل دوره آماری هستند، با دیگر مجموعههای داده (نظیر مجموعههای ارزیابی یا آزمون)، مشابه و از توزیع یکسان برخوردار باشند. با توجه به نتایج بهدست آمده از پژوهش حاضر و بهمنظور افزایش کارایی مدلهای شبکه عصبی مصنوعی در برآورد رسوب معلق ایستگاههای هیدرومتری حوزههای آبخیز، پیشنهاد میشود از تجارب بهدست آمده در این پژوهش در دیگر ایستگاههای رسوبسنجی کشور نیز استفاده شود.
General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, River protective works. Regulation. Flood control
مدل SWAT، بهعنوان یک مدل جامع شبیهسازی آب سطحی در برآورد مولفههای بیلان آب با قابلیت امکان بررسی سناریوهای مختلف مدیریتی بر منابع آب پذیرفته شده است. در اغلب مطالعات، مدل SWAT بر اساس دقت در برآورد رواناب سطحی و مقایسه آن با اندازهگیریهای میدانی در ایستگاههای هیدرومتری واسنجی میشود. هدف از انجام این مطالعه، استفاده از مدل واسنجی شده SWAT در برآورد برخی مولفههای بیلان آب شامل نفوذ عمقی، نشت جانبی، جریان برگشتی از آبخوان به رودخانه در دشت مهاباد است. ارزیابی مولفههای بیلان آب در منطقه غیراشباع و اثربخشی آن در بیلان آب آبخوان در مدیریت بهرهبرداری از منابع آب تلفیقی، مهم است. بررسیها نشان داد، مدل واسنجی شده SWAT قادر به برآورد تفاوت میزان نفوذ عمقی در سال تر نسبت به سال نرمال و تفاوت نفوذ در سال تر نسبت به سال خشک تحت تاثیر افزایش سطح بارندگی بوده است، بهطوریکه نتایج نشان داد مقدار نفوذ عمقی در سال تر نسبت به سالهای نرمال و خشک بهترتیب حدود 23 و 43 درصد افزایش یافته است. بهطور متوسط میزان نفوذ عمقی برابر با 157.86 میلیمتر (17.1درصد) برآورد شده است. در عین حال، مدل قادر به برآورد تفاوت میزان نفوذ در پهنههای مختلف دشت و در فصول مختلف سال با توجه به نوع کاربری و الگوی مدیریتی اراضی بوده است. میزان جریان جانبی نیز در سال تر نسبت به سال خشک افزایش یافته است، بهطوریکه میزان این مولفه دو برابر شده است. در این مطالعه، میزان متوسط جریان برگشتی از آبخوان به رودخانه نیز به میزان 14.1درصد (129.6میلیمتر) برآورد شد. بررسیها نشان داد، وجود سطح آب زیرزمینی کمعمق، سهم قابل توجهی در ایجاد جریانات سطحی برگشتی از آبخوان به رودخانه دارد. بهطورکلی، نتایج نشان داد تغذیه ناشی از بارندگی و آب آبیاری از منطقه غیراشباع بهعنوان یکی از مهمترین مولفههای ورودی مدلهای آب زیرزمینی مانند MODFLOW در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک است. میزان تغذیه در برآورد دقیقتر نوسانات سطح ایستابی حائز اهمیت است. با توجه به اینکه مدل MODFLOW بهخوبی قابلیت برآورد فرایندهای تغذیه و جریان جانبی در منطقه غیراشباع را ندارد، لذا استفاده همزمان از مدلهای شبیهسازی SWAT و MODFLOW در برآورد مولفههای بیلان آب منطقه غیراشباع و تلفیق آن با مدل زیرزمینی در مطالعات و مدیریت بهرهبرداری از منابع آب تلفیقی اهمیت دارد.
General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, River protective works. Regulation. Flood control
Passivity-based approaches have been suggested as a solution to the problem of decentralised control design in many multi-agent network control problems due to the plug- and-play functionality they provide. However, it is not clear if these controllers are optimal at a network level due to their inherently local formulation, with designers often relying on heuristics to achieve desired global performance. On the other hand, solving for an optimal controller is not guaranteed to produce a passive system. In this paper, we address these dual problems by using inverse optimal control theory to formulate a set of sufficient local conditions, which when satisfied ensure that the resulting decentralised control policies are the solution to a network optimal control problem, while at the same time satisfying appropriate passivity properties. These conditions are then reformulated into a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) which can be used to yield such controllers for linear systems. The proposed approach is demonstrated through a DC microgrid case study. The results substantiate the feasibility and efficacy of the presented method.
Walabuma Oli Emama, Deme Betele Hirko, Milko Abishu Gudeta
Abstract Floods are the most destructive of all-natural disasters in the globe, wreaking havoc on lives and property. Many locations in Ethiopia are experiencing flooding, and Ambo, like other tropical cities in Ethiopia, is experiencing a flash flood this can be minimized by giving attention to flood hazard measures. One of these measures is inundating flood hazard areas. Therefore, this study was conducted to map flood hazard maps along the Huluka River using GIS, HEC-HMS, and HEC-RAS in GIS environs. Flood Hazard mapping is used to define the zones which are more susceptible to flooding along the river when the release of a stream surpasses the bank-full stage along the river. The normal ratio approach was utilized to fill in missing values in precipitation data, and a double mass curve was used to ensure data consistency. Precipitation loss modeling, surplus precipitation translation to direct runoff, base flow modeling, and flood routing, the Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number, Soil Conservation Service-Unit Hydrograph, monthly constant, and Muskingum methods were used. Performance assessment approaches such as Nash Sutcliff Efficiency (NSE) and Coefficient of Determination were used to assess the model's performance (R 2 ). During calibration and validation, Nash Sutcliff Efficiency was 0.77 and 0.7, respectively, while the coefficient of determination was 0.86 and 0.9, respectively. Flood frequency analysis was carried out utilizing the frequency storm method developed by HEC-HMS for 10, 25, 50, and 100-year return periods. For each return period, the peak flood was 38, 47, 55, and 61.5 m3/s, respectively. Using HEC-RAS and inundation areas of 98.9ha, 102ha, 104ha, and 106.4 ha, flood inundation mapping was modeled for a peak flood of each return period.