Mateusz Zajac, Tomislav Rožić, Justyna Swieboda-Kutera
et al.
<i>Background</i>: The increasing complexity of global supply chains and environmental expectations has highlighted the strategic importance of digital transformation in the transport, forwarding, and logistics (TFL) sector. Despite a growing portfolio of available tools, adoption rates—particularly among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Central and Eastern Europe—remain low. This study investigates the barriers and motivations related to the implementation of digital planning tools supporting intermodal transport planning. <i>Methods</i>: A structured online survey was conducted among 80 Polish TFL enterprises, targeting decision-makers responsible for operational and digital strategies. The questionnaire included 17 closed and semi-open questions grouped into three thematic sections: tool usage, implementation barriers, and digital readiness. <i>Results</i>: The findings indicate that only 20% of respondents use dedicated route planning tools, and merely 10% report satisfaction with their performance. Key barriers include lack of awareness, organizational inertia, and the prioritization of other initiatives, with financial cost cited less frequently. While environmental sustainability is declared as a priority by most enterprises, digital support for emission tracking is limited. The results highlight the need for targeted education, integration support, and differentiated platform functionalities for SMEs and larger firms. <i>Conclusions</i>: This study offers evidence-based recommendations for developers, policymakers, and logistics managers aiming to accelerate digital adoption in the intermodal logistics landscape.
Transportation and communication, Management. Industrial management
The article is devoted to topical issues in the field of land servitude law. The legislative support for the formation and development of servitude land use is studied. The author analyses in detail the grounds, peculiarities and procedure for establishing land servitudes. It is emphasised that despite the legislative definition of the right of land servitude, a land servitude may be established only for a part of a land plot owned or used. This refers to the technical documentation on land management to establish the boundaries of the part of the land plot to which the easement right applies. The author emphasises the emergence of new types of land easements. It is emphasised that a land servitude should be exercised in the manner that is least burdensome for the owner of the land plot in respect of which it is established. The author focuses on the establishment of easements on land plots of various forms of ownership. The author examines the peculiarities of establishing land servitudes on land plots owned by the state and municipalities. The article deals with the limits of state interference with property rights by establishing a land easement. Procedural aspects of establishing a land servitude on lands not formed into land plots are considered. The article separately considers the peculiarities of establishing land servitudes by contract, law, will and court decision. The content of an agreement on the establishment of a land easement is indicated. The peculiarities of concluding an agreement on the establishment of a land servitude are noted. It is emphasised that a land servitude is subject to state registration in accordance with the procedure established for state registration of rights to real estate. Examples of legislative provisions on the establishment of land servitudes by law are provided. The author analyses the procedure for establishing a land easement by will. Emphasis is placed on the inclusion of a land easement in the will and then in the certificate of inheritance. The author examines the peculiarities and conditions for concluding a servitude agreement by a court decision. Examples of court practice in this area are provided.
The article considers the concept of law-based state as a basis for justice effectiveness analysis. The necessity of researching the concept of a law-based state prior to covering the judicial system as a characteristic of a law-based state is methodologically justified. It is emphasized that for the development of Ukrainian legal science it is extremely important to investigate how exactly the effectiveness of justice is related to the extent to which Ukraine corresponds to the ideals of the law-based state, especially in the conditions of modern transformations. It is noted that a law-based state is based on the rule of law, the separation of powers, human rights and freedoms protection, and the independence of the judiciary. The theoretical and practical aspects of a law-based state functioning are considered, in particular the role of constitutionalism and legal mechanisms of control. The article emphasizes the importance of justice as a central element of a law-based state, which ensures the protection of citizens’ rights and control over the actions of state authorities. It was noted that in the context of a law-based state formation the effectiveness of justice acts as an indicator allowing to assess how successfully the ideals of the rule of law and the protection of human rights are implemented. The main criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of justice are determined, namely the independence of judges, access to justice, and fairness of decisions. The connections between effective justice and the principles of the rule of law and its role in a democratic society are covered. It is indicated that in the conditions of reforming the judicial system in Ukraine, the issue of maintaining a balance between the independence of courts and their accountability to society has not only domestic political significance, but also directly affects the international image of Ukraine and the process of European integration. It is summarized that effective justice is one of the most important indicators of a law-based state development. It ensures the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, contributes to the stability of society and the development of democracy. In order to achieve effective justice, it is necessary to constantly work on the legislation improving, qualifications of judges extension, and judiciary independence ensuring.
Abstract Decarbonization is often misunderstood in financial studies. Furthermore, its implications for investment opportunities and growth are even less known. The study investigates the link between energy indicators and Tobin's Quotient (TQ) in listed companies globally, finding that the carbon content of energy presents a negative yet modest effect on financial performance. Furthermore, we investigated the effect carbon prices in compliance markets have on TQ for exempted and non-exempt firms, finding that Energy efficiency measures yield greater effects in the latter group. Conversely, it is also true that carbon prices marginally reduce TQ more in non-exempt firms. This implies that auction-mechanisms create burdens that companies are eager to relinquish by reducing emissions. However, reducing GHG yields positive effects on TQ only as long as it results in energy efficiency improvements.
O processo de urbanização no Brasil atravessou diversas fases, a população removida dos cortiços, bem como os escravos libertos, começaram a ocupar os morros da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A insuficiência de políticas públicas habitacionais agravadas pelas desigualdades sociais, afetam diretamente a população negra e/ou pobre, enfatizando o racismo ambiental. As mudanças climáticas provocam maiores impactos a esta população vulnerável, sendo eles as maiores vítimas das catástrofes de clima. Faz-se necessária a difusão da prática do racismo ambiental, bem como o combate através de políticas públicas de moradia e asseguradoras dos direitos sociais previstos na Constituição Federal de 1988.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Political science (General)
Três décadas de gramática constitucional são revistas e questionadas no que diz respeito às minorias, grupos diferenciados, povos indígenas, povos negros, afrodescendentes, raizales, palenqueros (NARP), Rrom (ciganos) ou referenciados como grupos étnicos, a progressividade do reconhecimento dos seus direitos e as inconsistências judiciais e institucionais das suas principais reivindicações face à narrativa sociocultural do viver melhor (vivir sabroso) destas populações como sujeitos de uma abordagem multicultural que continua presa num círculo conservador de respeito pelo status quo jurídico tradicional, a ineficácia das decisões a diferentes níveis do Estado, como a persistência da desigualdade, do racismo e da falta de concretização material dos direitos territoriais coletivos, da consulta prévia e da participação destas chamadas minorias no processo de decisão da vida social.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Ezzat A. Ismail, Shaimaa A. Shehata, Ahmed M. Fouad
et al.
Abstract Background The usage and implementation of telemedicine by urologists to diagnose, treat, mentor, and prevent diseases have grown worldwide. Numerous clinical, legal, and ethical issues are addressed by this practice. This is a cross-sectional study based on an anonymous online questionnaire, aimed to assess the current urologists’ knowledge and attitude towards telemedicine use in Egypt. A total of 108 Egyptian urologists filled out the questionnaire which included sociodemographic data, urologist knowledge, attitude regarding telemedicine, and common concerns and barriers. Results Out of the total sample, 75.9% of participants did not use telemedicine modalities until COVID-19 pandemic. Nearly 66.7% of participants did not receive formal medicolegal training on using telemedicine. About 62% of participants used personal accounts on social media, and 73.1% of teleconsultations were to assess radiological and laboratory data. Several concerns were highlighted such as possible malpractice risks (79.6%), defamation (72.2%), and keeping patient records (71.3%). Urologists raised many considerable barriers regarding telemedicine, such as lack of patient technology skills (84.3%), absence of regulations or laws (76.9%), insurance reimbursement (57.4%), and lack of administrative support (53.7%). Most of the participants have a positive impression of the advantages of tele-urology. There was a statistically significant difference between the number of cases seen per week and positive total attitude score. Conclusions Although most participants practiced telemedicine, many obstacles were highlighted through the study. Ignoring legal, ethical, personal, and patient issues may also jeopardize the future of telemedicine. Well-established health policies, formal education, and the implementation of regulated laws of telemedicine are fundamental.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Medicine (General)
The scaling law has been validated in various domains, such as natural language processing (NLP) and massive computer vision tasks; however, its application to motion generation remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we introduce a scalable motion generation framework that includes the motion tokenizer Motion FSQ-VAE and a text-prefix autoregressive transformer. Through comprehensive experiments, we observe the scaling behavior of this system. For the first time, we confirm the existence of scaling laws within the context of motion generation. Specifically, our results demonstrate that the normalized test loss of our prefix autoregressive models adheres to a logarithmic law in relation to compute budgets. Furthermore, we also confirm the power law between Non-Vocabulary Parameters, Vocabulary Parameters, and Data Tokens with respect to compute budgets respectively. Leveraging the scaling law, we predict the optimal transformer size, vocabulary size, and data requirements for a compute budget of $1e18$. The test loss of the system, when trained with the optimal model size, vocabulary size, and required data, aligns precisely with the predicted test loss, thereby validating the scaling law.
Mingyu Yu, Jiayang Wang, Sahani A. Iddawela
et al.
GaAs(111)B is a semiconductor substrate widely used in research and commercial fields due to its low cost, mature synthesis technology, and excellent properties for manufacturing electronic devices. It is not only used to grow three-dimensional (3D) strongly-bonded materials, but has also been used as a substrate for layered, van der Waals (vdW)-bonded chalcogenide film growth. However, GaAs(111)B wafers cannot be directly used for growing epitaxial vdW chalcogenide films for two reasons: (1) the GaAs surface has a substantial number of dangling bonds that need to be passivated for vdW layers growth; (2) the substrate surface is covered with a thin epi-ready oxide layer which must be removed before film growth. In this paper, we optimize the method for deoxidizing GaAs(111)B substrates under a Se overpressure and successfully create a smooth, deoxidized, and passivated substrate for subsequent growth of vdW chalcogenide materials. We demonstrate the benefits of this method for the growth of vdW chalcogenide thin films using GaSe as a representative of vdW chalcogenides. In addition, we find that severely aged substrates have difficulty maintaining a smooth surface during the deoxidation and passivation process and cause GaSe crystals to nucleate in random shapes and orientations. We describe a method using water droplet testing to determine the age of the substrate. Finally, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization reveals that the natural aging of GaAs(111)B in the air results in an increase in surface oxides, Ga2O3 and As2O3, while exposure to ultraviolet (UV)-ozone not only enhances the contents of these two oxides but also generates a new oxide, As2O5. Our research contributes to expanding the compatibility of GaAs(111)B with diverse growth materials and the production of high-quality heterostructure devices.
Existing methods for learning urban space representations from Point-of-Interest (POI) data face several limitations, including issues with geographical delineation, inadequate spatial information modelling, underutilisation of POI semantic attributes, and computational inefficiencies. To address these issues, we propose CaLLiPer (Contrastive Language-Location Pre-training), a novel representation learning model that directly embeds continuous urban spaces into vector representations that can capture the spatial and semantic distribution of urban environment. This model leverages a multimodal contrastive learning objective, aligning location embeddings with textual POI descriptions, thereby bypassing the need for complex training corpus construction and negative sampling. We validate CaLLiPer's effectiveness by applying it to learning urban space representations in London, UK, where it demonstrates 5-15% improvement in predictive performance for land use classification and socioeconomic mapping tasks compared to state-of-the-art methods. Visualisations of the learned representations further illustrate our model's advantages in capturing spatial variations in urban semantics with high accuracy and fine resolution. Additionally, CaLLiPer achieves reduced training time, showcasing its efficiency and scalability. This work provides a promising pathway for scalable, semantically rich urban space representation learning that can support the development of geospatial foundation models. The implementation code is available at https://github.com/xlwang233/CaLLiPer.
Francisco Romano Burgos, Mario Armando Echeverria Acuña
El presente artículo tiene como finalidad plantearle al Estado Colombiano la importancia de la mediación jurídica para absorber las tensiones de una sociedad compleja, y la acción convergente de las respuestas institucionales a los conflictos sociales del país como garantía y protección de los Derechos Humanos. El análisis y comprensión de la tensión entre el acuerdo de paz y la justicia en el escenario de postconflicto después de firmado el acuerdo en 2016 es un elemento esencial de recuperación y fortalecimiento institucional legitimador que requiere Colombia frente a todos los ciudadanos y especialmente las víctimas del conflicto armado. Así, describiremos la Responsabilidad del Estado en el postconflicto, caracterizaremos el Estado de Democracia deliberativa en Habermas y analizaremos las acciones que requiere el Estado Colombia para legitimarse frente a la problemática política y social en el postconflicto.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
O presente artigo tem como objetivo a análise do reconhecimento da autonomia universitária e da liberdade de cátedra como instrumentos de realização do Estado Democrático de Direito instituído pela Constituição Federal de 1988. Em um primeiro momento, contextualiza os desdobramentos do direito social fundamental à educação para a conceituação e identificação das principais características da liberdade de ensinar sob os aspectos institucional e docente. Posteriormente, propõe o estudo da autonomia universitária e da liberdade de cátedra sob a perspectiva do Estado Democrático de Direito à luz do julgamento da Ação de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental nº 548 pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal e da Declaração do Parlamento do MERCOSUL. Conclui-se que a garantia da liberdade de ensinar é pressuposto essencial em uma democracia. Utiliza-se pesquisa qualitativa e as técnicas bibliográfica e documental.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
The article considers the content and essence of the principle of humanism in criminal executive law. Emphasis is placed on the exclusive common law origin of this principle within the framework of sectoral law. The natural origin of the principle of humanism is reflected in the positive component of state participation in the implementation of this principle. It is emphasized that the principle of humanism is inextricably linked with other general principles and is crucial in areas of law that are directly related to the restrictions on the natural rights and interests of individuals - this is certainly the field of criminal law. Within the framework of criminal executive law, the principle of humanism primarily concerns the observance of the rights and freedoms of persons serving criminal sentences in the penitentiary system. It should also be noted that the essence of the criminal offenses committed by these persons, namely their public danger, extends the content of the principle of humanism to the observance and consideration of the interests of society. The article additionally emphasizes that during the serving of a criminal sentence, the convict must take measures to compensate for the damage caused to the victim as a result of the commission of a criminal offense. Given this aspect, the implementation of the principle of humanism must also take into account the interests of victims. In addition, the practical realities of serving criminal sentences in the form of imprisonment show that the convict must also take measures to enforce court decisions in other cases, given the available writs of execution located at the place of serving the sentence. Thus, the principle of humanism, which is implemented within the framework of criminal executive law, reflects the observance of the interests of a wide range of people. Given the above-mentioned multi-subject model of perception of the content of the principle of humanism within the framework of criminal executive law, it is expedient in a broad sense to adopt a set of measures of influence that can be applied to convicts. These measures should not be limited to measures of criminal law, but also take into account coercive measures related to the performance of other obligations by convicts at the discretion of the competent authorities.
As implicações da publicidade à criança e ao adolescente são objetos de estudo de diversos juristas, instituições públicas e privadas, sociedade civil, tanto nacional quanto internacional. Apesar da parca relevância conferida pelo Estado brasileiro à questão, com ênfase para o Legislativo, a necessidade de uma regulação específica a disciplinar a publicidade é tema presente em longa data. Abrange a reflexão e a ponderação quanto aos direitos constitucionais da liberdade, da expressão, da imprensa, da proteção da privacidade, dos dados pessoais e da prioridade absoluta da criança e do adolescente. Valendo-se da hermenêutica jurídica ontológica como metodologia, do proceder hipotético-dedutivo como método, da revisão bibliográfica como técnica, objetivou-se demonstrar a hipervulnerabilidade desse público em particular, quando na condição de consumidores digitais, bem como sua exposição irrestrita às publicidades de toda ordem na internet. Assim, constatou-se a necessidade de criação de um diploma legal especialíssimo, aliado à efetiva ação fiscalizatória, típico de uma tutela protetiva, em que a criança e o adolescente estariam abrigados contra a publicidade abusiva no meio virtual.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Benford's law is widely used for fraud-detection nowadays. The underlying assumption for using the law is that a "regular" dataset follows the significant digit phenomenon. In this paper, we address the scenario where a shrewd fraudster manipulates a list of numbers in such a way that still complies with Benford's law. We develop a general family of distributions that provides several degrees of freedom to such a fraudster such as minimum, maximum, mean and size of the manipulated dataset. The conclusion further corroborates the idea that Benford's law should be used with utmost discretion as a means for fraud detection.
We prove the monadic second order 0-1 law for two recursive tree models: uniform attachment tree and preferential attachment tree. We also show that the first order 0-1 law does not hold for non-tree uniform attachment models.
Tidak selamanya praktek asuransi berjalan dengan baik. Dalam praktek ditemukan ditolaknya klaim asuransi tertanggung oleh penanggung setelah risiko, kerugian atau peristiwa yang tidak diinginkan terjadi. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perlindungan hukum bagi tertanggung yang menghadapi penolakan klaim asuransi dan mengetahui akibat hukum apabila pihak penanggung menolak klaim dari pihak tertanggung. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan teknik analisis data secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Perlindungan hukum bagi pihak tertanggung atas penolakan klaim telah ada lembaga khusus yang berwenang melakukan pengaturan, pengawasan, pemeriksaan, dan penyidikan di bidang asuransi. Pihak tertanggung dapat melakukan pengaduan atas
penolakan klaim yang terjadi kepada OJK dan dibantu oleh OJK. OJK telah
mengeluarkan POJK No: 1/POJK.07/2013 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen Sektor Jasa Keuangan yang secara khusus dibuat untuk melindungi konsumen yang merasa dirugikan oleh perusahaan asuransi. Apabila penolakan asuransi atas kelalaian pihak asuransi maka sanksi hukumnya berupa peringatan tertulis, pembatasan kegiatan usaha, dan pencabutan izin usaha sebagaimana yang terdapat dalam pasal 77 ayat (1) POJK No 69/Pojk.05/2016 tentang Penyelenggaraan Usaha Perusahaan Asuransi, Perusahaan Asuransi Syariah, Perusahaan Reasuransi, dan Perusahaan Reasuransi Syariah, sedangkan apabila penolakan asuransi atas kelalaian pihak tertanggung maka akibat hukumnya perusahaan asuransi dapat melakukan penuntutan pihak tertanggung tersebut.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence