El presente trabajo analiza la escritura del taller de Juan de Carrión recogida en las orlas del manuscrito 854 de la Morgan Library & Museum. Su análisis muestra un multigrafismo propio de la segunda mitad del siglo XV en territorio español, en el que conviven la escritura gótica mayúscula, la prehumanística y, de manera puntual, la gótica minúscula. El estudio nos permite identificar a los rogatarios de esta labor, ponerlos en conexión con los iluminadores y determinar algunas de sus características gráficas y culturales.
History (General) and history of Europe, History (General)
Data-driven approaches to philosophy have emerged as a valuable tool for studying the history of the discipline. However, most studies in this area have focused on a limited number of journals from specific regions and subfields. We expand the scope of this research by applying dynamic topic modelling techniques to explore the history of philosophy in Colombia and Latin America. Our study examines the Colombian philosophy journal Ideas y Valores, founded in 1951 and currently one of the most influential academic philosophy journals in the region. By analyzing the evolution of topics across the journal's history, we identify various trends and specific dynamics in philosophical discourse within the Colombian and Latin American context. Our findings reveal that the most prominent topics are value theory (including ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics), epistemology, and the philosophy of science. We also trace the evolution of articles focusing on the historical and interpretive aspects of philosophical texts, and we note a notable emphasis on German philosophers such as Kant, Husserl, and Hegel on various topics throughout the journal's lifetime. Additionally, we investigate whether articles with a historical focus have decreased over time due to editorial pressures. Our analysis suggests no significant decline in such articles. Finally, we propose ideas for extending this research to other Latin American journals and suggest improvements for natural language processing workflows in non-English languages.
Il saggio studia gli esiti del rapido incremento del «bisogno di scrivere» che interessò la popolazione bergamasca nella seconda metà del Quattrocento. Sono analizzate le grafie tanto delle scritture private contenenti obbligazioni commerciali quanto delle polizze d’estimo. Gli effetti delle trasformazioni delle prassi documentarie sono valutati su tre fronti: la composizione del gruppo degli alfabetizzati; la distribuzione delle abilità grafiche entro i vari contesti sociali e professionali; le scelte di coloro che, per analfabetismo o inesperienza grafica, accedevano alla produzione di documenti attraverso l’opera di mediatori professionisti e non. Sono ricostruite anche le differenze tra lo spazio urbano e i territori rurali, nei quali la minore alfabetizzazione favorì l’emergere di figure di mediatori seriali, talvolta prive di competenze scrittorie di livello professionale.
I contributi qui raccolti si propongono di indagare l’impatto economico, sociale, politico e culturale del fenomeno della moda nell’epoca della sua prima comparsa, databile tra i secoli XIII-XIV, attraverso la produzione e il consumo dei capi di abbigliamento. L’idea è quella di esaminare il valore monetario di materie prime quali lana, seta, cuoio e capi di abbigliamento, rapportando le analisi al significato sociale e politico che questi manufatti avevano nei contesti presi in considerazione, senza trascurare i ragionamenti sul valore culturale delle vesti ricavabili dalla letteratura del tempo, ambito nel quale alcuni autori si interrogano su questioni economiche e morali rese urgenti dalle quotidiane pratiche dell’accesso al credito e dalla funzione di valute parallele alla moneta costituita dagli oggetti, segnatamente dalle vesti.
New knowledge originates from the old. The various types of elements, deposited in the training history, are a large amount of wealth for improving learning deep models. In this survey, we comprehensively review and summarize the topic--``Historical Learning: Learning Models with Learning History'', which learns better neural models with the help of their learning history during its optimization, from three detailed aspects: Historical Type (what), Functional Part (where) and Storage Form (how). To our best knowledge, it is the first survey that systematically studies the methodologies which make use of various historical statistics when training deep neural networks. The discussions with related topics like recurrent/memory networks, ensemble learning, and reinforcement learning are demonstrated. We also expose future challenges of this topic and encourage the community to pay attention to the think of historical learning principles when designing algorithms. The paper list related to historical learning is available at \url{https://github.com/Martinser/Awesome-Historical-Learning.}
Historians have studied the medieval city from many different perspectives already, and even literary historians have endeavoured to identify the evidence in fictional texts pertaining to urban spaces and figures. In many cases, however, the cities as they emerge before our eyes are rather imaginary or dream-like, and lack in historical specificity. This situation changed, as this article demonstrates, with the case of Rudolf von Ems’s Der guote Gêrhart (ca. 1220) and the verse narratives by Heinrich Kaufringer (ca. 1400). This study examines the data we can cull from both sides and presents it as the crucial indicator for the emergence of a new literary discourse dedicated to the world of late medieval cities. We begin to discover, though not yet in any consistent way, the formation of urban protagonists and of narrative contexts that are predicated on urban settings.
SSe analiza la existencia de la comunidad cristiana de Huesca entre el 711 y el 1096, así como la problemática existente respecto a la sede episcopal vacante y su congregación en torno a San Pedro el Viejo. Para ello se estudian conjuntamente textos árabes y latinos, tanto anteriores como posteriores a la conquista, así como los registros materiales y se establecen comparativas con los acontecimientos históricos de las áreas circumpirenaicas. Se concluye con una nueva propuesta interpretativa que establezca la posible viabilidad de esta comunidad desde el punto de vista del derecho islámico, que plantee otras posibilidades organizativas de la comunidad más allá de la mediación episcopal o que resuelva las dudas en torno al lugar de reunión de esta comunidad.
History (General) and history of Europe, History (General)
Intrinsecamente legata alla storia dell’arte e dell’architettura, la biografia rappresenta una sfida per i medievisti. Il problema che si pone non riguarda l’assenza di nomi ma il fatto che di rado essi siano congiunti a una vita. La storiografia è solita comparare più contesti nel tentativo di rintracciare elementi caratterizzanti una committenza che si possano poi applicare altrove. In questo saggio intendo procedere in senso opposto, partendo cioè dagli indizi forniti dallo stesso monumento – la chiesa monastica di Sant’Elia – per arrivare alla biografia del suo committente: tale approccio consente una riflessione teorica e pratica sul metodo dello studio biografico per il medioevo.
We show that the star formation history, the reionization history and the present luminosity function of galaxies are reproduced in a simple gravitational collapse model within the $Λ$CDM regime to almost a quantitative accuracy, when the physical conditions, the Jeans criterion and the cooling process, are taken into account. Taking a reasonable set of the model parameters, the reionisation takes place sharply at around redshift $1+z\simeq 7.5$, and the resulting luminosity function turns off at $L\simeq 10^{10.7}L_\odot$, showing the consistency between the star formation history and the reionisation of the Universe. The model gives the total amount of stars $Ω_\mathrm{star}=0.004$ in units of the critical density compared to the observation $0.0044$ with the recycling factor $1.6$ included. In order to account for the observed star formation rate and the present luminosity function, the star formation efficiency is not halo mass independent but becomes maximum at the halo mass $\simeq 10^{12}M_\odot$ and is suppressed for both smaller and larger mass haloes.
Lucas Sakizloglou, Sona Ghahremani, Thomas Brand
et al.
Advanced systems such as IoT comprise many heterogeneous, interconnected, and autonomous entities operating in often highly dynamic environments. Due to their large scale and complexity, large volumes of monitoring data are generated and need to be stored, retrieved, and mined in a time- and resource-efficient manner. Architectural self-adaptation automates the control, orchestration, and operation of such systems. This can only be achieved via sophisticated decision-making schemes supported by monitoring data that fully captures the system behavior and its history. Employing model-driven engineering techniques we propose a highly scalable, history-aware approach to store and retrieve monitoring data in form of enriched runtime models. We take advantage of rule-based adaptation where change events in the system trigger adaptation rules. We first present a scheme to incrementally check model queries in the form of temporal logic formulas which represent the conditions of adaptation rules against a runtime model with history. Then we enhance the model to retain only information that is temporally relevant to the queries, therefore reducing the accumulation of information to a required minimum. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility and scalability of our approach via experiments on a simulated smart healthcare system employing a real-world medical guideline.
Frode Iversen, Karoline Kjesrud, Harald Bjorvand
et al.
The iril at Øverby in Vingulmark
This article presents the first interpretation of a 5th century proto-Norse runic inscription discovered in 2017 at Øverby, Østfold, Norway: "Cut runes in, skilled iril, for Isni”. The meaning of the word iril is discussed in light of the ten other proto-Norse inscriptions in Scandinavia where irils are mentioned. Through analysis of the language, history, archaeology and landscape context of all the iril inscriptions, we argue that the iril in the Roman and Migration period was a military leader, an earl, subordinate to a King. The iril at Øverby was Earl in the medieval shire of Vingulmark. The Earls in this period were located in strategic places in the outskirts of larger habitation areas close to the shire borders. The findings are set in context with among other Danish bog offering sites. We consider the iril a military leader for major warrior groups that fought in Scandinavia and on the continent 1500–1800 years ago.
This essay discusses the mounted image of St. George slaying an emperor within the broader context of how and why early Christian images were transformed and adapted to the early Byzantine religious style. The representational framework of Arthur Danto’s philosophical system is used to tie together the threads of this research. By drawing parallels between changes in contemporary art and culture – often referred to as the modern/postmodern shift – and the transition of the Hellenistic to the Byzantine era, structures common to artistic creation and reception are brought to the fore. The case study presents the history of the depiction of St. George slaying Diocletian, how it emerged in the Caucasus region, and the manner in which it reflects the stylistic changes that took place in the late antique eastern Roman world. The social, cultural and philosophical ramifications of the shift of high classical art to the early Byzantine style are laid out in terms of art, modes of inquiry, and action-orientation. A theory is presented on what role the image of St. George killing Diocletian may have played in transforming the late antique and early medieval worldview. The final section sketches a philosophical framework that supports the conclusions of this research.
Edoardo Carlesi, Yehuda Hoffman, Stefan Gottlöber
et al.
In this work an ensemble of simulated Local Group analogues is used to constrain the properties of the mass assembly history of the Milky Way (MW) and Andromeda (M31) galaxies. These objects have been obtained using the constrained simulation technique, which ensures that simulated LGs live within a large scale environment akin to the observed one. Our results are compared against a standard $Λ$ Cold Dark Matter ($Λ$CDM) series of simulations which use the same cosmological parameters. This allows us to single out the effects of the constraints on the results. We find that (a) the median constrained merging histories for M31 and MW live above the standard ones at the 1-$σ$ level, (b) the median formation time takes place $\approx$ 0.5 Gyr earlier than unconstrained values, while the latest major merger happens on average 1.5 Gyr earlier and (c) the probability for both LG haloes to have experienced their last major merger in the first half of the history of the Universe is $\approx$ 50% higher for the constrained pairs. These results have been estimated to be significant at the 99% confidence level by means of a Kolmogorov-Simirnov test. These results suggest that the particular environment in which the Milky Way and Andromeda form plays a role in shaping their properties, and favours earlier formation and last major merger time values in agreement with other observational and theoretical considerations.
La respuesta de las comunidades mozárabes ante la obligatoriedad de adoptar el rito romano durante los siglos XI y XII constituye un interesante fenómeno que ayuda a esclarecer hasta qué punto la antigua liturgia hispano-visigótica formaba parte de la esencia identitaria de esos cristianos arabizados y de qué modo miraron al rito ultrapirenaico. Este trabajo quiere ofrecer una revisión de la literatura generada en torno al tema desde mediados del siglo XX, diferenciando tres escenarios: Portugal (Coímbra y Lisboa), Aragón (Zaragoza y el valle del Ebro) y Toledo. El objetivo que se persigue es el de exponer y evaluar los modelos interpretativos, la recurrencia temática y la caracterización de personajes y grupos. Asimismo, se indican las líneas de investigación abiertas y se sugieren nuevas vías de estudio.
The response of the Mozarabic communities with respect to the obligation to adopt the Roman rite during the eleventh and twelfth centuries is an interesting phenomenon which sheds light on the extent to which the ancient Hispano-Visigothic liturgy was part of the essence of the Arabized Christian’s identity and in what way did they conceive the foreign rite. This study proposes a review of the literature produced on this topic from the mid-twentieth century in three different areas: Portugal (Coimbra and Lisbon), Aragon (Zaragoza and the Ebro Valley) and Toledo. Our objective is to present and evaluate the interpretive models, the recurring themes and the characterization of figures and groups. Furthermore, we will enumerate current research areas and propose new themes for future studies.
History (General) and history of Europe, History (General)
B. R. Erick Peirson, Erin Bottino, Julia L. Damerow
et al.
Journal of the History of Biology provides a fifty-year long record for examining the evolution of the history of biology as a scholarly discipline. In this paper, we present a new dataset and preliminary quantitative analysis of the thematic content of JHB from the perspectives of geography, organisms, and thematic fields. The geographic diversity of authors whose work appears in JHB has increased steadily since 1968, but the geographic coverage of the content of JHB articles remains strongly lopsided toward the United States, United Kingdom, and western Europe and has diversified much less dramatically over time. The taxonomic diversity of organisms discussed in JHB increased steadily between 1968 and the late 1990s but declined in later years, mirroring broader patterns of diversification previously reported in the biomedical research literature. Finally, we used a combination of topic modeling and nonlinear dimensionality reduction techniques to develop a model of multi-article fields within JHB. We found evidence for directional changes in the representation of fields on multiple scales. The diversity of JHB with regard to the representation of thematic fields has increased overall, with most of that diversification occurring in recent years. Drawing on the dataset generated in the course of this analysis, as well as web services in the emerging digital history and philosophy of science ecosystem, we have developed an interactive web platform for exploring the content of JHB, and we provide a brief overview of the platform in this article. As a whole, the data and analyses presented here provide a starting-place for further critical reflection on the evolution of the history of biology over the past half-century.
A robust code, called Low-T Thermo, has been developed to combine low-T thermochronological data arbitrarily to model thermal history. After apatite fission-track age and confined length are decoupled into two completely independent data to inverse thermal history and thermal history inversion using mica Ar-Ar age or bedrock quartz optically stimulated luminescence age are developed, there are eight kinds of low-T thermochronological data used to inverse thermal history including apatite fission-track age, apatite fission-track confined length, zircon fission-track age, apatite (U-Th)/He age, zircon (U-Th)/He age, mica Ar-Ar, bedrock quartz optically stimulated luminescence age and vitrinite reflectance. A total of 247 kinds of combination modes can be used to jointly inverse thermal history in theory (except the eight single methods modelling). These arbitrary combinations are helpful to model thermal history with the "incomplete" low-T thermochronological data set regarded to be unuseful for thermal history modelling and reduce experimental cost. For arbitrary combination of different low-T thermochronological data, each low-T thermochronological method is independent incompletely and the equivalent p-value is used to be the identical evaluation indicator in the inverse process. The usefulness of the code is demonstrated by modelling thermal history of existing low-T thermochronological data in the areas of Dabie Mountain, Ahimanawa Range and Southern Alps.
Francesco Beretta, Claire-Charlotte Butez, Adrien Carpentier
et al.
Understanding the evolution of a forest area requires taking both time and space into account. This means providing a temporal dimension to a semi-natural object and considering that it can spatially move. In the work frame of this applied research thesis work (Afforestation policy), it has been necessary to use specific tools and to convert ancient data to a readable useful format.The SyMoGIH method (Système Modulaire de Gestion de l'Information Historique / Modular System for Historical Data Management) offers the possibility to work at different scale level (territory, landscape, place) using space and time data for each geographical elements of the Avesnois National Park. With this method, the historical analysis is spatially located at every period of time.