Hasil untuk "Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar"

Noam Chomsky

Donald Favareau

David R. Dowty

Yuanjie Song, Ke Deng

Beatriz Gómez-Pablos

El artículo analiza los anglicismos derivados en el Diccionario del léxico juvenil en España (2023), de María Luisa Regueiro Rodríguez, desde el punto de vista morfológico, la difusión de abreviaturas inglesas en el lenguaje escrito y el fenómeno de los pseudoanglicismos en dicho repertorio lexicográfico. Actualmente se aprecia una mayor familiaridad con el inglés entre los jóvenes, lo cual se refleja en el elevado número de préstamos no adaptados que emplean. Del mismo modo, también se manifiesta en la gran cantidad de formas derivadas, donde la variedad ortográfica y la de sufijos son dos de las características principales. Unida a ellas se encuentra la creatividad que lleva a los jóvenes a formar palabras nuevas, introducir sufijos foráneos, cambiar significados originales y otros fenómenos mencionados en este trabajo.

Muhammad Shaharyar Sabiri, Umm-e- Rubab, Hira Naseem

The current study analyzed the short story of Ernest Hemingway named “Hills Like White Elephants”. The study investigated the transitivity process in the short story genre, for which Halliday's ideational meta-function was utilised as the theoretical framework for the study. Moreover, the transcript of the short story “Hills Like White Elephants” was taken as the research material. Furthermore, the research was corpus-assisted in nature, and the basic unit for analysing transitivity is a clause. Similarly, for the purpose of this research, clauses from the text were used for the analysis as the study was based on clause level. The researcher used the UAM corpus tool, and elements of transitivity, such as participants, processes, and circumstances, were examined. The results exhibited that the writer used the material process most recurrently to characterize actions and goings-on in the text. It allowed the writer to vividly depict events, making the text more engaging and informative and elaborating Hemingway's minimalist and iceberg-style writing. This study also helped to emphasize how linguistic analysis can be helpful to understand the discourse of the text and ideology of the writer and would also be valuable for researchers and students in order to analyze and interpret texts of diverse genres from the standpoint of systemic functional linguistics. Keywords: Systemic functional linguistics, ideational meta-function, transitivity analysis, corpus-based.   References Ahmad, S. (2019). Transitivity Analysis of the Short Story “The Happy Prince” Written by Oscar Wilde. IJOHMN (International Journal Online of Humanities), 5(2). https://doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v5i2.90 Anjum, & Javed, M. (2019). A Corpus-Based Halliday’s Transitivity Analysis of “To the Lighthouse” by Um-e- Ammara, Rehana Yasmin Anjum, Maryiam Javed :: SSRN. Linguistics and Literature Review, 05(02), 139–162. Bloor, T., Bloor, M., Bloor, T., & Bloor, M. (2004). The Functional Analysis of English. The Functional Analysis of English. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203774854 Burton, G. M. (1982). Writing numerals Suggestions for Helping Children. Intervention in School and Clinic, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/105345128201700405 Byrnes, H. (2009). Systemic-functional reflections on instructed foreign language acquisition as meaning-making: An introduction. In Linguistics and Education (Vol. 20, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2009.01.002 Byrnes, H. (2012). The Routledge Encyclopedia of Second Language Acquisition. In The Routledge Encyclopedia of Second Language Acquisition (pp. 622–624). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203135945 Emayakre, N. N. (2021). Using transitivity Analysis to Reveal the Nature of Characters in Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women. EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, 2(Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.46606/eajess2021v02i04.0139 Ezzina, R. (2015). Transitivity Analysis of « The Crying lot of 49 » by Thomas Pynchon. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 2(3). Gerot, L., & Wignell, P. (1994). Making sense of functional grammar. Antipodean Educational Enterprises. Halliday, Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2004). Halliday’s introduction to functional grammar (4th ed.). Routledge. Halliday, M. A. ., & Matthiessen, C. (2014). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203783771 Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (1st ed.). London Edward Arnold. - References - Scientific Research Publishing. Hodder Arnold. Halliday, M. A. K. (2009). The Essential Halliday: : M.A.K. Halliday: Continuum (Jonathan Webster (ed.); 1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2013). Halliday’s introduction to functional grammar: Fourth edition. In Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar: Fourth Edition. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203431269 Isti’anah, A. (2019). TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF AFGHAN WOMEN IN ÅSNE SEIERSTAD’S THE BOOKSELLER OF KABUL. LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa Dan Sastra, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.18860/ling.v14i2.6966 Jawaid, A., Batool, M., Arshad, W., ul Haq, M. I., Kaur, P., & Sanaullah, S. (2025). AI AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING OUTCOMES. Contemporary Journal of Social Science Review, 3(1), 927-935. https://contemporaryjournal.com/index. php/14/article/view/387 Jawaid, A., Batool, M., Arshad, W., ul Haq, M. I., Kaur, P., & Arshad, S. (2025). ENGLISH LANGUAGE VOCABULARY BUILDING TRENDS IN STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS AND A CASE OF LAHORE, PAKISTAN. Contemporary Journal of Social Science Review, 3(1), 730-737. https://contemporaryjournal.com/index.php/14/article/view/360 Jawaid, A., Mukhtar, J., Mahnoor, D. P. K., Arshad, W., & ul Haq, M. I. (2025). ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING OF CHALLENGING STUDENTS: A UNIVERSITY CASE. Journal of Applied Linguistics and TESOL (JALT), 8(1), 679-686. https://jalt.com.pk/index.php/jalt/article/view/370 Mahmood, M. I., & Hashmi, M. A. (2020). A Corpus-based Transitivity Analysis of Nilopher’s Character in The Stone Woman. Sjesr, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss4-2020(351-361) Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. (2008). Genre relations: Mapping culture. In Language in Society (Vol. 39, Issue 03). McEnery, T., & Hardie, A. (2011). Corpus linguistics Method, theory and practice. Cambridge University Press. Mehmood, A., Amber, R., Ameer, S., & Faiz, R. (2014). Transitivity Analysis: Representation of Love in Wilde’S the Nightingale and the Rose. European Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 2(4). Meyer, C. F., Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1987). Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-Semiotic Perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/3586740 Mushtaq, M., Saleem, T., Afzal, S., & Saleem, A. (2021). A corpus-based ideational meta-functional analysis of Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan’s speech at United Nations general assembly. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1856999 Nguyen, H. T. (2012). Transitivity Analysis of “Heroic Mother” by Hoa Pham. International Journal of English Linguistics, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v2n4p85 Qasim, H. M., Sabtin, M., & Talaat, M. (2018). A Transitivity Analysis of How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia | Request PDF. ELF Annual Research Journal, 20, 181–200. Walliman, N. (2010). Research Methods: The Basics. In Research Methods: The Basics. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203836071 Wang, J. (2010). A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s Speeches. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.1.3.254-261 Webster, Jane, & Watson, R. T. (2002). Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review. MIS Quarterly, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.1.1.104.6570 Xu, L. (2012). A Comparative Analysis of＂The Little Mermaid＂ and ＂The Little Mer-persun＂ An SFG Approach | Semantic Scholar. Journal of Literature and Art Studies Vol.2.No.7, 723–729. Yule, G. (2010). The Study of Language by Yule. In Cambridge (Vol. 4, Issue September).

M. Paradis

Dan Jurafsky

Alma-Pierre Bonnet

Extensive academic literature has been devoted to the way “Brexit narratives” were used during the 2016 referendum campaign. Both camps dwelt on this rhetorical tool to create stories about the advantages of leaving or staying in the European Union (EU). Overall, studies have revealed the construction of broadly similar stories, in particular within the “populist narratives” of the Leave campaign, which depicted the EU as a “failure”, an “oppressor”, and an object of anti-establishment “fury”. Within the field of narratology, cognitive linguistics and conspiratorial studies, this paper proposes a discursive analysis focused on one particular narrative which, we argue, has received relatively little attention but which might constitute an example of “Brexit conspiracy”: what we call “the Turkey story”. Indeed, one key element in the Brexit narratives elaborated by the official pro-Brexit campaign, Vote Leave, was the fact that Turkey, and other poorer – and predominantly Muslim – countries, were “in the pipeline” to join the EU. At first marginal, this story soon took centre-stage to justify the necessity to leave the supra-national organization before “hordes” of illegal immigrants from those countries, and from neighbouring Iraq and Syria, decided to emigrate en masse to Britain. Thanks to the narrative analysis of speeches and declarations by leading Vote Leave members, this paper sets to examine whether “the Turkey story” amounts to a conspiracy theory and how it was used to defend the anti-EU agenda, which will lead to the introduction of the concept of “strategic conspiracy”.

Ewa Komorowska

The article presents partial results from an online survey conducted with a group of expatriates living and working in Poland. The main aim of the study was to examine the attitude of the target group towards learning Polish, and to find the most important motivations for learning it or the reasons for not doing so. This problem has not been thoroughly researched before because expatriates previously were not treated as a separate research group. The results show, however, that they are an interesting object of study; they differ from other types of learners (e.g. academic learners) mostly because of their different motivations and attitudes towards learning Polish. The language profile of the expatriates is particularly noteworthy, especially their multilingualism, although not all are learning Polish. Their motivations to start learning the language, and the reasons for stopping to do so or for not even starting at all despite living in Poland for long time, are also worth exploring.

Imran Ali, Muhammad Ijaz Tabassum

<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The Oriental College is first educational institution of Governemnt of Punjab, where Oriental Languages are taught. Oriental College was established in 1870, basically this Institution was established to acquaint the people with modern field of knowledge in Oriental Languages. At that time Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi (Grumukhi) and Peshto, including modern subjects of knowledge, like Engineering, Mathematic, Geography, Economic, Philosophy, Muslim Law, Dharam Shaster, Medicine, Economic, Tibb Unani, Vedak and History were taught in this College.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">M.A. classes were started at Oriental College beginning with Arabic, M.A. Sanskrit 1888, Persian 1921, Urdu 1948, Punjabi 1970 and Kashmir Studies 1987.</span>

Hossep Dolatian

Cross-linguistically, it is rare to find cases of phonologically-conditioned allomorphy where the trigger morpheme lies external or outside the target morpheme. At first sight, the Armenian definite suffix seems to be such a case. The definite suffix uses various surface forms. The choice of surface form is conditioned by the preceding segment, the following clitic, and/or the following word. However, we argue that this outward sensitivity is epiphenomenal and not actual allomorphy. We derive the surface forms by using an abstract underlying representation that uses floating segments or ghost segments. These segments go through rigid cycles of spell-out and phonological strata. Constraint re-rankings of autosegmental docking, phrasal resyllabification, and cluster avoidance explain a range of dialectal variation. In sum, the Armenian definite suffix is one apparent case of outwardly-sensitive allomorphy that is reducible to latent segments.

Lorrane da Silva Neves Medeiros Ventura

O presente estudo investiga estruturas de tópico-comentário e sujeito-predicado no Português do Brasil (PB), sob a luz da psicolinguística experimental, a fim de trazer suporte empírico que sustente a hipótese de que o PB seria uma língua mista, orientada tanto para a sentença quanto para o discurso, diferente do inglês, que é, indiscutivelmente, uma língua com proeminência de sujeito, orientada para a sentença (cf. Li & Thompson 1976). Investigamos estruturas de tópico geradas na base (tópico estilo-chinês), pois tais estruturas são prototípicas de uma língua onde a noção de tópico é importante e ausentes em uma língua onde a noção de sujeito é a dominante (cf. Yuan 1995), além de estruturas de tópico geradas via movimentação sintática (topicalização). O experimento de julgamento de aceitabilidade demonstrou que o comportamento dos falantes de PB e de inglês foi significativamente diferente durante a tarefa proposta, o que pode indicar que as línguas não se encaixam na mesma tipologia, quanto a sua orientação. O resultado do teste com o grupo bilíngue confirmou, ainda mais, as suposições iniciais, de que PB e inglês não enxergam o tópico da mesma maneira. Tais resultados sugerem que o PB deva ser caracterizado como uma língua onde ambos, tópico e sujeito, são noções importantes (cf. Pontes 1987 entre outros).

Sanderléia Roberta Longhin

In this paper, I discuss processes of language change which have led to the constitution of concessive connectives in two genetically related languages, Latin and Portuguese. I focus on the diachronic developments of the Latin licet, and of bem que and embora, from Portuguese, whose sources are etymologically different: the modal verb licere, the emphatic adverb bem and the volitive adverbial phrase em boa hora. The main purpose is to investigate whether the three phenomena could be taken as stages of an onomasiological cycle of a semantic-pragmatic nature, as proposed by Hansen (2018). Based on studies in Latin linguistics about licet and on the analysis of the grammaticalization processes for bem que and embora in an interactional diachronic sample, I shall argue that, in the three instances of evolution, there has been a stage in which licet, bem and embora have acted as assent markers, and that this usage, in combination with contextual traits, has been crucial to sustain the inferential processes which enabled the concessive interpretation. The similar source and target meanings and the continuity of inferential processes over time also suggest that this is a recurrent path of renewal of the concessive meaning which displays a cyclicity pattern.

The present doctoral dissertation investigates the Italian language of the law and the language of EU legal acts and offers a comparative analysis thereof. It is divided into a part concerning theory and an analytical part. The first part presents the characteristics of both languages to gain a wider perspective on the topic and forms the starting point for analysis. The analytical part opens with a description of the selected corpus and a literature review of the field as an introduction to qualitative corpus analysis. The occurrence of borrowings from English and Latin is the focus of the lexical analysis. The subsequent chapter concerns technical terms based on a division into tecnicismi specifici and tecnicismi collaterali, which have a strictly stylistic function. In order to render the research more objective, leading Italian grammar books (Dardano, Trifone, Serianni, Salvi e Vanelli) and the GRADIT, Treccani, and Internazionale online dictionaries were employed. The syntactic analysis concerns the occurrence of the most important syntactic phenomena to identify the differences and similarities between the language of EU legal acts and the Italian language of the law. Furthermore, corpus word count normalization to a million was carried out in the lexical analysis in order to obtain objective results concerning the occurrence of a given linguistic phenomenon and to minimize the differences in the word count between groups of texts. The conclusions constitute a summary of the observations from the analytical part and present potential research perspectives.

Ida Szubert, Omri Abend, Nathan Schneider et al.

Corpora of child speech and child-directed speech (CDS) have enabled major contributions to the study of child language acquisition, yet semantic annotation for such corpora is still scarce and lacks a uniform standard. Semantic annotation of CDS is particularly important for understanding the nature of the input children receive and developing computational models of child language acquisition. For example, under the assumption that children are able to infer meaning representations for (at least some of) the utterances they hear, the acquisition task is to learn a grammar that can map novel adult utterances onto their corresponding meaning representations, in the face of noise and distraction by other contextually possible meanings. To study this problem and to develop computational models of it, we need corpora that provide both adult utterances and their meaning representations, ideally using annotation that is consistent across a range of languages in order to facilitate cross-linguistic comparative studies. This paper proposes a methodology for constructing such corpora of CDS paired with sentential logical forms, and uses this method to create two such corpora, in English and Hebrew. The approach enforces a cross-linguistically consistent representation, building on recent advances in dependency representation and semantic parsing. Specifically, the approach involves two steps. First, we annotate the corpora using the Universal Dependencies (UD) scheme for syntactic annotation, which has been developed to apply consistently to a wide variety of domains and typologically diverse languages. Next, we further annotate these data by applying an automatic method for transducing sentential logical forms (LFs) from UD structures. The UD and LF representations have complementary strengths: UD structures are language-neutral and support consistent and reliable annotation by multiple annotators, whereas LFs are neutral as to their syntactic derivation and transparently encode semantic relations. Using this approach, we provide syntactic and semantic annotation for two corpora from CHILDES: Brown’s Adam corpus (English; we annotate ≈\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\approx$$\end{document} 80% of its child-directed utterances), all child-directed utterances from Berman’s Hagar corpus (Hebrew). We verify the quality of the UD annotation using an inter-annotator agreement study, and manually evaluate the transduced meaning representations. We then demonstrate the utility of the compiled corpora through (1) a longitudinal corpus study of the prevalence of different syntactic and semantic phenomena in the CDS, and (2) applying an existing computational model of language acquisition to the two corpora and briefly comparing the results across languages.

Michele Mannoni

This study addresses the different types and implications of linguistic indeterminacy in Chinese law. It firstly draws on the studies of scholars of different disciplines, such as linguistics and philosophy of language, to provide a taxonomy of indeterminacy in language. It then provides examples of each type, highlighting the implications in law and legal interpretation. It uses linguistic data from various texts, such as statutory laws and judgements, and analyse them with various methods, including discourse analysis and corpus linguistics. This study argues that when the language of the law is indeterminate, the legal outcomes may be particularly uncertain. It suggests that although it is difficult to ascertain whether the degree of indeterminacy is higher in some languages more than in others, some linguistic mechanisms at the word-formation level in Chinese are remarkably ambiguous. When uncertain terms are in key parts of the law, the consequences may be more serious. The study of linguistic indeterminacy in Chinese has implications for the study of forensic linguistics, and Chinese studies in general.

Carson T. Schütze

Christopher W. Tindale

Early in The New Rhetoric, Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca raise the spectre of the fanatic who “adheres to a disputed thesis for which no unquestionable proof can be furnished,” refuses to submit it for free discussion, and thereby “rejects the preliminary conditions which would make it possible to engage in argumentation” (1970: 62). One of the many interesting suggestions here is that there may be preliminary conditions that should be in place before argumentation can be engaged. In this paper, I pursue that suggestion and consider what such preliminary conditions should be, in order to address problems of dialogue between people or groups who seem to subscribe to different conceptions of rationality. I draw from some examples of confrontations between peoples for the first time (encounter rhetorics), where those involved had first to come to understand each other before argumentation between them could develop.

Maciej Grochowski

The Evolution of Criteria for a Grammatical Classification of Lexemes (Relative Pronouns vs Conjunctions) The paper discusses the evolution of the part-of-speech classification of Polish lexemes, and presents the changes in the criteria used to distinguish relative pronouns and conjunctions. The characterization has been based on important works in the field of theoretical Polish grammar, including textbooks, from the beginning of the 20th to the beginning of the 21st century. The author distinguishes two breakthroughs in the history of grammar, the first caused by the influence on research into grammar of the connotation theory, and the other by the influence of the metatext theory.