Hasil untuk "Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering"

Zhigang QI, Hao ZHANG, Bing LI et al.

ObjectiveIt is difficult to achieve comprehensive parameter identification in multiple dimensions and degrees of freedom using traditional parameter identification methods. In order to obtain the real-time complex parameters and attitude information of ships, and ensure the stability and safety of ships during navigation, an improved wild horse optimizer (IWHO) is introduced into the ship parameter identification method. It is then combined with traditional ship identification methods to improve the accuracy of ship parameter identification. MethodOn the basis of establishing a longitudinal motion model of the ship, a dynamic inertia weight design is introduced to further optimize the wild horse optimizer and complete the design of the longitudinal parameter identification method. ResultsBy comparing and analyzing the tracking performance of ship identification models using different algorithms, as well as the identification results of ship parameters under different wave encounter angles, it is found that IWHO has an identification error of about 1%, which is lower than those of other algorithms. Therefore, the identification model of this algorithm has a more accurate tracking effect on the ship's attitude during navigation. ConclusionThe proposed identification method can provide accurate parameters in real time, improve operability and ensure the stability and safety of ship navigation.

Bingbo Xu, Keni Zhang

Numerical simulation has played a crucial role in modeling the behavior of natural gas hydrate (NGH). However, the existing numerical simulators worldwide have exhibited limitations in functionality, convergence, and computational efficiency. In this study, we present a novel numerical simulator, GPSFlow/Hydrate, for modeling the behavior of hydrate-bearing geologic systems and for addressing the limitations in the existing simulators. It is capable of simulating multiphase and multicomponent flow in hydrate-bearing subsurface reservoirs under ambient conditions. The simulator incorporates multiple mass components, various phases, as well as heat transfer, and sand is treated as an independent non-Newtonian flow and modeled as a Bingham fluid. The CH₄ or binary/ternary gas hydrate dissociation or formation, phase changes, and corresponding thermal effects are fully accounted for, as well as various hydrate formation and dissociation mechanisms, such as depressurization, thermal stimulation, and sand flow behavior. In terms of computation, the simulator utilizes a domain decomposition technology to achieve hybrid parallel computing through the use of distributed memory and shared memory. The verification of the GPSFlow/Hydrate simulator are evaluated through two 1D simulation cases, a sand flow simulation case, and five 3D gas production cases. A comparison of the 1D cases with various numerical simulators demonstrated the reliability of GPSFlow/Hydrate, while its application in modeling the sand flow further highlighted its capability to address the challenges of gas hydrate exploitation and its potential for broader practical use. Several successful 3D gas hydrate reservoir simulation cases, based on parameters from the Shenhu region of the South China Sea, revealed the correlation of initial hydrate saturation and reservoir condition with hydrate decomposition and gas production performance. Furthermore, multithread parallel computing achieved a 2–4-fold increase in efficiency over single-thread approaches, ensuring accurate solutions for complex physical processes and large-scale grids. Overall, the development of GPSFlow/Hydrate constitutes a significant scientific contribution to understanding gas hydrate formation and decomposition mechanisms, as well as to advancing multicomponent flow migration modeling and gas hydrate resource development.

Ji-Woo Hong, Rafat I.A. Simanto, Byoung-Kwon Ahn et al.

The dynamics acting upon thin flat plates submerged in a fluid are chiefly governed by the delicate boundary layer enveloping their surfaces. Through a series of experiments, we investigated the impact of surface roughness elements on the boundary layer adjacent to a flat plate across a range of Reynolds numbers. The experiments were performed in the Chungnam National University-Cavitation Tunnel (CNU-CT). Three flat plates, each characterized by distinct surface roughness heights denoted by k, were subjected to scrutiny. One boasted a pristine smoothness, while the others bore the deliberate roughness of sandpaper, each with its own unique texture. With precision instrumentation, including Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), we meticulously documented the axial velocity profile and the RMS (Root Mean Square) velocity at strategic points along the flat plates. Through these measurements, we unveiled the boundary layer's thickness, δ, and momentum thickness, θ, elucidating their variations under differing free-stream velocities. As our exploration deepened, the relationship between the local Reynolds number, Rnx, and the non-dimensional velocity profiles, u+ − y+, became apparent. A systematic shift along the log-law line ensued, with both u+ and y + increasing in tandem with the rise in Rnx. Yet, our inquiry did not conclude with observation alone. Employing empirical rigor, we quantified the drag forces acting upon flat plates of varying roughness heights, deriving them from the measured momentum thickness across a range of local Reynolds numbers, Rnx.

Beibei Mao, Hua Yang, Fei Sun et al.

Multi-scale coherent structures have been observed in ocean currents, which are induced by the interaction of shear flows with different velocities. Understanding the spatial configuration and scale characteristics of coherent structures will promote the explanation of physical ocean phenomena. Considering the self-similarity, we propose a spatial correlation identification model for coherent structure extraction and three-dimensional visualization based on the wavelet transform and time-dependent intrinsic correlation method. The spatial and scale distributions of coherent structures are related to the dissipation rate variation. Most large-scale coherent structures, with the largest length scale of 13 m, are found to exist in stable fluid, such as the water column below 50 m. However, small-scale structures are found in chaotic fluids, such as the upper layer. Furthermore, we found that coherent structures of different scales coexist simultaneously in the same depth range, indicating a simultaneous multi-scale structure pattern for turbulent flow investigations.

Qiang ZHANG, Yu'an JIANG, Gaoyang GUO et al.

ObjectiveThis paper seeks to solve the problem of the partial failure of the actuator of an underwater salvage robot caused by a decrease in the shipborne power supply voltage or corrosion of the control system circuit. Methods Considering the influence of complex ocean conditions on deep-sea torpedoes, cargo shipwrecks, and other engineering salvage operations, the terminal sliding mode observer is used to observe the uncertain disturbance of the system, while the fault-tolerant control method and finite-time control method are used to estimate the fault coefficient of the actuator on-line, and a finite-time trajectory tracking fault-tolerant control scheme with a terminal sliding mode observer is designed. ResultThe system output of this scheme is smooth, stable, and can reach the desired trajectory quickly. At the same time, compared with the traditional fault-tolerant control scheme, the steady-state time of the underwater salvage robot's control system is reduced (the lateral displacement is reduced by 10 s and the longitudinal displacement by 15 s).ConclusionThis study has practical engineering significance and can provide theoretical references for the trajectory tracking of underwater construction machinery.

Han Yu, Ju Wang, Wei Deng et al.

Three-dimensional geological modeling is essential for simulating natural gas hydrate (NGH) productivity and formulating development strategies. Current approaches primarily concentrate on the single-phase modeling of either hydrate or free gas layers. However, an increasing number of instances suggest that the three-phase coexistence zone, which includes hydrate, gas, and water, is common and has become a focal point of international research, as this type of reservoir may present the most viable opportunities for exploitation. At present, there exists a significant gap in the research regarding modeling techniques for such reservoirs. This study undertakes a comprehensive modeling investigation of the three-phase zone reservoir situated in the sand layer of the Qiongdongnan Basin. By employing deterministic complex geological modeling techniques and integrating existing seismic and logging data, we have developed a three-phase coexistence zone model that precisely characterizes the interactions between geological structures and utilizes them as auxiliary constraints. This approach effectively mitigates the potential impact of complex geological conditions on model accuracy. Through a comprehensive analysis of 105 seismic profiles, we enhanced the model’s accuracy, resulting in the creation of a three-phase coexistence zone model comprising 350,000 grids. A comparison between the modeling results and well data indicates a relatively small error margin, offering valuable insights for future development efforts. Furthermore, this method serves as a reference for modeling hydrates in marine environments characterized by three-phase coexistence on a global scale.

Zichun Wang, Jingsi Wang, Jiayuan Wang et al.

Enhancing lubrication across various tribological systems in the maritime industry is essential for improving safety, efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Al₂O₃ nanoparticles, employed as additives in lubricating oils, demonstrate favorable tribological properties including anti-wear and anti-friction characteristics. In this work, nano-scale γ-Al₂O₃ particles with different shapes, i.e., nanosheet, nanorod, nanosphere, and irregular-shaped nanoparticles, were prepared and calcinated forming the same crystalline phase with nanoscale size, which dispersed well in lubricating oil. The tribological properties of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles as lubricating oil additives were examined using block-on-ring wear tests, and the effects of the particle shape and particle concentration were investigated. The results indicated that the frictional properties are largely influenced by the particle shape and the concentration of the Al₂O₃ additives, with the optimal concentration being around 0.1 wt% for each shape. The lubricating oil with nanosheet additives presented the best tribological performance, followed by those with nanorod, nanosphere, and irregular-shaped Al₂O₃ nanoparticle additives. Al₂O₃ nanosheets as the lubricating oil additives reduced the stress effect on the friction surface because of their larger bearing area and are inter-particle-sheared during sliding due to the movement of friction pairs, which can further improve the tribological properties compared to other shapes.

YANG Sen, GUO Ning, ZHANG Shouming

Agricultural microgrids offer a promising solution for energy supply in remote rural areas in a low-cost manner. In this paper, under uncertain conditions of renewable energy output and electricity load demand, a robust optimal scheduling model combined with the isolated agricultural microgrid and irrigation system containing a pumped hydro storage (PHS) power station is proposed, considering the factors that the wind-landscape pumped storage integrated agricultural microgrid can satisfy the uncertain fluctuations of power load demand and water load demand. By utilizing the abundant water resources in rural areas and the advantages of landscape drainage and storage compensation, the total cost of the system is minimized while the absorption of renewable energy is increased. Considering distributed generation, power load demand and water load demand, turbine flow, and irrigation flow, the proposed model is characterized by diversity, multi-constraint, and discontinuity. A gravitational whale optimization algorithm (GWOA) is proposed to solve the model. The simulation results of an agricultural microgrid show that the GWOA can obtain a more competitive solution than the CPLEX solver and other newly developed algorithms do. In addition, the impact of the change of water load demand caused by precipitation uncertainty on the operating cost of the irrigation system and the necessity of using PHS power station are explored.

Marcin Pigłowski

The results of research on intra-European Union (EU) food trade conducted by the Eastern EU countries were presented in 1999-2019, including exports and imports. The study applied cluster analysis: Eastern EU countries’ share of intra-EU food trade increased from 5% (in 1999) to 15% (in 2019). These countries traded mostly in beverages, cereals, fruit and vegetables. Eastern EU countries traded in food mainly among themselves, including their closest neighbours, regionally and with Germany. To increase their share of exports to other EU countries, these countries could use lower food prices and the benefits of traditional approaches to food production.

Gabriella Caruso, Kai Ziervogel

As a consequence of climate change and increased human pressure, aquatic ecosystems are experiencing natural and anthropogenic stressors and events such as temperature warming, acidification, biodiversity loss, and degraded water quality [...]

Cheng Xing, Yong Cao, Yonghui Cao et al.

This research proposes a novel bionic pectoral fin and experimentally studied the effects of the oscillation parameters on the hydrodynamic performance of a bionic experimental prototype. Inspired by manta rays, the bionic pectoral fin was simplified and modeled based on the natural pectoral fin skeleton structure and oscillation morphology of this underwater creature. A dual-degree-of-freedom bionic pectoral fin was designed. The active spatial motion was realized by the space six-link mechanism driven by two motors, and the passive deformation was achieved by carbon fiber. The motion analysis of the bionic pectoral fin proves that the pectoral fin can realize an “8”-shaped spatial trajectory. An experimental prototype was developed accordingly. The experimental prototype could flap between 0.1 Hz and 0.6 Hz and produce a maximum thrust of 20 N. The hydrodynamic performance under different oscillation parameters was studied experimentally in a water pool. The experimental results indicate that the hydrodynamic performance of the pectoral fin oscillation is closely related to the motion equation parameters including the amplitude, frequency, phase difference, and initial bias. In addition to considering the impact of parameters on thrust and lift, the influences of asymmetrical oscillation on the position of the equivalent point were also studied. The results show that the pectoral fin proposed in this research exhibited the expected spatial deformation and outstanding hydrodynamic performance. The obtained results shed light on the updated design and control of a bionic robot fish.

Kimon Ardavanis, Radoslav Nabergoj, Francesco Mauro

Installation of jacket platforms requires simultaneous and combined operations of multiple assets. Once the whole process has to be planned, it is necessary to predict in a fast and reliable way the possible weather limitations that may occur during the operations. The paper will present the major challenges of this unusual and innovative Dynamic Positioning analysis which has been carried out for Ana Jacket installation. The obtained results show that the Dynamic Positioning system of the core vessel in intact configuration is capable to hold the position for the investigated vessels' arrangements and design operative weather conditions. Lifting, upending and installation of Ana Jacket were carried out successfully in 2021.

Claire DeMarco Muscat-Fenech, Tonio Sant, Vito Vasilis Zheku et al.

The hydrodynamic interaction between two or more ships in harbours or inland waterways is a classical maritime engineering research area. In ship manoeuvring practice, ship masters try to determine the speed and gap limit when a ship is passing or encountering others, particularly in confined water ways. This requires an accurate prediction of the interaction force acting on both ships. The pioneer experimental studies showed that the interaction could lead to a very large yaw moment and this moment is strongly time-dependent, which could make the ships veer from their original courses, leading to collisions. Based on the findings on experimental measurements, some empirical formulas are proposed in the literature to predict such interaction forces. However, these formulas could provide a satisfactory estimation only when the ship speed is quite high, and the water depth is shallow and constant. Numerical simulation overcomes this issue by simulating the ship-to-ship problem by considering the effect of the 3D ship hull, variable water depth and ship speed. Numerical simulation has now become the most widely adopted method to investigate the ship-to-ship problem. In the present study, the development of the methodologies of ship-to-ship problems will be reviewed, and the research gap and challenges will be summarized.

Ali Khoshnazar, Gerald A. Corzo Perez, Vitali Diaz

Drought characterization and risk assessment are of great significance due to drought’s negative impact on human health, economy, and ecosystem. This paper investigates drought characterization and risk assessment in the Lempa River basin in Central America. We applied the Standardized Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (SEDI) for drought characterization and drought hazard index (DHI) calculation. Although SEDI’s applicability is theoretically proven, it has been rarely applied. Drought risk is generally derived from the interactions between drought hazard (DHI) and vulnerability (DVI) indices but neglects resilience’s inherent impact. Accordingly, we propose incorporating DHI, DVI, and drought resilience index (DREI) to calculate drought risk index (DRI). Since system factors are not equally vulnerable, i.e., they are heterogeneous, our methodology applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to find the weights of the selected factors for the DVI computation. Finally, we propose a geometric mean method for DRI calculation. Results show a rise in DHI during 2006–2010 that affected DRI. We depict the applicability of SEDI via its relationship with El Nino-La Nina and El Salvador’s cereal production. This research provides a systematic drought risk assessment approach that is useful for decision-makers to allocate resources more smartly or intervene in Drought Risk Reduction (DRR). This research is also useful for those interested in socioeconomic drought.

Abu Faisal Ahamad, Petra Schneider, Romaza Khanum et al.

The ship-breaking industry has become a promising sector in Bangladesh by contributing to the country’s primary steel demand as raw material for re-rolling mills, providing livelihood opportunities for the poor. This paper investigates the livelihood index and health hazards of workers engaged in ship-breaking activities at the Bhatiari coast of Chattogram, Bangladesh. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected through participatory rural assessment (PRA) tools that included 128 individual interviews (II), ten focus group discussions (FGDs), and 15 key informant interviews (KIIs). The workers’ livelihoods revealed that workers lack basic facilities and are exposed to occupational health hazards due to working in a risky environment. Workers of different origins claimed to have 1 to 6 years of work experience and worked 11 to 12 h a day. More than 60% of workers reported being injured or suffering from various physical problems such as blurred vision, abdominal pain, and skin problems. Labor-intensive and unstable occupations, limited access to medical services, poor housing and sanitation, and lack of basic safety requirements increase workers’ plight. Therefore, the study offers advanced protective equipment, better medical facilities, and a safe workplace to improve the workers’ livelihoods.

Nermin Hasanspahić, Srđan Vujičić, Vlado Frančić et al.

A common interest of all shipping industry stakeholders is safe and accident-free shipping. To reach that goal, one of the most important actions that can be done is to analyze previous marine accidents. It means finding causes of accidents and, based on the analysis results, implementing effective corrective measures that can help reduce such undesired events in the future and improve safety efforts in shipping. Since it is widely accepted that human error accounts for 80–85% of all marine accidents, the research was focused on the human factor analysis in marine accidents. In this paper, 135 marine accident reports recorded in the UK Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) database from 2010 to 2019 were analyzed. The analysis aimed to categorize causal factors and discover the ones that are the most common. The Human Factor Analysis and Classification System for Maritime Accidents (HFACS-MA) method was used to be able to do so. Furthermore, multiple linear regression was used to determine the relationship between the number of accidents and the most common HFACS-MA causal factors. The research revealed that the causes of marine accidents are primarily dependent on two human factor categories and confirmed that by influencing those human factors categories, the number of marine accidents could be reduced and shipping safety improved in general.

Anca Bleoju, Alin Pohilca, Daniela-Ioana Tudose et al.

Rivers like the Danube crossing many countries gather floating debris. These countless times block locks, access roads to ports, access walkways on the berths of passenger ships and more. The paper presents the studies carried out in order to design a ship for the collection of these floating debris. Several variants have been chosen, of which one will be presented that is optimal from the point of view of the propulsion installation and especially of the wave front that it produces during the operation of waste collection and navigation to the place of unloading. In order to optimize the shapes of the ship, the NUMECA calculation program was used. It provides important data on the wavefront produced by the ship.

M. Awad, P. Mondal, O. Mahian et al.

This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Regional Editor Ahmet Selim Dalkilic 1Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 35516 2Microfluidics and Microscale Transport Processes Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India 3School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea 5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Yildiz, Besiktas, Istanbul, 34349, Turkey 6Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, CP 325, Romania 7Process Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 36, 30617 Hannover, Germany 8Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0300, USA 9Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Naval Architecture and Maritime Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, Yildiz, Besiktas, Istanbul, 34349, Turkey *E-mail address: m_m_awad@mans.edu.eg Orcid id: 0000-0001-6238-5872, 0000-0002-9368-1532, 0000-0001-9996-8246, 0000-0002-1036-3038, 0000-0002-5743-3937, 00000002-0660-6543, 0000-0002-3849-6289, 0000-0002-2419-2698, 0000-0002-3885-9588 Manuscript Received 6 June 2020, Accepted 6 June 2020 PROFESSOR SOMCHAI WONGWISES ON HIS 60TH BIRTHDAY

Chunguang Wang, Shiquan Ge, Justin W. Jaworski et al.

Risers are indispensable components of offshore platform systems that connect the wellhead at the sea bottom and to the platform at the sea surface and are normally made of high grade steel. Nowadays, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite has been recognized as an attractive alternative riser material. Similarly to steel risers, FRP composite risers are also vulnerable to vortex induced vibration (VIV), and the effects of the composite makeup of these risers on VIV are the subject of the present investigation. Three risers (the tailored design composite riser, the composite riser with orthogonal reinforcements and the steel riser), three current velocities (0.36 m/s, 1.22 m/s and 2.13 m/s) and three water depths (12.5 m, 25 m and 37.5 m) are considered. In total, 9 study cases using orthogonal array (OA) sampling are investigated to study the risers&#8217; VIV characteristics. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with coupled fluid&#8722;structure interaction (FSI) are used to obtain the risers&#8217; natural frequencies, global displacements, global stresses and the stress distributions in each composite lamina. The effect of 5 parameters (E_tension, E_bending, L/D_outer, tension force and current velocity) on the VIV amplitude in a cross flow direction of the risers is analyzed using Grey relational analysis (GRA) and the Grey relational grade of these parameters are: <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mn>05</mn> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>Velocity</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&gt;</mo> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mn>03</mn> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mo>/</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> <mrow> <mi>outer</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&gt;</mo> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mn>04</mn> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>Tension</mi> <mtext>&nbsp;</mtext> <mi>Force</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&gt;</mo> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mn>01</mn> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>s</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&gt;</mo> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mn>02</mn> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> <mrow> <mi>b</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>.

Linya Chen, Dong-Sheng Jeng, Chencong Liao et al.

Cofferdams are frequently used to assist in the construction of offshore structures that are built on a natural non-homogeneous anisotropic seabed. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) integrated numerical model consisting of a wave submodel and seabed submodel was adopted to investigate the wave&#8722;structure&#8722;seabed interaction. Reynolds-Averaged Navier&#8722;Stokes (RANS) equations were employed to simulate the wave-induced fluid motion and Biot&#8217;s poroelastic theory was adopted to control the wave-induced seabed response. The present model was validated with available laboratory experimental data and previous analytical results. The hydrodynamic process and seabed response around the dumbbell cofferdam are discussed in detail, with particular attention paid to the influence of the depth functions of the permeability <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> and shear modulus <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>. Numerical results indicate that to avoid the misestimation of the liquefaction depth, a steady-state analysis should be carried out prior to the transient seabed response analysis to first determine the equilibrium state caused by seabed consolidation. The depth function <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> markedly affects the vertical distribution of the pore pressure and the seabed liquefaction around the dumbbell cofferdam. The depth function <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> has a mild effect on the vertical distribution of the pore pressure within a coarse sand seabed, with the influence concentrated in the range defined by 0.1 times the seabed thickness above and below the embedded depth. The depth function <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> has little effect on seabed liquefaction. In addition, the traditional assumption that treats the seabed parameters as constants may result in the overestimation of the seabed liquefaction depth and the liquefaction area around the cofferdam will be miscalculated if consolidation is not considered. Moreover, parametric studies reveal that the shear modulus at the seabed surface <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> has a significant influence on the vertical distribution of the pore pressure. However, the effect of the permeability at the seabed surface <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> on the vertical distribution of the pore pressure is mainly concentrated on the seabed above the embedded depth in front and to the side of the cofferdam. Furthermore, the amplitude of pore pressure decreases as Poisson&#8217;s ratio <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msub> <mi>&#956;</mi> <mi>s</mi> </msub> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> increases.