Hasil untuk "Human anatomy"

K. A. Rafferty

G. Tearney, M. Brezinski, M. Brezinski et al.

S. Pinker, R. Jackendoff

T. Laqueur

J. Folkman, P. D’Amore

J. Clark, Y. Beyene, G. Woldegabriel et al.

S. Sunkin, Lydia Ng, C. Lau et al.

The Allen Brain Atlas (http://www.brain-map.org) provides a unique online public resource integrating extensive gene expression data, connectivity data and neuroanatomical information with powerful search and viewing tools for the adult and developing brain in mouse, human and non-human primate. Here, we review the resources available at the Allen Brain Atlas, describing each product and data type [such as in situ hybridization (ISH) and supporting histology, microarray, RNA sequencing, reference atlases, projection mapping and magnetic resonance imaging]. In addition, standardized and unique features in the web applications are described that enable users to search and mine the various data sets. Features include both simple and sophisticated methods for gene searches, colorimetric and fluorescent ISH image viewers, graphical displays of ISH, microarray and RNA sequencing data, Brain Explorer software for 3D navigation of anatomy and gene expression, and an interactive reference atlas viewer. In addition, cross data set searches enable users to query multiple Allen Brain Atlas data sets simultaneously. All of the Allen Brain Atlas resources can be accessed through the Allen Brain Atlas data portal.

K. Burke

R. Fitzpatrick, B. Day

M. Herrero, C. Barcia, Juan Navarro

Cory Y. McLean, P. Reno, Alex A. Pollen et al.

Humans differ from other animals in many aspects of anatomy, physiology, and behaviour; however, the genotypic basis of most human-specific traits remains unknown. Recent whole-genome comparisons have made it possible to identify genes with elevated rates of amino acid change or divergent expression in humans, and non-coding sequences with accelerated base pair changes. Regulatory alterations may be particularly likely to produce phenotypic effects while preserving viability, and are known to underlie interesting evolutionary differences in other species. Here we identify molecular events particularly likely to produce significant regulatory changes in humans: complete deletion of sequences otherwise highly conserved between chimpanzees and other mammals. We confirm 510 such deletions in humans, which fall almost exclusively in non-coding regions and are enriched near genes involved in steroid hormone signalling and neural function. One deletion removes a sensory vibrissae and penile spine enhancer from the human androgen receptor (AR) gene, a molecular change correlated with anatomical loss of androgen-dependent sensory vibrissae and penile spines in the human lineage. Another deletion removes a forebrain subventricular zone enhancer near the tumour suppressor gene growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, gamma (GADD45G), a loss correlated with expansion of specific brain regions in humans. Deletions of tissue-specific enhancers may thus accompany both loss and gain traits in the human lineage, and provide specific examples of the kinds of regulatory alterations and inactivation events long proposed to have an important role in human evolutionary divergence.

Tianrui Liu, Feixiang Yang, Kun Wang et al.

Amanda McGrosky, Zane S. Swanson, Rebecca Rimbach et al.

Background Pastoralists live in challenging environments, which may be accompanied by unique activity, energy, and water requirements.Aim Few studies have examined whether the demands of pastoralism contribute to differences in total energy expenditure (TEE) and water turnover (WT) compared to other lifestyles.Subjects and methods Accelerometer-derived physical activity, doubly labelled water-derived TEE and WT, and anthropometric data were collected for 34 semi-nomadic Daasanach adults from three northern Kenyan communities with different levels of pastoralist activity. Daasanach TEEs and WTs were compared to those of other small-scale and industrialised populations.Results When modelled as a function of fat-free-mass, fat-mass, age, and sex, TEE did not differ between Daasanach communities. Daasanach TEE (1564–4172 kcal/day) was not significantly correlated with activity and 91% of TEEs were within the range expected for individuals from comparison populations. Mean WT did not differ between Daasanach communities; Daasanach absolute (7.54 litres/day men; 7.46 litres/day women), mass-adjusted, and TEE-adjusted WT was higher than most populations worldwide.Conclusions The similar mass-adjusted TEE of Daasanach and industrialised populations supports the hypothesis that habitual TEE is constrained, with physically demanding lifestyles necessitating trade-offs in energy allocation. Elevated WT in the absence of elevated TEE likely reflects a demanding active lifestyle in a hot, arid climate.

H. Karnath, M. Fruhmann Berger, W. Küker et al.

Jean-Philippe Vincent, R. Magnussen, Ferittu Gezmez et al.

Guillaume Wos, Gemma Palomar, Marzena Marszałek et al.

Abstract Background Understanding and predicting how organisms respond to human-caused environmental changes has become a major concern in conservation biology. Here, we linked gene expression and phenotypic data to identify candidate genes underlying existing phenotypic trait differentiation under individual and combined environmental variables. For this purpose, we used the damselfly Ischnura elegans. Egg clutches from replicated high- (southern Sweden) and central-latitude (southern Poland) populations facing different degrees of seasonal time constraints were collected. Damselfly larvae were exposed to experimental treatments: current and mild warming temperatures crossed with the presence or absence of an invasive alien predator cue released by the spiny-cheek crayfish, Faxonius limosus, which is only present in Poland to date. We measured the following traits: larval development time, body size, mass and growth rate, and used the larvae for gene expression analysis by RNA-seq. Data were analysed using a multivariate approach. Results We showed latitudinal differences in coping with mild warming and predator cues. When exposed to an increased temperature and a predator cue, central-latitude individuals had the shortest development and the fastest growth compared to high-latitude individuals. There was a general effect of predator cues regarding mass and growth rate reduction independent of latitude. Transcriptome analysis revealed that metabolic pathways related to larval anatomy and development tended to be upregulated in response to mild warming but only in fast-growing central-latitude individuals. Metabolic pathways linked to oxidative stress tended to be downregulated in response to a predator cue, especially in central-latitude individuals. Conclusion Different phenotypic and transcriptomic responses to environmental factors might be attributed to the variability in I. elegans life history strategies between the two latitudes caused by seasonal time constraints and to its coexistence with the invasive alien predator in nature. By providing insights into how organisms may respond to future anthropogenic changes, our results may be of particular interest in conservation biology.

N. Andreollo, E. F. Santos, M. R. Araujo et al.

BACKGROUND Millions of mice are used annually in research and teaching. The exact relationship between age of the animals compared with the age of humans is still subject to discussion and controversy. OBJECTIVE Literature review analyzing the age of rats in comparison with men age. METHODS Were reviewed the existing publications on the subject contained in Medline / PUBMED, SciELO, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Lilacs crossing the headings rats, experimental surgery and physiology. RESULTS Rats rapidly develop during childhood and become sexually mature at about six weeks old, but reach social maturity five to six months later. In adulthood, every month of the animal is approximately equivalent to 2.5 human years. Several authors performed experimental studies in rats and estimated 30 days of human life for every day life of the animal. CONCLUSION The differences in anatomy, physiology, development and biological phenomena must be taken into consideration when analyzing the results of any research in rats when age is a crucial factor. Special care is necessary to be taken when the intention is to produce correlation with human life. For this, special attention is needed to verify the phase in days of the animal and its correlation with age in years of humans.

C. Lamaze, A. Dujeancourt, T. Baba et al.

Ezra E. Anirudh, Bukola R. Omotoso, Lelika Lazarus, PhD

Introduction: The vertebrobasilar artery is the combination of the bilateral vertebral artery and the basilar artery. The basilar artery extends from the confluence of the bilateral vertebral arteries at the pontomedullary junction, terminating at the ponto-mesencephalic junction. Depending on the geometry of the intracranial vertebral arteries and the incidence of arterial tortuosity, the basilar artery may exhibit variable course patterns. This morphologic deformation has negative implications on the hemodynamic of blood flow in the posterior circulatory territory by inducing the development of infarcts and thus increasing the risk of vascular pathologies. Lateral displacement of the basilar artery has been associated with migraines and frequent headaches. The present study aimed to investigate the radiological anatomy of the basilar artery within a select South African cohort of patients in terms of the course patterns and morphometry. Materials and method: The study is an observational retrospective chart review of 100 radiographic images (Average age: 59; Males: 60%; Females: 40%) of multidetector computed tomography angiography, of the vertebrobasilar artery to establish the course pattern of the basilar artery. Results: Asymmetry of the intracranial vertebral artery as well as lateral displacement of the basilar artery have been reported with varying course patterns. The average length and diameter of the basilar artery were reported as 25.41 ± 6.44 mm 2.72 ± 0.85 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The geometric characteristics of the vertebrobasilar system in the population studied can predispose to some cerebrovascular diseases in the posterior circulatory territory and influence the build-up of atherosclerotic plaque. Knowledge of this variant anatomy is imperative to the clinician in the diagnosis of many vascular-related pathologies.

Javier DeFelipe, Javier DeFelipe