Hasil untuk "Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law"

Armin Mahmoodi, Mehdi Davoodi, Said M. Easa et al.

<i>Background</i>: The rapid growth of e-commerce has intensified the need for last-mile delivery systems that can navigate urban congestion while minimizing environmental impact. Hybrid truck–drone networks offer a promising solution by combining heavy-duty ground transport with aerial flexibility; however, their deployment faces significant challenges in jointly managing operational risks, energy limits, and regulatory compliance. <i>Methods</i>: This study proposes a hybrid matheuristic framework to solve this multi-objective problem, simultaneously minimizing transportation cost, service time, energy consumption, and operational risk. A two-phase approach combines a metaheuristic for initial truck routing with a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation for optimal drone assignment and scheduling. This decomposition strikes a balance between exact optimization and computational scalability. <i>Results</i>: Experiments across various instance sizes (up to 100 customers) and fleet configurations demonstrate that integrating MILP enhances solution diversity and convergence compared to standalone strategies. Sensitivity analyses reveal significant impacts of drone speed and endurance on system efficiency. <i>Conclusions</i>: The proposed framework provides a practical decision-support tool for balancing complex trade-offs in time-sensitive, risk-constrained delivery environments, thereby contributing to more informed urban logistics planning.

Ibrahim A. Elshaer, Alaa M. S. Azazz, Abdulaziz Aljoghaiman et al.

<i>Background</i>: The extraordinary disturbances faced by the hotel industry, ranging from worldwide health problems to political instability and climate change, have highlighted the insistent need for more resilient and agile supply chain (SC) systems. This study explored how artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities can generate competitive advantage (CA) through supply chain agility (SCA) and supply chain resilience (SCR) as mediators and competitive pressure (CP) as a moderator. <i>Methods</i>: Drawing on the resource-based view (RBV) framework, we suggested and empirically tested the study model. Using data collected from 432 hotel managers and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (SEM-PLS). <i>Results</i>: the results reveal that AI-driven SC can significantly strengthen SCA and SCR. Furthermore, SCA and SCR can act as powerful mediators, and CP can strengthen the tested relationships (the links from AI adoption and CA) as a moderator. <i>Conclusions</i>: The study made several theoretical and practical contributions by integrating AI capabilities into SCR and SCA frameworks in the hotel and tourism context, and by providing practical evidence for professionals aiming to leverage AI-driven SC tools to navigate uncertainty and create sustainable CA.

Georgios Tepteris, Konstantinos Mamasis, Ioannis Minis

<i>Background</i>: Integrating artificial intelligence in unmanned aerial vehicle systems may enhance the surveillance process of outdoor expansive areas, which are typical in logistics facilities. In this work, we propose methods to optimize the training of such high-performing systems. <i>Methods</i>: Specifically, we propose a novel approach to tune the training hyperparameters of the YOLOv3 model to improve high-altitude object detection. Typically, the tuning process requires significant computational effort to train the model under numerous combinations of hyperparameters. To address this challenge, the proposed approach systematically searches the hyperparameter space while reducing computational requirements. The latter is achieved by estimating model performance from early terminating training sessions. <i>Results</i>: The results reveal the value of systematic hyperparameter tuning; indicatively, model performance varied more than 13% in terms of mean average precision (mAP), depending on the hyperparameter setting. Also, the early training termination method saved over 90% of training time. <i>Conclusions</i>: The proposed method for searching the hyperparameter space, coupled with early estimation of model performance, supports the development of highly efficient models for UAV-based surveillance of logistics facilities. The proposed approach also identifies the effects of hyperparameters and their interactions on model performance.

Abualhaj Mosleh M., Abu-Shareha Ahmad A., Al-Khatib Sumaya N. et al.

The adoption of the Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) system is growing due to several factors, including its meagre rate and the numerous contours that can be joined with VoIP systems. However, the wasteful utilisation of the computer network is an inevitable problem that limits the rapid growth of VoIP systems. The essential explanation behind this wasteful utilisation of the computer network bandwidth (BW) is the considerable preamble length of the VoIP packet. In this study, we invent a technique that addresses the considerable preamble length of the VoIP packet. The designed technique is known as the manikin voice frame (MVF). The primary idea of the MVF technique is to utilise the VoIP packet preamble tuples that are not essential to the voice calls, particularly client-to-client calls (voice calls between only two users). Specifically, these tuples will be utilised for reserving the data of the VoIP packet. In certain instances, this will make the VoIP packet data manikin or even make it empty. The performance assessment of the introduced MVF technique demonstrated that the utilisation of the computer network BW has enhanced by 33%. Along these lines, the MVF technique indicates potential progress in resolving the inefficient usage of the computer network BW.

Samin Yaser Anon, Saman Hassanzadeh Amin, Fazle Baki

<i>Background</i>: This literature review delves into the concept of ‘Third-party Reverse Logistics selection’, focusing on its process and functionality using deterministic and uncertain decision-making models. In an increasingly globalized world, Reverse Logistics (RL) plays a vital role in optimizing supply chain management, reducing waste, and achieving sustainability objectives. Deterministic decision-making models employ predefined criteria and variables, utilizing mathematical algorithms to assess factors such as cost, reliability, and capacity across various geographical regions. Uncertain decision-making models, on the other hand, incorporate the unpredictability of real-world scenarios by considering the uncertainties and consequences of decision making and choices based on incomplete information, ambiguity, unreliability, and the option for multiple probable outcomes. <i>Methods</i>: Through an examination of 41 peer-reviewed journal publications between the years 2020 and 2023, this review paper explores these concepts and problem domains within three categories: Literature Reviews (LR), Deterministic Decision-Making (DDM) models, and Uncertain Decision-Making (UDM) models. <i>Results</i>: In this paper, observations and future research directions are discussed. <i>Conclusions</i>: This paper provides a comprehensive review of third-party reverse logistics selection papers.

Maria Inês Malafaia, Joel Ribeiro, Tânia Fontes

<i>Background</i>: In many urban areas, 80% to 90% of pollutant emissions are generated by road traffic, particularly from heavy vehicles. With the anticipated surge in e-commerce logistics, the need for effective urban mobility control measures has become urgent, focusing on traffic restrictions and efficient enforcement tools. This work introduces Log-ON, a multi-stakeholder information system designed to facilitate the implementation and management of sustainable traffic restrictions. <i>Methods</i>: The proposed system was developed through extensive literature reviews, expert consultations, and feedback from logistics fleet managers. User-centered mock-ups were created for various stakeholders, including the public, regulatory authorities, logistics operators, and enforcement agencies, ensuring that the system effectively addresses a diverse set of needs. <i>Results</i>: By taking into account a wide range of influencing factors, Log-ON functions as a decision-support tool designed to optimize access restrictions for vehicles, particularly heavy vehicles, in urban environments. <i>Conclusions</i>: Log-ON’s adoption promises significant improvements in urban mobility by reducing traffic-related pollution and fostering healthier, cleaner cities. However, traffic restrictions could increase delivery costs, potentially disrupting logistics operations. To address this, the development of new business models for last-mile delivery is essential, ensuring that sustainable traffic management strategies align with the economic challenges faced by logistics providers.

Abdullah M. Barasin, Ammar Y. Alqahtani, Anas A. Makki

<i>Background</i>: The retail sector has experienced significant growth in recent years, necessitating efficient supply chain management and sustainable logistics practices. Evaluating the performance of retail warehouses is crucial for meeting customer expectations and enhancing operational efficiency. <i>Methods</i>: This study employed a combined multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach, using the group best–worst method (G-BWM) for weighting criteria and ranking the alternatives based on the trace-to-median index (RATMI) for warehouse ranking. The performance criteria were cost, quality, time, productivity, and safety. Data were collected from four mega retail warehouses in the western region of Saudi Arabia for evaluation and analysis. <i>Results</i>: The evaluation of retail warehouse performance using the MCDM approach provided valuable insights for decision-makers and warehouse experts. The criteria weights were determined using the G-BWM, and the RATMI enabled the ranking of the warehouses based on their weighted performance scores. The results highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each warehouse, facilitating strategic planning, resource allocation, and operational improvements. <i>Conclusions:</i> This study presents a novel combined MCDM performance evaluation approach for retail warehouses. The study has implications for effective decision-making processes, resource allocation, and operational efficiency. Furthermore, it serves as a foundation for future research, exploring additional dimensions of warehouse performance and enabling sustainable logistics within the broader supply chain context.

Hossein Hassani

The purpose of this paper is to discuss discusses the legal and technological challenges and disputes about the governance and regulation of user-generated video platforms. In this paper, by focusingon the Aparat video service, we will show how the issue of Content management has become a legal challenge. The regulation of video platforms in Iran, whether platforms that provide subscription video-on-demand services or platforms that mediate user-generated content sharing, has created some legal disputes. This conflict has different levels Its first level is related to the definition of video content. Its primary manifestation is the continuation of the conflicts on the definition of "expanded audio and video." The second level is the determination of the regulatory authority. The establishment of Satra and the difference between the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance and the IRIB regarding the institution in charge of this area is remarkable from this point of view. The third level of this controversy is about the mode of content moderation. Considering these different levels, this article shows how these disputes have emerged at the level of content moderation. Presenting a comprehensive communication law in Iran by determining a macro-regulatory body that considers the technological developments of the media, deciding on the limits and responsibilities of users or platforms, and developing a content moderation mechanism are the main suggestions of this article.

Fábio Polola Mamede, Roberto Fray da Silva, Irineu de Brito Junior et al.

<i>Background</i>: Transportation demand forecasting is an essential activity for logistics operators and carriers. It leverages business operation decisions, infrastructure, management, and resource planning activities. Since 2015, there has been an increase in the use of deep learning models in this domain. However, there is a gap in works comparing traditional statistics and deep learning models for transportation demand forecasts. This work aimed to perform a case study of aggregated transportation demand forecasts in 54 distribution centers of a Brazilian carrier. <i>Methods</i>: A computational simulation and case study methods were applied, exploring the characteristics of the datasets through autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and its variations, in addition to a deep neural network, long short-term memory, known as LSTM. Eight scenarios were explored while considering different data preprocessing methods and evaluating how outliers, training and testing dataset splits during cross-validation, and the relevant hyperparameters of each model can affect the demand forecast. <i>Results</i>: The long short-term memory networks were observed to outperform the statistical methods in ninety-four percent of the dispatching units over the evaluated scenarios, while the autoregressive integrated moving average modeled the remaining five percent. <i>Conclusions</i>: This work found that forecasting transportation demands can address practical issues in supply chains, specially resource planning management.

Mohammad Torkjazi, Nathan Huynh, Ali Asadabadi

<i>Background:</i> Random truck arrivals at maritime container terminals are one of the primary reasons for gate congestion. Gate congestion negatively affects the terminal’s and drayage firms’ productivity and the surrounding communities in terms of air pollution and noise. To alleviate gate congestion, more and more terminals in the USA are utilizing a truck appointment system (TAS). <i>Methods:</i> This paper proposes a novel approach to modeling the truck appointment system problem. Unlike previous studies which largely treated this problem as a single-player game, this study explicitly models the interplay between the terminal and drayage firms with regard to appointments. A multi-player bi-level programming model is proposed, where the terminal functions as the leader at the upper-level and the drayage firms function as followers at the lower-level. The objective of the leader (the terminal) is to minimize the gate waiting cost of trucks by spreading out the truck arrivals, and the objective of the followers (drayage firms) is to minimize their own drayage cost. To make the model tractable, the bi-level model is transformed to a single-level problem by replacing the lower-level problem with its equivalent Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions and the model is solved by finding the Stackelberg equilibrium in one-shot simultaneous-moves among players. For comparison purposes, a single-player version of the TAS model is also developed. <i>Results:</i> Experimental results indicate that the proposed multi-player model yields a lower gate-waiting cost compared to the single-player model, and that it yields higher cost savings for the drayage firms as the number of appointments per truck increases. Moreover, the solution of the multi-player model is not dependent on the objective function coefficients, unlike the single player model. <i>Conclusions:</i> This study demonstrates that a TAS is more effective if it considers how the assigned appointment slot affects a truck’s drayage cost. It is recommended that terminal operators and port authorities initiate conversations with their TAS providers about incorporating this element into their TAS.

Christopher Frey

Christian Straubert, Eric Sucky

<i>Background</i>: The use of blockchain technology for tracking and tracing (T&T) in supply chains is the subject of lively debate in scientific literature. However, distributed ledger technology (DLT) does not have to have the characteristic blockchain structure and often performs better without such a structure. Generalized DLT for T&T in supply chains has rarely been discussed in the existing literature. <i>Methods</i>: This article presents an exploratory case study research of eight companies to identify the main goals, and problems that the companies have when they engage in T&T. This practical perspective is complemented by a theoretical systems thinking perspective. Based on these two foundations, we discuss the usefulness of blockchain technology and, more generally, DLT for T&T in supply chains. <i>Results</i>: Based on our analysis, DLT is only necessary in special cases, e.g., when the owners of the data have an interest in deleting the data, but the data stakeholders do not. In the other cases examined, DLT competes with other technologies, such as conventional, centralized databases in combination with digital signatures. Furthermore, it became evident that DLT can only be useful for supply chain tracing. The technological features of DLT do not provide any benefit for supply chain tracking, i.e., the timely communication of the status of a physical good. <i>Conclusions</i>: Distributed ledgers often have a disadvantage in that they are very complex and, therefore, expensive. DLT should preferably only be used when it is technologically necessary or the simplest/cheapest choice, which is probably not all that often. Finally, the usefulness of distributed ledger technology and its integrated smart contract technology is highly dependent on how easy it is to link the real physical world to a digital record/contract in an error-free and tamper-proof way. Currently, such a definite link exists only in very few cases and is often impossible.

Luísa Cristina Pinto e Netto, Everton Menengola

O objetivo do presente trabalho é buscar elementos científicos que indiquem a compatibilidade das redes blockchain com a proposta de economia digital sustentável apresentada no EGD. Utilizou-se do método exploratório descritivo, com suporte em pesquisa bibliográfica, onde se buscou, a partir da base de dados do “Portal Periódicos Capes/MEC e do “Google Scholar”, fazer uma ampla pesquisa de artigos científicos que trouxessem em seus títulos os termos European Green Deal; European Green Deal and digital economy; digital economy; digital economy and blockchain; blockchain and sustainability. A partir da análise da revisão bibliográfica, levantou-se duas hipóteses: a) ausência de compatibilidade da nova tecnologia com os preceitos de sustentabilidade, haja vista seu grande volume de pegada de carbono; b) a compensação, que resulta em uma conta negativa de emissão de carbono, se se considerar todas as reduções de emissões de carbono causadas pela adoção da nova tecnologia blockchain. Ao final, a partir dos elementos científicos angariados na pesquisa, concluiu-se pela compatibilidade da blockchain com os fundamentos do EGD, mesmo considerando seu alto consumo de energia, haja vista seu potencial disruptivo e possibilidade de redução de emissão de carbono na cadeia de produção industrial e na economia.

Inkyo Cheong, Jeongho Yoo

Comprehensive studies examining how Korean e-commerce trade works are currently limited. This study seeks to explore whether Korea’s e-commerce trade is more applicable to traditional trade theory or to modern theories. According to our analysis, the share of intra-industry trade (IIT) in modern trade theory is less than that of general trade for Korean e-commerce. Therefore, trade based on comparative advantage can be more valid in explaining e-commerce trade. From results in analyzing the gravity model, it was found that Korea’s e-commerce exports are higher as IIT with its FTA partners. In contrast, it is found that the lower the proportion of e-commerce trade, the higher chance for the import growth. Lastly, this study looked at what kind of comparative advantage is realized through imports. While Korea has been mostly exporting goods of high quality, its major trading partners import products based on price and selection of goods. In order for Korea’s e-commerce to grow, a more strategic approach is necessary. A strategy of high price based on superior quality is not effective, and as e-commerce has radically reduced sales and marketing costs, so a price reduction needs to be reflected in the price of goods for consumers.

Ewa Radecka

Artykuł ten ma na celu przybliżyć kwestia związane z kontrolą przestrzegania przepisów na terenie dwóch obszarowych form ochronnych tj. parku narodowego i rezerwatu przyrody. W opracowaniu tym zwraca się uwagę na różnice występujące nie tyle w reżimie ochronnym wynikającym z art. 15 ustawy o ochronie przyrody, gdyż te są nieznaczne, co w kontroli właśnie. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono odpowiedzialności wykroczeniowej przewidzianej w u.o.p. ograniczając się jedynie do zasygnalizowania odpowiedzialności karnej sensu stricto. Ponadto dostrzeżono nie tylko kwestie problematyczne w zakresie omawianej materii, ale także sformułowano wnioski de lege ferenda.

Camille Lima Reis, Fábio Lins de Lessa Carvalho

O estudo objetiva observar a relação entre o avanço tecnológico na Administração Pública e o Direito ao Desenvolvimento, compreendendo de que forma o fomento às Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TICs) contribui para o desenvolvimento. Para tanto, utiliza-se estudos bibliográficos, legislativos, quantitativos e qualitativos a partir do método dedutivo-indutivo para que seja feita uma análise real de como a tecnologia influi na sociedade e consequentemente no Estado. Também se faz oportuno explorar o direito ao desenvolvimento e de que forma a Administração pode atuar como seu promotor e de maneira especial dar o enfoque à eficiência, trazendo como o administrador pode, a partir do fomento tecnológico, também incitar o desenvolvimento.

Nicolás Pose

North-South Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) are an intensified version of the Uruguay round’s bargain, in which developing countries gain access to developed countries’ markets, expecting increase in inflows of foreign direct investment, but see their ‘policy space’ reduced (Shadlen, 2005). Focusing on United States’ PTAs in the Latin American region, this article seeks to answer why some Latin American countries found this bargain attractive while others did not. I argue that modern PTAs generate uncertainty over their costs and benefits, because there are not standardized tools to estimate the impact of the ‘trade-related’ provisions they include. As a result, policymakers turn to their general ideas about economic development, which assign different meanings to them, producing differing decisions. Empirically, it is shown that the argument complements previous explanations based on structural and societal variables.

Carlos Alberto Cerda Gaitán

This paper takes into consideration the current debate regarding the impact of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on economies, mainly from economic integration processes and their connection to the current world order. Economic integration in Central America has two formal development instruments (ALIDES and the Five Integration Pillars), and, today, a Prioritized Strategic Agenda is being create. Despite the existence of these instruments, it is important to evaluate their performance and level of execution, especially when the SDGs are conceived as one of the most concrete global consensus. The point is how SDGs can promote the fulfillment of the development objectives applied to Central America’s economic integration process. By means of the phenomenological research paradigm, interpretative deductions are made from three moments: the study of phenomenal structures, the analysis of the phenomenological method and, finally, from the undercover dominance.

S Akbari, z Rosami, A Khoshharf et al.

Abstract General faults in regular electrical railways system could be detect by implementing the specific protection functions such as ground fault or sensitive earth fault. Otherwise, in ungrounded electrical railway systems which using both feeding and return contact rail at the same time, fault detection cannot done with above-mentioned function. Due to recent growth in electrical railway network especially in metropolises, it is an essential requirement to improve operation and safety indexes by using efficient fault preventing and fault clearing method in minimum time. In this applied research, a new fault diagnosing method developed by using frequency response of contact rails system. This technique based on observing pattern changes caused by expected faults such as broken contact rail, contact rail to ground faults on feed or return circuit frequency response.

Hilmola Olli-Pekka, Tolli Andres

Many changes have appeared in year 2015. In Europe economic malaise has continued since debt crisis started in year 2010, and although its effects on Northern Europe have started to diminish, new economic dark clouds have appeared through sanctions set by both European Union and Russia to each other during year 2014. Together with these, shipping sector has been under pressure due to strict sulphur regulation implemented from early 2015 onwards in the entire Baltic Sea Region. Due to these factors, sea ports at Baltic Sea have been under pressure during the first months of 2015, this particularly concerning container handling. Based on our regression model forecast, Estonia and Port of Tallinn shall have clearly declining container handling year ahead. However, overall handling at sea port is not so easy to forecast.