Hasil untuk "Philosophy"

N. Houser, C. Kloesel

Yaser Hashemi, Ahmad Valiee, Mohammad Javad Asghari

Atheists have long advanced arguments against the existence of God, challenging the claims of theists. Among these, John L. Schellenberg has proposed an argument known as “divine hiddenness,” which has garnered significant attention from philosophers of religion. Therefore, the subject of this paper is to critique and examine this argument based on the ontological foundations of Avicenna, one of the greatest theist philosophers and prominent figures in Islamic philosophy. The methodology of this article is descriptive-analytical, based on an ontological examination of the rational possibility of connection and the occurrence of connection with the transcendent through religious and mystical experiences. Through a careful examination, it will be demonstrated that Avicenna’s ontological foundations not only support the possibility of relational experiences with the divine but also, when considered within the framework of logical argumentation and the epistemological certainty of mutawātirāt (mass-transmitted hadith), establish the reliability and certainty of such transcendent relations. Consequently, the argument from divine hiddenness—and by extension, atheism—is effectively refuted.

Supriyanto Supriyanto

This study aims to reveal the interaction of local Javanese culture with an Islamic philosophical approach originating from the Cowongan tradition performed by shamans accompanied by dances with holy ladies and reciting mantras. This tradition is a prayer asking the gods to send down rain. This article emphasised that the Cowongan tradition places mystical power as the dominant element in life, which is embodied in symbols. The study of mysticism is closer to the study of Sufism which presents it as Islamic mysticism with the color of syncretism of religious teachings with local cultural practices embodied by mystical-occult practices as the Penginyongan culture. Contribution: This research contributed to the fact that traditions that are good and acceptable to society can become the law as part of the Urf, which need to be maintained as long as they do not conflict with Sharia.

Jarosław Jagiełło

Towards the end of the 20th century, the word “solidarity” became one of the most important and famous words, not only in the sphere of Euro–Atlantic civilization but the word was also readily used in political milieus. In the religious sphere, and especially in the Judeo–Christian tradition, the anthropological, ethical as well as biblical sense of this important concept was emphasized. This sense was recalled in the postulate: Bear one another’s burdens. Never one against the other, but always one and the other, one together with the other. In this day and age, solidarity as a source of inter-human hope poses a real challenge and task for us because we are experiencing such great migrations of people who—for a variety of reasons, frequently very painful ones, and among them the devastating ravages of war—leave behind their places of residence and go into exile. In my study, I will try to show how, in the contemporary world of philosophy and socio-political changes, a modern sense of the concept of “solidarity” has been generated. In order to achieve this goal, I will refer to the anthropological and ethical thoughts of two Polish philosophers—Karol Wojtyła and Józef Tischner. It was these two thinkers who introduced us to the contemporary school of solidarity, reminding us that the fulfillment of solidarity still lies ahead of us.

Gen Eickers

This paper offers a systematic treatment of the social and cultural context of the blush. The paper looks into how different emotion theories approach blushing and does so by differentiating between basic emotion theories, which consider contextual factors but do not make them central to understanding emotional expressions, and contextual emotion theories, which make contextual factors central to understanding emotional expressions. The paper argues that blushing might be best explained by theories that make context central to understanding emotional expression.

Hamza Zarglayoun, Hamza Zarglayoun, Juliette Laurendeau-Martin et al.

BackgroundSocial cognition and competence are a key part of daily interactions and essential for satisfying relationships and well-being. Pediatric neurological and psychological conditions can affect social cognition and require assessment and remediation of social skills. To adequately approximate the complex and dynamic nature of real-world social interactions, innovative tools are needed. The aim of this study was to document the performance of adolescents on two versions of a serious video game presenting realistic, everyday, socio-moral conflicts, and to explore whether their performance is associated with empathy or sense of presence, factors known to influence social cognition.MethodsParticipants (12–17 years, M = 14.39; SD = 1.35) first completed a pre-test measure of socio-moral reasoning based on three dilemmas from a previously validated computer task. Then, they either played an evaluative version (n = 24) or an adaptive (n = 33) version of a video game presenting nine social situations in which they made socio-moral decisions and provided justifications. In the evaluative version, participants’ audio justifications were recorded verbatim and coded manually to obtain a socio-moral reasoning maturity score. In the adaptive version (AV), tailored feedback and social reinforcements were provided based on participant responses. An automatic coding algorithm developed using artificial intelligence was used to determine socio-moral maturity level in real-time and to provide a basis for the feedback and reinforcements in the game. All participants then completed a three-dilemma post-test assessment.ResultsThose who played the adaptive version showed improved SMR across the pre-test, in-game and post-test moral maturity scores, F(1.97,63.00) = 9.81, pHF < 0.001, ϵ2 = 0.21, but those who played the Evaluative version did not. Socio-moral reasoning scores from both versions combined did not correlate with empathy or sense of presence during the game, though results neared significance. The study findings support preliminary validation of the game as a promising method for assessing and remediating social skills during adolescence.

Thomaz Kawauche

RESUMO No “Contrato social”, os capítulos do legislador e da religião civil parecem incompatíveis com a ideia de um corpo político laico que se autoinstitui enquanto tal e que só se submete a leis estabelecidas por seus próprios membros. Trata-se de examinar neste artigo o método de exposição adotado por Rousseau para descrever, à luz da tradição, sua doutrina contratualista e, em particular, esclarecer nessa doutrina a necessidade da relação entre política e religião no problema da origem da sociedade.

Reza Mina Pahlewi

Abstract This study aims to uncover the meaning of Self-Acceptance of mothers who live below the poverty line. With informants 10 mothers living below the poverty line in the province of D.I Yogyakarta, this study is a qualitative-phenomenological. Data was collected through FGD and interviews and analyzed inductively. The results showed that mothers living below the poverty line in the province of D.I Yogyakarta had different definitions of Self-Acceptance. Even so, they have a common concept in accepting the life they have to live in, that is patience. Patience is part of Self-Acceptance and at this point, there is a common perception in living life below the poverty line.   Keywords: self-acceptance, phenomenological analysis, mothers, poverty.

Favaretto, Taís Cristina

A função reflexiva (FR) é identificada como um constructo importante à compreensão psicopatológica e para a prática clínica. Sendo assim, neste artigo, busca-se ampliar o conhecimento sobre a função reflexiva em dois grupos de adolescentes com diferentes trajetórias, um em conflito com a lei (G1=91, M idade 16,57 anos, DP=0,77) e outro de escolares (G2=64, M de idade 15,89 anos, DP=0,75). Os instrumentos utilizados foram dados sociodemográficos, Questionário sobre Função Reflexiva para Jovens e Questionário de Capacidade e Dificuldades. Da amostra, identificou-se que 119 adolescentes eram não clínicos e 95 clínicos. A análise univariada demonstrou diferenças significativas na função reflexiva considerando a interação entre a variável G1 e G2 e as categorias clínico e não clínico. Assim, o G2 não clínico apresentou maior função reflexiva (M=8,60; DP=0,68; F=4,66; pchr(38)lt;0,05), seguido pelo G1 clínico (M=8,29; DP=0,68). Tal característica no grupo clínico de adolescentes em conflito com a lei assinala hipermentalização. Aponta-se, portanto, a necessidade de avaliação e desenvolvimento da função reflexiva como prevenção em saúde mental

Nur Kholis, Lintang Kurniawati

This study aims to analyse the effect of profit-sharing financing, Non-Performing Financing (NPF) and Operating Expense Ratio (OER) both simultaneously and partially on ROA (Return On Assets) of Islamic banks in Indonesia. Sampling technique used in this study is random sampling. Data analysis used in this study is multiple linear regression with SPSS 21 for Windows. The result shows that partially profit-sharing financing and OER have no effect toward ROA of Islamic banks, but NPF has an effect.

Medha Kumar, Varun Dutt, Varun Dutt

Research shows that people’s wait-and-see preferences for actions against climate change are a result of several factors, including cognitive misconceptions. The use of simulation tools could help reduce these misconceptions concerning Earth’s climate. However, it is still unclear whether the learning in these tools is of the problem’s surface features (dimensions of emissions and absorptions and cover-story used) or of the problem’s structural features (how emissions and absorptions cause a change in CO2 concentration under different CO2 concentration scenarios). Also, little is known on how problem’s difficulty in these tools (the shape of CO2 concentration trajectory), as well as the use of these tools as a decision aid influences performance. The primary objective of this paper was to investigate how learning about Earth’s climate via simulation tools is influenced by problem’s surface and structural features, problem’s difficulty, and decision aids. In experiment 1, we tested the influence of problem’s surface and structural features in a simulation called Dynamic Climate Change Simulator (DCCS) on subsequent performance in a paper-and-pencil Climate Stabilization (CS) task (N = 100 across four between-subject conditions). In experiment 2, we tested the effects of problem’s difficulty in DCCS on subsequent performance in the CS task (N = 90 across three between-subject conditions). In experiment 3, we tested the influence of DCCS as a decision aid on subsequent performance in the CS task (N = 60 across two between-subject conditions). Results revealed a significant reduction in people’s misconceptions in the CS task after performing in DCCS compared to when performing in CS task in the absence of DCCS. The decrease in misconceptions in the CS task was similar for both problems’ surface and structural features, showing both structure and surface learning in DCCS. However, the proportion of misconceptions was similar across both simple and difficult problems, indicating the role of cognitive load to hamper learning. Finally, misconceptions were reduced when DCCS was used as a decision aid. Overall, these results highlight the role of simulation tools in alleviating climate misconceptions. We discuss the implication of using simulation tools for climate education and policymaking.

David R. Smith, Graeme Nixon, Jo Pearce

We argue that there is a well-intentioned—yet mistaken—definitional turn within contemporary cultural discourse in which ‘true’ religion, being essentially loving and peaceful, is distinguished from ‘false’ religion. Concerned with the possibility that this discourse might be prevalent in school Religious Education (RE), we surveyed practicing RE teachers within the United Kingdom (UK) on their beliefs about religion. We wanted to see how far the surveyed teachers evidenced a strand of contemporary cultural discourse which, we argue, conceptualizes bad religion as false religion. Responses from 465 teachers to our online survey indicate that many RE teachers understand religion(s) as essentially benign or pro-social—and present it/them as such in the classroom. We argue that RE can only foster religious literacy if religions are presented as multifarious, complex, social phenomena. This cannot be predicated upon an essentialist conceptualization of harmful religion as false religion, which is inimical to understanding religion in the world today—as in times past. We conclude that this conceptualization is a barrier to UK RE meeting both its extrinsic purpose to educate, and one of its intrinsic purposes to foster tolerance and pro-social attitudes.

J. Morreall

Ros Patriani Dewi, Kamsih Astuti

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pelatihan kepemimpinan transformasional pada atasan untuk peningkatan komitmen organisasi karyawan di hotel X Yogyakarta. Subjek penelitian adalah 34 karyawan Hotel X Yogyakarta yang merupakan subordinat atau bawahan sedangkan yang diberikan intervensi berupa pelatihan kepemimpinan transformasional adalah para Head of Departement (HOD) yang berjumlah 8 orang. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah skala komitmen organisasi yang mengacu pada organizational commitment questionnaire (OCQ) yang dikembangkan oleh Allen & Meyer (1990), yang terdiri dari tiga komponen yaitu: komponen afektif, komponen kontinuans dan komponen normatif. Desain eksperimen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah one group pretest-posttest design dengan analisis data uji statistik parametrik, yaitu Paired Sample T-Test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa t = 7,325, (p<0,001) sehingga hipotesis penelitian diterima. Artinya, ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara komitmen organisasi karyawan sebelum diberikan pelatihan kepemimpinan transformasional pada atasan dan setelah diberikan pelatihan kepemimpinan transformasional pada atasan.

Maryam Zaeri Amirani, Enshaallah Rahmati, Mohsen Javadi

Avicenna is a renowned peripatetic philosopher whose rationality continuously draws the attention of many scholars. In many of his works, he resorts to the hierarchy of intellects (angels) to explain the process of the emanation of the multiplicity from the One, as well as the emergence of beings. As these intellects are among the ontological causes of the human soul in the arc of descent, they also guide human individuals through the arc of ascent. Angels are of two types according to Avicenna: (1) the intellects who reveal themselves to human beings via mystical experience and endow them with all the necessary means of intellectual and spiritual transcendence and (2) the celestial or heavenly souls who serve them as an examples of vision and intuition. The manifestation of intellects plays a key role in the explanation of mystical experience, because they account for the rationality of mystical experience, on the one hand, and provide a typology of mystical experiences, on the other hand, based on human existential status. Moreover, one can recognize and tackle the existing obstacles before pure vision and intuition via a study of Avicenna's ideas.

John Fisher, M. Beardsley

Ol'ga S. Vindeker, Marina V. Klimenskikh

This paper considers the issues, which are concerned with a new concept of antifragility. Quite recently, considerable attention has been paid to the concept of antifragility. Antifragility gains a special importance in studying psychological characteristics which enable to cope with stress, overcome life difficulties, and be tolerant of uncertainty (T. N. Kornilova, 2015; D. A. Leontiev, 2015). N. Taleb (2014) defines antifragility as an attribute of living systems, which manifests itself in the use of any stressors for the benefit of development. This study attempts to demonstrate a common factor of antifragility at the psychometric level when “measuring” several psychological characteristics such as hardiness, tolerance of ambiguity, psychological wellbeing, and coping strategies. The authors (a) offer a brief theoretical overview of the concepts considering human development as the result of overcoming (crises, difficulties), (b) distinguish the concepts of endurance and antifragility, and (c) consider antifragility as a generalized concept of various psychological phenomena related to “improving through challenges”. A small mixed-age sample of respondents demonstrated that antifragility was most closely associated with parameters of hardiness, tolerance of ambiguity, and psychological wellbeing. Antifragility was less associated with coping strategies. The respondents who scored high on antifragility (a) realized it at the level of selfappraisal, (b) had a pronounced risk-taking, sense of control and control over the environment, (c) emphasized the presence of life goals, (d) calmly perceived uncertain situations, (e) were able to see a positive side of uncertainty, and (f) were generally inclined to a positive reappraisal of difficulties. The factor analysis of the studied parameters clearly revealed a single factor. The basic load was distributed between the parameters of dispositional antifragility, hardiness, personal growth, and tolerance of ambiguity. The authors draw conclusions about (a) the presence of a common factor of antifragility at the psychometric level and (b) the easiness of differentiation of the concepts of endurance and antifragility in respondents’ representations.

H. Acton

R. Carnap

M. Walzer