Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Corentin Barloy, Michaël Cadilhac, Kyle Ockerlund

In single-core processors, when multiple processes execute concurrently, they are, in practice, intertwined by a scheduler as a single thread of execution. The language-theoretic operation that corresponds to this is the shuffle of two languages: in general, this is defined as the set of words obtained by interleaving words from the first and second language in an arbitrary fashion. It is well known that regular languages are closed under shuffles, while context-free languages (CFL) are not. Following an established line of research, this paper considers shufflings according to regular "trajectories", that is, subject to scheduling constraints expressed by an automaton. Unsurprisingly, some trajectories, such as "a word from the first language first, then a word from the second", allow for CFLs to be shuffled into CFLs, while some other trajectories do not. This paper provides a robust toolset to show that a given trajectory would always shuffle two nonregular CFLs into a nonCFL. In the case of deterministic CFLs (DCFLs), a salient trichotomy of trajectories depending on how they shuffle DCFLs is provided. These results are based on intricate expressiveness lemmas for CFLs and DCFLs of independent interest, the latter lemma relying on a recent result of Jančar and Šíma (MFCS'2021).

Boaz Carmeli, Orr Paradise, Shafi Goldwasser et al.

We investigate whether \emph{LLM-based agents} can develop task-oriented communication protocols that differ from standard natural language in collaborative reasoning tasks. Our focus is on two core properties such task-oriented protocols may exhibit: Efficiency -- conveying task-relevant information more concisely than natural language, and Covertness -- becoming difficult for external observers to interpret, raising concerns about transparency and control. To investigate these aspects, we use a referential-game framework in which vision-language model (VLM) agents communicate, providing a controlled, measurable setting for evaluating language variants. Experiments show that VLMs can develop effective, task-adapted communication patterns. At the same time, they can develop covert protocols that are difficult for humans and external agents to interpret. We also observe spontaneous coordination between similar models without explicitly shared protocols. These findings highlight both the potential and the risks of task-oriented communication, and position referential games as a valuable testbed for future work in this area.

Abduljabbar Attam

يسعى البحث إلى تصنيف الكلمات الفرنسية في المحكية اليمنية وتحليلها، وتكمن إشكالية البحث في مسألة دمج الأنواع المختلفة من الاقتراض المعجمي من الفرنسية في المحكية اليمنية، ويهدف البحث إلى معرفة إن كان الاقتراض يحتفظ في استخدامه لعلامات نظامه الأصلي أم يعمد إلى تعديلها، أو تغييرها تركيبا ودلالة. ولتحقيق هذه الأهداف اتبع البحث المنهج المقارن، وتم تقسيم البحث إلى مقدمة وقسمين: ضم القسم الأول الجانب النظري ويشمل: مفهوم الاقتراض، وأنواعه، ودواعيه، بينما تضمن القسم الثاني العملي تصنيفًا وتحليلًا لغويًا عن كيفية دمج الكلمات الفرنسية في النظام القواعدي العربي وكيفية تكييفها، ثم تصنيفها بحسب مجال الاستخدام. واختُتم البحث بخاتمة تضمنت النتائج والتوصيات التي من أهمها: أن اللغة الفرنسية رفدت اللغة العربية بعدد من المفردات التي أسهمت في إثراء المحكية اليمنية بالكثير من المفردات، من عدّة طرق، وفي شتى مجالات الحياة. كما توصلت الدراسة إلى أن هناك عدة عوامل كان لها دور في هذا الإثراء؛ سواء كانت ثقافية أم اجتماعية أم علمية أم اقتصادية أم سياسية، ونحو ذلك، وفي تطور التبني والاستيعاب، حدثت بعض التغيرات في بنية الكلمة ودلالتها بسبب القواعد اللغوية والصوتية للغة العربية.

Hakob Avchyan

Talyshi, classified as belonging to the Northwestern Iranian group of languages, includes a wide range of dialects, which, based on phonological, grammatical and lexical factors, are traditionally divided into three main clusters: Northern, Central and Southern (see Bazin 1980; Stilo 1981; Yarshater 1996). Anbarāni is a Northern Talyshi dialect spoken in Anbarān district (baxš) of Namin sub-provincial district (šahrestān) (Ardabil province) of Iran, in the city of Anbarān and adjacent villages. Relatively a large number of studies deal with the Northern Talyshi dialects spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan. For example, “The Talyshi Texts” by Professor of Iranian Studies Boris Miller, includes short stories, anecdotes, conversations, poetic verses (see Miller 1930) written down in these dialects. Unlike the Northern Talyshi dialects spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Anbarāni dialect is little known and less studied therefore the number of texts, published in this dialect, is quite limited. The aim of this paper is to broaden the scope of knowledge on Anbarāni by introducing a short story of Mullah Nasreddin and analyzing a number of morphological, syntactical and lexical dialectal features based on the text.

Melissa Gatter

Hashem Ahmadzadeh

This article explores the historical novels of Kurdish author Jan Dost, highlighting their role in resurrecting and preserving the silent histories of the Kurdish people. By examining Dost's works through the lens of Georg Lukács's theory of the historical novel, the article delves into how Dost's narratives blend fiction with historical events to cultivate national consciousness and reconstruct Kurdish identity. The study discusses the evolution of the historical novel as a genre and its significance in Kurdish literature, emphasizing Dost's unique contributions. It argues that the nationalist themes and character portrayals in Dost's novels serve as a literary mechanism to reclaim Kurdish history, foster collective memory, and inspire cultural resilience. This analysis aims to understand the reasons behind the success and literary impact of Dost’s works in the broader context of Kurdish and Middle Eastern literature.

Rolisda Yosintha, Agnira Rekha, Dwitiya Ari Nugrahaeni et al.

This study aimed to create a digital coursebook as a flipbook for the Introduction to English Grammar course using Project-Based Learning (PJBL). Utilizing the ADDIE model, a needs analysis was conducted to gather student preferences on language focus, learning setting, lecturer roles, and flipbook features. The resulting flipbook, consisting of 13 units, was designed to enhance students' grammatical skills for real-world communication and was validated by experts for its quality. The research emphasizes the potential of innovative, student-centered approaches in grammar education. Embedding grammar lessons into real-life scenarios through PJBL helps students recognize the practical applications of grammar and enhances retention and comprehension. The study successfully developed the flipbook in the initial phases of the ADDIE model, with future phases set to evaluate its effectiveness comprehensively. Initial findings provide valuable insights into effective grammar learning, suggesting the need for further research and development of innovative learning materials. The next phase involves piloting the flipbook in classrooms, with iterative refinements based on student feedback and outcomes to ensure it meets educational standards and student needs. This study highlights the importance of incorporating technology in educational resources to foster active learning and improve grammar proficiency among students

Vladimir Ruzhansky

The 1920s and 30s marked a pivotal period for the genesis of the modern Jewish state and its historical narrative. It was during this era that the Zionist paradigm of Jewish history took shape, serving as the cornerstone of collective memory and the bedrock of national identity for successive generations of Israelis. The initial cohort of Zionist historians astutely grasped the pivotal role of historical scholarship in shaping a national identity, particularly in advancing the Zionist ambition of rejuvenating the Jewish state and cultivating a novel Jewish identity - the Israeli identity. In pursuit of these aspirations, Zionist historians grappled with formidable challenges, chiefly centered around establishing a scholarly foundation validating the unity of the Jewish people and their enduring connection to the land of Israel, known as Eretz Israel. This paper endeavors to delineate the defining traits of Zionist historians during this epoch, drawing upon the prominent figure exemplifying this ethos, Professor Ben-Zion Dinur who endeavored to harmonize ideological allegiance with scholarly veracity. Furthermore, the paper delves into the fundamental elements comprising the Zionist narrative within Jewish history.

Arthur Matevosyan

“The Book of Letters” contains Eznik of Kołb's letter “To the Blessed Archimandrite Mashtots”, which is one of the key documents reflecting the creed of the Armenian Church of the 5th century. The dogmatic system of the Armenian Church is based on the Niceno- Constantinopolitan creed, according to which God is one essence and three Hypostases. It means that the one God is eternally personified in the Hypostases of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Each Hypostasis contains the fullness of the divine essence, so the three Hypostases are equally perfect God, yet not three Gods, but one God. It is so, because the divine essence is one and does not exist independently of the Hypostases. The Christian doctrine of the God-Man makes sense only if the divine nature of the Incarnate Word in Jesus is recognized. For this, it is necessary that all the Hypostases of the Holy Trinity are consubstantial and equally perfect. The Son is as much God as the Father and has all the attributes attributed to the Father. Although the Father is the cause of the Son's existence, the birth of the Son cannot in any way be considered the result of an act of the Father's will. It is an eternal and ineffable birth that necessarily takes place in the transcendent depths of the divine nature. The only begotten Son is begotten of the Father in eternity, and has all the attributes of the Father except that He is not begotten. In the same eternity, the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father. There is no temporal sequence between the Hypostases. They are coeternal and have the same nature, power and will.

Yousuf A. Khan, Clarisse Hokia, Jennifer Xu et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to 1.1 million deaths in the United States, despite the explosion of coronavirus research. These new findings are slow to translate to clinical interventions, leading to poorer patient outcomes and unnecessary deaths. One reason is that clinicians, overwhelmed by patients, struggle to keep pace with the rate of new coronavirus literature. A potential solution is developing a tool for evaluating coronavirus literature using large language models (LLMs) -- neural networks that are deployed for natural language processing. LLMs can be used to summarize and extract user-specified information. The greater availability and advancement of LLMs and pre-processed coronavirus literature databases provide the opportunity to assist clinicians in evaluating coronavirus literature through a coronavirus literature specific LLM (covLLM), a tool that directly takes an inputted research article and a user query to return an answer. Using the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19), we produced two datasets: (1) synCovid, which uses a combination of handwritten prompts and synthetic prompts generated using OpenAI, and (2) real abstracts, which contains abstract and title pairs. covLLM was trained with LLaMA 7B as a baseline model to produce three models trained on (1) the Alpaca and synCovid datasets, (2) the synCovid dataset, and (3) the synCovid and real abstract datasets. These models were evaluated by two human evaluators and ChatGPT. Results demonstrate that training covLLM on the synCovid and abstract pairs datasets performs competitively with ChatGPT and outperforms covLLM trained primarily using the Alpaca dataset.

Léo Poirier, Wolfgang Steiner

A set of words, also called a language, is letter-balanced if the number of occurrences of each letter only depends on the length of the word, up to a constant. Similarly, a language is factor-balanced if the difference of the number of occurrences of any given factor in words of the same length is bounded. The most prominent example of a letter-balanced but not factor-balanced language is given by the Thue-Morse sequence. We establish connections between the two notions, in particular for languages given by substitutions and, more generally, by sequences of substitutions. We show that the two notions essentially coincide when the sequence of substitutions is proper. For the example of Thue-Morse-Sturmian languages, we give a full characterisation of factor-balancedness.

Arturo Carpi, Flavio D'Alessandro, Oscar H. Ibarra et al.

It is shown that for every language family that is a trio containing only semilinear languages, all bounded languages in it can be accepted by one-way deterministic reversal-bounded multicounter machines (DCM). This implies that for every semilinear trio (where these properties are effective), it is possible to decide containment, equivalence, and disjointness concerning its bounded languages. A condition is also provided for when the bounded languages in a semilinear trio coincide exactly with those accepted by DCM machines, and it is used to show that many grammar systems of finite index -- such as finite-index matrix grammars and finite-index ETOL -- have identical bounded languages as DCM. Then connections between ambiguity, counting regularity, and commutative regularity are made, as many machines and grammars that are unambiguous can only generate/accept counting regular or commutatively regular languages. Thus, such a system that can generate/accept a non-counting regular or non-commutatively regular language implies the existence of inherently ambiguous languages over that system. In addition, it is shown that every language generated by an unambiguous finite-index matrix grammar has a rational characteristic series in commutative variables, and is counting regular. This result plus the connections are used to demonstrate that finite-index matrix grammars and finite-index ETOL can generate inherently ambiguous languages (over their grammars), as do several machine models. It is also shown that all bounded languages generated by these two grammar systems (those in any semilinear trio) can be generated unambiguously within the systems. Finally, conditions on languages generated by finite-index matrix grammars and finite-index ETOL implying commutative regularity are obtained. In particular, it is shown that every finite-index EDOL language is commutatively regular.

Andrea Colledan, Ugo Dal Lago

In the realm of quantum computing, circuit description languages represent a valid alternative to traditional QRAM-style languages. They indeed allow for finer control over the output circuit, without sacrificing flexibility nor modularity. We introduce a generalization of the paradigmatic lambda-calculus Proto-Quipper-M, itself modeling the core features of the quantum circuit description language Quipper. The extension, called Proto-Quipper-K, is meant to capture a very general form of dynamic lifting. This is made possible by the introduction of a rich type and effect system in which not only computations, but also the very types are effectful. The main results we give for the introduced language are the classic type soundness results, namely subject reduction and progress.

Irwan Mus, Aiyub Berdan

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan tentang kajian intertekstualitas puisi Nazik Al-Mala`ikah ‘Ana’ dan Chairil Anwar ‘Aku’ menggunakan teori Satra Bandinga. Intertekstualitas terhadap kedua puisi di atas memiliki persamaan bedasarkan pencarian hakikat manusia yang ada dalam puisi ini adalah sebuah pencarian secara filsafati. Kajian intertekstualitas kedua puisi tersebut memiliki perbandingan dari segi persamaan dan perbedaan yang meliputi isi atau struktur batin dan struktur fisik. Perbandingan intertektualitas persamaaan dan perbedaan puisi kedua puisi tersebut dari segi isi atau struktur batin mencakup beberapa hal seperti: tema, nada, amanat, dan suasana. Sedangkan perbandingan intertektualitas persamaaan dan perbedaan puisi kedua puisi tersebut dari segi struktur fisik meliputi: kata konkret, bahasa figuratif (majas), dan tipografi. Dari segi budaya dan sejarah kedua puisi tersebut yang melatarinya dapat disimpulakan bahwa, pertama puisi Ana ditulis oleh seorang satrawan kotemporer perempuan berkebangsaan Arab dari Irak sedangkan puisi Aku ditulis oleh sastrawan bekembangsaan Indonesia. Walaupun dari segi tema sama-sama berbicara mengenai perjuangan namun keduanya memiliki makna yang berbeda. Puisi Ana karya Nazik Al-Mala`ikah memiliki makna perjuangan terhadap diri sendiri sebagai bukti jelas nampak pada lirik yang berbunyi “Aku tetap kontributor di sini”, sedangkan puisi Aku karya Chairil Anwar lebih berbicara kepada perjuangan membela negara melawan penjajahan, dan itu nampak pada lirik yang berbunyi ‘Biar peluru menembus kulitku’ ‘Aku tetap meradang menerjang’.

Risna Rianti Sari, Alfiatus Syarofah, Harir Mubarok

Indonesia is currently trying to reorganize the education system post-pandemic by using  hybrid learning system. In this hybrid learning process, lecturers are required to grow and develop their  creativity. This article described the mapping of the model of second language teaching lecturers both English and Arabic at Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang on creativity in teaching, in particular to find out how well they understand the concept of creativity and the implementation of creative teaching in the form of classroom activities. This method used was qualitative approach with the type of content analysis. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 21 second language lecturers, then the data were analyzed using Krippendorff content analysis. The results of this study indicated that second language lecturers had a comprehensive understanding of the demands of creativity in this post-pandemic, because they can clearly explained the meaning of creativity both in ideas and in its realization. In addition to understood creativity and its implementation in teaching activities, this research also showed the synergy between individual creativity as reflected in professional teaching and organizational creativity as seen from the readiness of this university to develop students' creative attitudes through support for campus facilities.

Minlegali Kh. Nadergulov, Ilshat S. Igdavletov

Introduction. The article studies southeastern policies of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century, its campaigns and the annexation of Central Asia. Goals. The work analyzes reasons for the activation of foreign policy in the region during the mentioned period. The course and goals of the conquest of the Khanates of Kokand and Khiva, Emirate of Bukhara are considered. Materials. The paper investigates data contained in reports by the State Councilor М. Bekchurin, and one more document ― Arabic-script travel records (manuscript) by a private soldier Husniyar currently stored at the Manuscript Collection of the Institute of History, Language and Literature (Ufa Federal Research Centre of the RAS) and for the first time studied as a historical source. Results. Messages about the beauty of Eastern cities and Asian wealth had long attracted attention of Russian monarchs. Finally, Russia’s attempts to penetrate into Central Asia were crowned with success. In just two decades, the vast country further extended its borders far to the south and became a neighbor of another one ― the British Empire. Nowadays, the study of the history of establishing relations with Kazakhstan and Central Asia, when the southeastern borders of Russia almost returned to those of the early 18th century, is relevant and practically expedient. Reports by State Councilor M. Bekchurin reveal the economic objectives of the government: Russian industry and trade were looking for new markets for their products. So, M. Bekchurin gives his suggestions how to facilitate the growth of trade. The manuscript of Husniyar’s travel notes contains observations of an ordinary soldier, his attitude and experience as a Muslim in the campaign against his co-religionists. The source makes it possible to present the set and route of one military formation. Both the documents provide an opportunity to depict this region in the late 19th century. Currently, there are independent countries across this territory with different state borders, and the ethnic composition of many settlements has changed significantly.

Mikołaj Bojańczyk, Edon Kelmendi, Rafał Stefański et al.

We consider extensions of monadic second order logic over $ω$-words, which are obtained by adding one language that is not $ω$-regular. We show that if the added language $L$ has a neutral letter, then the resulting logic is necessarily undecidable. A corollary is that the $ω$-regular languages are the only decidable Boolean-closed full trio over $ω$-words.

Richard Lin, Björn Hartmann

Board-level hardware description languages (HDLs) are one approach to increasing automation and raising the level of abstraction for designing electronics. These systems borrow programming languages concepts like generators and type systems, but also must be designed with human factors in mind to serve existing hardware engineers. In this work, we look at one recent prototype system, and discuss open questions spanning from fundamental models through usable interfaces.