Małgorzata Pawlos, Katarzyna Szajnar, Magdalena Kowalczyk
et al.
Incorporating plant protein isolates into milk can enhance probiotic culture growth by providing essential nutrients and altering the physicochemical properties of fermented milk. This study investigated the effects of adding 1.5% or 3.0% soy, pea, and whey protein isolates on the growth of <i>Lacticaseibacillus casei</i> and <i>Lactobacillus johnsonii</i> monocultures, as well as the physicochemical (acidity, syneresis, color) and organoleptic properties of fermented milk during 21 days of refrigerated storage. The results showed that 1.5% SPI and WPI did not significantly alter milk acidity compared to controls. Still, pH increased with 1.5% and 3.0% PPI. Storage time significantly affected pH in <i>L. casei</i> fermented milk. The initial addition of WPI at 1.5% and 3.0% reduced syneresis in <i>L. casei</i> fermented milk compared to other samples. Color components were significantly influenced by isolates. Initial <i>L. casei</i> cell counts were lower with SPI (LCS1.5 and LCS3) and 1.5% PPI (LCP1.5) compared to controls. Increasing isolate concentration from 1.5% to 3% enhanced <i>L. johnsonii</i> growth in WPI-milk but reduced <i>L. casei</i> in LCW3 compared to LCW1.5. Only increased pea protein concentration significantly increased <i>L. casei</i> growth. Probiotic populations generally were reduced during extended storage. Moreover, isolates impacted milk organoleptic evaluation. This research demonstrates the potential of protein isolates in creating health-promoting and diverse fermented products and offers insights into their interaction with probiotic cultures to advance functional food technologies.
Trichome patterning in Arabidopsis is regulated by R2R3MYB, bHLH and WDR (MBW) genes. These are considered to form a trimeric MBW protein complex that promotes trichome formation. The MBW proteins are engaged in a regulatory network to select trichome cells among epidermal cells through R3MYB proteins that can move between cells and repress the MBW complex by competitive binding with the R2R3MYB to the bHLHL protein. We use quantitative pull-down assays to determine the relative dissociation constants for the protein-protein interactions of the involved genes. We find similar binding strength between the trichome promoting genes and weaker binding of the R3MYB inhibitors. We used the dissociation constants to calculate the relative percentage of all possible complex combinations and found surprisingly low fractions of those complexes that are typically considered to be relevant for the regulation events. Finally, we predict an increased robustness in patterning as a consequence of higher ordered complexes mediated by GL3 dimerization.
Abstract Plant Myeloblastosis (MYB) proteins function crucially roles upon variegated abiotic stresses. Nonetheless, their effects and mechanisms in rose (Rosa chinensis) are not fully clarified. In this study, we characterized the effects of rose RcMYB8 under salt and drought tolerances. For induction of the RcMYB8 expression, NaCl and drought stress treatment were adopted. Rose plants overexpressing RcMYB8 displayed enhanced tolerance to salinity and drought stress, while silencing RcMYB8 resulted in decreased tolerance, as evidenced by lowered intra-leaf electrolyte leakage and callose deposition, as well as photosynthetic sustainment under stressed conditions. Here, we further show that RcMYB8 binds similarly to the promoters of RcPR5/1 and RcP5C51 in vivo and in vitro. Inhibiting RcP5CS1 by virus-induced gene silencing led to decreased drought tolerance through the reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostatic regulation. RcP5CS1-silenced plants showed an increase in ion leakage and reduce of proline content, together with the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased, lowered activities of Catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Our study highlights the transcriptional modulator role of RcMYB8 in drought and salinity tolerances, which bridges RcPR5/1 and RcP5CS1 by promoting ROS scavenging. Besides, it is probably applicable to the rose plant engineering for enhancing their abiotic stress tolerances. Graphical Abstract
Rafael Massahiro Yassue, Giovanni Galli, Ronaldo Borsato Jr.
et al.
Abstract Greenhouse‐based high‐throughput phenotyping (HTP) presents a useful approach for studying novel plant growth‐promoting bacteria (PGPB). Despite the potential of this approach to leverage genetic variability for breeding new maize (Zea Mays L.) cultivars exhibiting highly stable symbiosis with PGPB, greenhouse‐based HTP platforms are not yet widely used because they are highly expensive; hence, it is challenging to perform HTP studies under a limited budget. In this study, we built a low‐cost greenhouse‐based HTP platform to collect growth‐related image‐derived phenotypes. We assessed 360 inbred maize lines with or without PGPB inoculation under nitrogen‐limited conditions. Plant height, canopy coverage, and canopy volume obtained from photogrammetry were evaluated five times during early maize development. A plant biomass index was constructed as a function of plant height and canopy coverage. Inoculation with PGPB promoted plant growth in early developmental stages. Phenotypic correlations between the image‐derived phenotypes and manual measurements were at least 0.47 in the later stages of plant development. The genomic heritability estimates of the image‐derived phenotypes ranged from 0.23 to 0.54. Moderate‐to‐strong genomic correlations between the plant biomass index and shoot dry mass (0.24–0.47) and between HTP‐based plant height and manually measured plant height (0.55–0.68) across the developmental stages showed the utility of our HTP platform. Collectively, our results demonstrate the usefulness of the low‐cost HTP platform for large‐scale genetic and management studies to capture plant growth.
Prakash Chandra Pradhan, Arkadeb Mukhopadhyay, Randeep Kumar
et al.
In developing a Trichoderma viride-based biocontrol program for Fusarium wilt disease in chickpea, the choice of the quality formulation is imperative. In the present study, two types of formulations i.e. powder for seed treatment (TvP) and tablet for direct application (TvT), employing T. viride as the biocontrol agent, were evaluated for their ability to control chickpea wilt under field conditions at three dosages i.e. recommended (RD), double of recommended (DD) and half of recommended (1/2 RD). A screening study for the antagonistic fungi strains based on volatile and non-volatile bioassays revealed that T. viride ITCC 7764 has the most potential among the five strains tested (ITCC 6889, ITCC 7204, ITCC 7764, ITCC 7847, ITCC 8276), which was then used to develop the TvP and TvT formulations. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of T. viride strain confirmed the highest abundance of compositions comprising octan-3-one (13.92%), 3-octanol (10.57%), and 1-octen-3-ol (9.40%) in the most potential T. viride 7764. Further Physico-chemical characterization by standard Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council (CIPAC) methods revealed the optimized TvP formulation to be free flowing at pH 6.50, with a density of 0.732 g cm-3. The TvT formulation showed a pH value of 7.16 and density of 0.0017 g cm-3 for a complete disintegration time of 22.5 min. The biocontrol potential of TvP formulation was found to be superior to that of TvT formulation in terms of both seed germination and wilt incidence in chickpea under field conditions. However, both the developed formulations (TvP and TvT) expressed greater bioefficacy compared to the synthetic fungicide (Carbendazim 50% WP) and the conventional talc-based formulation. Further research should be carried out on the compatibility of the developed products with other agrochemicals of synthetic or natural origin to develop an integrated disease management (IDM) schedule in chickpea.
Chemical hybridization and genic male sterility systems are two main methods of hybrid wheat production; however, complete sterility of female wheat plants cannot be guaranteed owing to the influence of the growth stage and weather. Consequently, hybrid wheat seeds are inevitably mixed with few parent seeds, especially female seeds. Therefore, seed purity is a key factor in the popularization of hybrid wheat. However, traditional seed purity detection and variety identification methods are time-consuming, laborious, and destructive. Therefore, to establish a non-destructive classification method for hybrid and female parent seeds, three hybrid wheat varieties (Jingmai 9, Jingmai 11, and Jingmai 183) and their parent seeds were sampled. The transmittance and reflectance spectra of all seeds were collected via hyperspectral imaging technology, and a classification model was established using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) combined with various preprocessing methods. The transmittance spectrum significantly improved the classification of hybrids and female parents compared to that obtained using reflectance spectrum. Specifically, using transmittance spectrum combined with a characteristic wavelength-screening algorithm, the Detrend-CARS-PLS-DA model was established, and the accuracy rates in the testing sets of Jingmai 9, Jingmai 11, and Jingmai 183 were 95.69%, 98.25%, and 97.25%, respectively. In conclusion, transmittance hyperspectral imaging combined with a machine learning algorithm can effectively distinguish female parent seeds from hybrid seeds. These results provide a reference for rapid seed purity detection in the hybrid production process. Owing to the non-destructive and rapid nature of hyperspectral imaging, the detection of hybrid wheat seed purity can be improved by online sorting in the future.
Camila Tonelotti Simões, Valdeir Nunes Carvalho, Bernardo de Almeida Halfeld-Vieira
Plants can recognize molecules derived from pathogens and trigger systemic acquired resistance
(SAR). In phytopathogenic bacteria, elicitors are constituent components of cellular
structures, such as flagellin. We sought to select structural components of Xanthomonas
spp. incompatible with tomato, aiming to control bacterial spot (Xanthomonas perforans).
Initially, cell suspensions from 11 Xanthomonas spp. isolates were infiltrated into the leaves
to assess their ability to cause a hypersensitivity response (HR) and the incompatible ones
had their flagellin purified. The flagellin of the isolates were first applied at different concentrations,
via infiltration and spraying. The pathogen, X. perforans, was inoculated after 24 h,
to assess whether there would be any harmful reaction. No harmful reaction was observed
in any treatment. Then, a second experiment was conducted to assess the severity of all
isolates, at a concentration of 8.35 μg · ml–1, via spraying, infiltration, and soil. The greatest
reduction in Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) was observed in the treatment
with XapRR, applied via spraying. Thus, prospecting for elicitors is the first step in
developing a product for agricultural use. The flagellin elicitor of XapRR is promising and
capable of producing these molecules on a large scale.
Márcio Peter, Francielen Lima da Silva, Letícia Barão Medeiros
et al.
O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes épocas de semeadura e densidades de cultivo na expressão de caracteres agronômicos da soja. O delineamento usado foi inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x5 (duas épocas de semeadura e cinco densidades de cultivo), em quatro repetições. A semeadura na primeira época foi realizada em 15 de novembro de 2018 e a segunda em 14 de dezembro de 2018. As densidades de cultivo foram de 160, 200, 240, 280 e 320 mil plantas por hectare. Foram avaliados altura de plantas, altura de inserção de primeiro legume, diâmetro de haste, número de ramificações, número de legumes, número de sementes, número de legumes na metade inferior e superior de plantas, massa de sementes na haste principal e nas ramificações, rendimento e massa de mil sementes. As densidades de semeadura não afetaram o rendimento de sementes, semeadura na primeira época favoreceu maior rendimento de sementes e maior massa de mil sementes. Em menores densidades de cultivo ocorreu maior ramificação das plantas e maior número de legumes por planta evidenciando a plasticidade fenotípica. O aumento da densidade de cultivos favorece maior proporção de sementes na haste principal e na metade superior das plantas.
Phytophthora capsici causes root and fruit rot and foliar blight of pepper. Multiple sources of resistance to Phytophthora root rot have previously been identified, but most display only partial resistance. One source, CM334, has broad spectrum root rot resistance to multiple pathogen isolates but has only low to moderate fruit rot resistance. This study evaluated previously identified pepper lines for resistance to two P. capsici isolates, OP97 and 12889, and compared root rot resistance to fruit rot resistance and genetic structure. CM334 was confirmed as a broad spectrum resistance genotype, whereas all other sources of resistance evaluated were susceptible to infection by one or both isolates evaluated. Although not completely resistant, PI 566811 displayed moderate resistance to fruit and root rot to both P. capsici isolates. Fruit rot resistance had a significant but small to moderate positive correlation (r = 0.26–0.63) with root rot resistance depending on the isolate and length of exposure. Pepper accessions with resistance to Phytophthora root and fruit rot belonging to different genetic subpopulations were identified and could serve as candidates for partial-resistance loci to incorporate into pepper breeding programs.
Plants have evolved adaptive measures to cope with abiotic and biotic challenges simultaneously. Combinatorial stress responses require environmental signal integration and response prioritization to balance stress adaptation and growth. We have investigated the impact of salt, an important environmental factor in arid regions, on the Arabidopsis innate immune response. Activation of a classical salt stress response resulted in increased susceptibility to infection with hemibiotrophic Pseudomonas syringae or necrotrophic Alternaria brassicicola, and Botrytis cinerea, respectively. Surprisingly, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-associated responses were largely unaffected upon salt pre-treatment. However, we further observed a strong increase in phytohormone levels. Particularly, abscisic acid (ABA) levels were already elevated before pathogen infection, and application of exogenous ABA substituted for salt-watering in increasing Arabidopsis susceptibility toward B. cinerea infection. We propose a regulatory role of ABA in attenuating Botrytis immunity in this plant under salt stress conditions.
Pears are a great tree to grow for an edible landscape or fruit garden. However, pears are not adapted to all areas in Florida, and only a few cultivated varieties will grow well here. An adaptation to warm winters (low chill hours) and disease resistance are the main factors for success. This new 6-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department provides information to help homeowners select and grow pears successfully in Florida. Written by Juanita Popenoe, Ali Sarkhosh, and Dustin Huff.
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1393
تودههای زنیان موجود در کشور دارای تنوع بسیار بالایی ازنظر صفات کیفی و کمّی هستند. بهمنظور بررسی روابط بین صفات مورفولوژیک و زراعی و تعیین مهمترین صفات مؤثر در عملکرد دانه، تعداد ۱۸ توده زنیان (Trachyspermum ammi L.) در قالب بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی طرق مشهد در طی سالهای زراعی 95-1394 مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد عملکرد دانه بین ۹۳۸–۳۷۳ کیلوگرم در هکتار متغیر بوده است. در این آزمایش صفات ریختی و فنولوژیکی، عملکرد سرشاخه، بازده اسانس و تولید بذر مطالعه شد. بر اساس نتایج حاصل، تنـوع قابـل ملاحظـه و معنیداری (05/0p≤) در میـان ژنوتیـپهـا ازنظر صـفات اندازهگیری شده همانند 50% گلدهی130- 85 روز، وزن زیستتوده 245- 72 گرم در بوته، عملکرد دانه در بوته 3/61- 38 گرم و درصد اسانس 22/11-08/3% بین ژنوتیپهای مختلف به اثبات رسید. نتایج همبستگی نشان داد عملکرد اسانس دارای همبسـتگی مثبـت بالا و معنیداری (01/0p≤) بـا صفات درصد اسانس، وزن بوته، عملکرد دانه در بوته، وزن کل بوته و شاخص برداشت داشته است. همبستگی کمی بین صفات تاج و پوشش و زمان رسیدگی فیزلولوژیکی با عملکرد اسانس وجود داشت. همبستگی عملکرد دانه بازمان ساقه رفتن معنی دار (5%) و بهشکل منفی (52/0-) بود. تجزیه علیت نشان داد بیشترین اثر مستقیم مثبت (39%) بر عملکرد اسانس دانه مربوط وزن کل بوته هست که خود همبستگی مثبت و بالایی (53%) با تعداد روز تا رسیدگی داشته است. برای مطالعه تودههای بـومی زنیان، انتخاب صفاتی همانند وزن کل بوته، ارتفاع بوته، زمان ساقه رفتن و تعداد روز تا رسیدگی فیزیولوژیکی گیاه از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار بوده و باید با دقت نظر و تأکید بیشتری در برنامههای اصلاحی مد نظر قرار گیرند.
Francisco de Assis Franco, Volmir Sergio Marchioro, Ivan Schuster
et al.
CD 1805, indicated for the wheat growing in Regions 1, 2 and 3 in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná. The cultivar has quality standards for cookie production and high yield performance with a mean of 3899 kg ha-1, exceeding
the controls by 4%.
Morphological features of diaspores and seedlings of Inula helenium L. were described. A four-year cycle of monthly germination analysis was carried out. It was found that accessible light and various temperatures (30°C over 8 hours, 20°C over 16 hours) were optimal for the analysis of Inula helenium fruit germination ability. In these conditions, the percentage of germinated achenes was up to 90%. Diaspores stored in unheated room kept their viability even up to seven years after harvest.