Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

Niko Kolodny

According to contractualism, very roughly, an action x of type X is wrong, at least in one unified and distinct way, iff and because any principle permitting actions of type X could be reasonably rejected. According to what I will call the “Thesis,” contractualism gives an account of relational morality, specifying when A owes it to some B not to x. This paper articulates how exactly contractualism gives an account of relational morality. This articulation in turn has several notable implications. Among these implications are that contractualism generates moral requirements that are owed to no one and that, because of this, contractualism may have a harder time giving an account of relational morality than might otherwise have been thought. The overarching point is that, while it might seem a matter of definition that contractualism is an account of what we owe to each other, there is a real question whether it can be.

Xiaohang Nie, Zihan Guo, Kezhuo Yang et al.

AI agents are rapidly expanding in both capability and population: they now write code, operate computers across platforms, manage cloud infrastructure, and make purchasing decisions, while open-source frameworks such as OpenClaw are putting personal agents in the hands of millions and embodied agents are spreading across smartphones, vehicles, and robots. As the internet prepares to host billions of such entities, it is shifting toward what we call Open Agentic Web, a decentralized digital ecosystem in which agents from different users, organizations, and runtimes can discover one another, negotiate task boundaries, and delegate work across open technical and social surfaces at scale. Yet most of today's agents remain isolated tools or closed-ecosystem orchestrators rather than socially integrated participants in open networks. We argue that the next generation of agents must become Agentic Citizens, defined by three requirements: Agentic-Web-Native Collaboration, participation in open collaboration networks rather than only closed internal orchestration; Agent Identity and Personhood, continuity as a social entity rather than a resettable function call; and Lifelong Evolution, improvement across task performance, communication, and collaboration over time. We present Synergy, a general-purpose agent architecture and runtime harness for persistent, collaborative, and evolving agents on Open Agentic Web, grounding collaboration in session-native orchestration, repository-backed workspaces, and social communication; identity in typed memory, notes, agenda, skills, and persistent social relationships; and evolution in an experience-centered learning mechanism that proactively recalls rewarded trajectories at inference time.

Yan Zhao

Commented article: DENG, J. F. Study on Mencius’ theory of human nature and moral concepts. Trans/Form/Ação, Marília, SP, v. 47, n. 5, p. e02400198, 2024. Available at:  https://revistas.marilia.unesp.br/index.php/transformacao/article/view/15149.

G. A. Shchukin, N. I. Nedashkovskaya

This article examines an intellectual debate between N.I. Kareev and L.Z. Slonimsky, which unfolded in Russian journals in 1883, following the publication of N.I. Kareev’s monograph “Key Issues in the Philosophy of History” based on his doctoral dissertation, which introduced his original but controversial perspective of the hierarchy of sciences, the nature of the laws of history, and the “progress” formula. New, previously unexplored anthropological contexts of the polemical exchange between the two scholars are explored that help uncover the reasons behind the sharp differences in how they understood the structure of the historical process and the place of the human being in it. The results show that, with respect to the idea and theory of the nation perceived as the central theoretical components of intellectual pursuits at that time, N.I. Kareev and L.Z. Slonimsky’s views reflect their fundamentally different personal experiences, as well as the alternative analytical and rhetorical traditions they accepted. Because they pursued different goals in their theorizing, their reasonings developed at different levels of meta-reflection.

Weiqi Meng, Hongyi Li, Bai Cui

In the day-ahead energy market, the offering strategy of distributed energy resource (DER) aggregators must be submitted before the uncertainty realization in the form of price-quantity pairs. This work addresses the day-ahead offering problem through a two-stage adaptive robust stochastic optimization model, wherein the first-stage price-quantity pairs and second-stage operational commitment decisions are made before and after DER uncertainty is realized, respectively. Uncertainty in day-ahead price is addressed using a stochastic programming-based approach, while uncertainty of DER generation is handled through robust optimization. To address the max-min structure of the second-stage problem, a neural network-accelerated column-and-constraint generation method is developed. A dedicated neural network is trained to approximate the value function, while optimality is maintained by the design of the network architecture. Numerical studies indicate that the proposed method yields high-quality solutions and is up to 100 times faster than Gurobi and 33 times faster than classical column-and-constraint generation on the same 1028-node synthetic distribution network.

Isaac Harris, Peijun Li, General Ozochiawaeze

This paper addresses the inverse problem of qualitatively recovering a clamped cavity in a thin elastic plate using far-field measurements. We present a strengthened analysis of the linear sampling method by carefully examining the range of the far-field operator and employing the reciprocity relation of the biharmonic far-field pattern. In addition, we implement both the linear sampling method for reconstructing the cavity and the extended sampling method for localizing the cavity under limited-aperture data. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of both methods.

Inese Radzins

This work argues that Simone Weil and Michel Henry appropriate two key insights from Marx—the critique of abstraction and the possibility of living labor—in order to philosophize subjectivity more actively. I place the two philosophers together because there is an uncanny similarity in their interpretations of Marx and specifically, in their use of his notion of praxis. The work begins with Weil’s and Henry’s criticism of philosophy for ignoring what is most human—praxis, or subjectivity. Following Marx’s First Thesis on Feuerbach, both argue that philosophy problematically abstracts subjectivity by objectifying it. In other words, philosophy too often identifies the subject as a thing that can be described, analyzed, and examined. Both assert that just as Capital deadens workers and their living laboring capacity, western philosophy is limited by various objectifications that function to deaden the individual, most notably a knowledge of consciousness. The two reject these objectifications and argue that Marx’s praxis offers another, more active, modality for considering subjectivity. The second half of this work focuses on what is unique to Weil and Henry: the suggestion that Marx’s living has not been adequately understood. Both suggest that Marx attends to praxis philosophically by creating a new method: one that emphasizes what Weil calls experiencing and Henry designates knowledge of life. Attending to this method provides the operative distinction in my work: the difference between a philosophy that objectifies by relying on a knowledge of consciousness and a philosophy that attends to experiencing and depends upon a knowledge of life. The key for Weil and Henry is that Marx attends to the active dimension of subjectivity: real, lived, existence. For both, praxis and living labor point to a singular dimension of subjectivity that is irreducible to objectification, generalization or even to theorizing. In the concluding section I discuss how both thinkers’ interpretations of Marx provide a different modality for philosophy: the possibility of considering subjectivity subjectively by focusing on cultures that foster knowledge of life and promote the singular dimension that is living labor.

Sebastian Gietl

We prove generalized versions of the Variance Inequality known for barycenters in CAT(0) spaces, inspired by an analogous result for $p$-uniformly convex Banach spaces. Our generalizations apply to balls of sufficiently small radius in complete CAT(1) spaces and to exponents $p \geq 2$ in the $\operatorname{CAT}(0)$ setting. Building on a result of Eskenazis, Mendel, and Naor, we establish sharp metric cotype for all $p \geq 2$ in $\mathrm{CAT}(0)$ spaces, extending the previously known case $p=2$. In addition, based on their work, we derive martingale inequalities for nonlinear martingales taking values in complete $\mathrm{CAT}(0)$ space and balls of sufficiently small radius in complete CAT(1) spaces.

Ralph P. Eatough, Gregory Desvignes, Kuo Liu et al.

BlackHoleCam is a project funded by a European Research Council Synergy Grant to build a complete astrophysical description of nearby supermassive black holes by using a combination of radio imaging, pulsar observations, stellar astrometry and general relativistic magneto-hydrodynamic models. BlackHoleCam scientists are active partners of the Event Horizon Telescope Consortium. In this talk I will discuss the use of pulsars orbiting Sagittarius A* for tests of General Relativity, the current difficulties in detecting such sources, recent results from the Galactic Centre magnetar PSR J1745-2900 and how BlackHoleCam aims to search for undiscovered pulsars in the Galactic Centre.

Bartosz Wójcik, Mateusz Żarski

Bridge inspections are a vital part of bridge maintenance and the main information source for Bridge Management Systems is used in decision-making regarding repairs. Without a doubt, both can benefit from the implementation of the Building Information Modelling philosophy. To fully harness the BIM potential in this area, we have to develop tools that will provide inspection accurate information easily and fast. In this paper, we present an example of how such a tool can utilise tablets coupled with the latest generation RGB-D cameras for data acquisition; how these data can be processed to extract the defect surface area and create a 3D representation, and finally embed this information into the BIM model. Additionally, the study of depth sensor accuracy is presented along with surface area accuracy tests and an exemplary inspection of a bridge pillar column.

María Isabel Cifo Izquierdo, Verónica Alcaraz-Muñoz, Gemma Maria Gea-García et al.

Playing traditional games has a direct impact on the mood states of the players, and this is the reason why physical education is an ideal setting for teaching how to recognize them and be aware about how they can swing. The objective of the study was to determine if participating in traditional opposition games causes changes to the participants' mood states. A total of 102 students participated. Each participant recorded the intensity of the mood state experienced at the beginning and at the end of the sessions, using the validated Profile of Mood States (POMS) instrument. The pedagogical experience was planned as 4 sessions with 6 and 5 opposition games each: (a) with competition in mixed groups, equally and unequally mixed; (b) without competition in mixed groups, equally and unequally mixed; (c) with competition in same-gender groups; and (d) without competition in same-gender groups. When comparing the different mood states according to session (with or without competition), the mood states of the depression, fatigue, and vigor dimensions were significantly different (p < 0.05), with higher scores in the sessions with competition for the mood states of vigor (Mcompetition = 7.27 and Mno_competition = 3.10) and fatigue (Mcompetition = 4.08 and Mno_competition = 1.80). Also, when comparing the mood states depending on session grouping and group type, the results showed differences in the scores obtained for the dimensions fatigue and anger, and general mood state (p < 0.05). These differences were found at the start of the session and at the end, with the dimension fatigue being the only one with differences in both situations when comparing the same-gender, equally-mixed, and unequally-mixed groups for the two types of traditional opposition games compared. In addition, after an analysis of the mood states depending on gender was performed, the results and therefore the significant differences found, were very similar to those obtained according to group type. Lastly, it was concluded that the type of group (equal, mixed & same gender), and gender were decisive, causing variations in the mood states of the students. This provides valuable information for teaching professionals about the structuring and organization of PE sessions, aiming to promoting positive motor experiences.

Malik Mehdi Khalsan (America)

Among the issues that should be discussed and clarifying its truths and mysteries is the issue of the divine subject in terms of the properties of the duty of existence, which differs from what the enablers are characterized by in terms of need, composition, circumference, limitation, and how the formation of existence and its essence And since the effects of many questions call for the clarification of the following questions: Who created God? What is God? Where is God? Why do not we see God? Since the answers are no more than not convincing, and since the new generation demands a clear answer and limiting those answers to examples from reality, it is worthwhile for us to delve into this path, and to refute the examples and the statement; Although these topics require a background in logic, philosophy and some type of beliefs, we should use the method of adequate brevity as much as possible and limiting and clarifying issues so that any ambiguity and no compromise will be removed except with God Almighty.

Adam Ivankay, Ivan Girardi, Chiara Marchiori et al.

Attribution maps are popular tools for explaining neural networks predictions. By assigning an importance value to each input dimension that represents its impact towards the outcome, they give an intuitive explanation of the decision process. However, recent work has discovered vulnerability of these maps to imperceptible adversarial changes, which can prove critical in safety-relevant domains such as healthcare. Therefore, we define a novel generic framework for attributional robustness (FAR) as general problem formulation for training models with robust attributions. This framework consist of a generic regularization term and training objective that minimize the maximal dissimilarity of attribution maps in a local neighbourhood of the input. We show that FAR is a generalized, less constrained formulation of currently existing training methods. We then propose two new instantiations of this framework, AAT and AdvAAT, that directly optimize for both robust attributions and predictions. Experiments performed on widely used vision datasets show that our methods perform better or comparably to current ones in terms of attributional robustness while being more generally applicable. We finally show that our methods mitigate undesired dependencies between attributional robustness and some training and estimation parameters, which seem to critically affect other competitor methods.

G. H. Hardy

Luis Cano

In 1947, Josemaría Escrivá was able to bring about a long-awaited aspect of the founding of Opus Dei: the admission of married members or those wishing to form a family. The crucial step occurred in September 1948, when − after having obtained recognition from the Holy See in that regard − he organized a gathering in which fifteen people participated. That’s where the first supernumeraries came from. This article focuses on the events of these days, in which St. Josemaría explained many details of the life of the supernumeraries. This reconstruction was made possible thanks to the notes and testimonies of some of the participants.

Olle Sundström

In this essay the Marxist-Leninist understanding of the concept ‘religion’ is analysed in relation to how it was applied to the so-called shamanism of the indigenous peoples of the Soviet North. The point of departure is the correspondence between the head of the Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults in the Soviet Far East and his superior in Moscow. Further, the legal consequences of the somewhat varying Soviet understandings of ‘religion’ for people adhering to indigenous worldviews and ritual traditions in the Far East is presented. The essay aims to exemplify how definitions of ‘religion’, as well as the categorising of something as ‘religion’ or not, rely on social and political circumstances, and whether one finds ‘religion’, as well as the entities classified as such, to be positive or negative for the individual and society.

Léo Peruzzo Júnior, César Candiotto, Antonio Valverde et al.

L. Mises

Sanjay Modgil, Henry Prakken

This paper builds on the recent ASPIC+ formalism, to develop a general framework for argumentation with preferences. We motivate a revised definition of conflict free sets of arguments, adapt ASPIC+ to accommodate a broader range of instantiating logics, and show that under some assumptions, the resulting framework satisfies key properties and rationality postulates. We then show that the generalised framework accommodates Tarskian logic instantiations extended with preferences, and then study instantiations of the framework by classical logic approaches to argumentation. We conclude by arguing that ASPIC+'s modelling of defeasible inference rules further testifies to the generality of the framework, and then examine and counter recent critiques of Dung's framework and its extensions to accommodate preferences.

Guillaume Métayer

Resumo: O artigo explora a pertinência filológica, o sentido e as questões da “bandeira das Luzes” “com os nomes de Petrarca, Erasmo, Voltaire” que Nietzsche afirma querer “levar adiante” em Humano, demasiado humano (I, §26). Ele procura fazer surgir a coerência tipológica de um homem das Luzes herdeiro do Renascimento, fundado sobre a ideia de uma mobilidade tanto nacional, social, quanto literária e filosófica. Nietzsche se inscreve nessa “história monumental” dos “espíritos livres”, filósofos-poetas, “libertadores” anti-escolásticos e reformadores de seu tempo, esboçando a figura do “bom europeu”.