Hasil untuk "History of Spain"

Mohamed Dhia Eddine Hammami, Delphine Madur, Zayneb Kthiri et al.

Based on history, maize was first introduced into Tunisia and northern Africa, at large, from the south of Spain. Several subsequent introductions were made from diverse origins, generating new landraces by recombination and selection for adaptation to arid environments. This study aimed to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among Tunisian maize landraces with possible sources of introduction from neighboring countries. Ten Tunisian landraces were genotyped with 23656SNPs along with a panel of diversity of 171 landraces originating from Algeria, Europe, and America. The Tunisian maize landraces were very diverse and distinct from those from neighboring countries, and they were classified into three main clusters that could be the basis for investigating heterotic groups. The phylogenetic relationships among Tunisian and other landraces from neighboring countries supported the hypothesis of a first introduction from the south of Spain and subsequent introductions from other countries. These germplasm groups could be the basis for studying heterotic patterns and sample maize germplasm from Tunisia and North Africa in general. The Tunisian maize germplasm could be a basis for identifying sources of favorable alleles to improve tolerance to abiotic stresses.

Hanti Lin

The integration of the history and philosophy of statistics was initiated at least by Hacking (1975) and advanced by Hacking (1990), Mayo (1996), and Zabell (2005), but it has not received sustained follow-up. Yet such integration is more urgent than ever, as the recent success of artificial intelligence has been driven largely by machine learning -- a field historically developed alongside statistics. Today, the boundary between statistics and machine learning is increasingly blurred. What we now need is integration, twice over: of history and philosophy, and of two fields they engage -- statistics and machine learning. I present a case study of a philosophical idea in machine learning (and in formal epistemology) whose root can be traced back to an often under-appreciated insight in Neyman and Pearson's 1936 work (a follow-up to their 1933 classic). This leads to the articulation of an epistemological principle -- largely implicit in, but shared by, the practices of frequentist statistics and machine learning -- which I call achievabilism: the thesis that the correct standard for assessing non-deductive inference methods should not be fixed, but should instead be sensitive to what is achievable in specific problem contexts. Another integration also emerges at the level of methodology, combining two ends of the philosophy of science spectrum: history and philosophy of science on the one hand, and formal epistemology on the other hand.

Hagit Attiya, Michael A. Bender, Martín Farach-Colton et al.

A history-independent data structure does not reveal the history of operations applied to it, only its current logical state, even if its internal state is examined. This paper studies history-independent concurrent dictionaries, in particular, hash tables, and establishes inherent bounds on their space requirements. This paper shows that there is a lock-free history-independent concurrent hash table, in which each memory cell stores two elements and two bits, based on Robin Hood hashing. Our implementation is linearizable, and uses the shared memory primitive LL/SC. The expected amortized step complexity of the hash table is $O(c)$, where $c$ is an upper bound on the number of concurrent operations that access the same element, assuming the hash table is not overpopulated. We complement this positive result by showing that even if we have only two concurrent processes, no history-independent concurrent dictionary that supports sets of any size, with wait-free membership queries and obstruction-free insertions and deletions, can store only two elements of the set and a constant number of bits in each memory cell. This holds even if the step complexity of operations on the dictionary is unbounded.

Tao Liu, Chongyu Wang, Rongjie Li et al.

While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have advanced GUI navigation agents, current approaches face limitations in cross-domain generalization and effective history utilization. We present a reasoning-enhanced framework that systematically integrates structured reasoning, action prediction, and history summarization. The structured reasoning component generates coherent Chain-of-Thought analyses combining progress estimation and decision reasoning, which inform both immediate action predictions and compact history summaries for future steps. Based on this framework, we train a GUI agent, \textbf{GUI-Rise}, through supervised fine-tuning on pseudo-labeled trajectories and reinforcement learning with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). This framework employs specialized rewards, including a history-aware objective, directly linking summary quality to subsequent action performance. Comprehensive evaluations on standard benchmarks demonstrate state-of-the-art results under identical training data conditions, with particularly strong performance in out-of-domain scenarios. These findings validate our framework's ability to maintain robust reasoning and generalization across diverse GUI navigation tasks. Code is available at https://leon022.github.io/GUI-Rise.

Guy Tennenholtz, Jihwan Jeong, Chih-Wei Hsu et al.

Effective decision making in partially observable environments requires compressing long interaction histories into informative representations. We introduce Descriptive History Representations (DHRs): sufficient statistics characterized by their capacity to answer relevant questions about past interactions and potential future outcomes. DHRs focus on capturing the information necessary to address task-relevant queries, providing a structured way to summarize a history for optimal control. We propose a multi-agent learning framework, involving representation, decision, and question-asking components, optimized using a joint objective that balances reward maximization with the representation's ability to answer informative questions. This yields representations that capture the salient historical details and predictive structures needed for effective decision making. We validate our approach on user modeling tasks with public movie and shopping datasets, generating interpretable textual user profiles which serve as sufficient statistics for predicting preference-driven behavior of users.

Yi Xu, Weiran Shen, Xiao Zhang et al.

Traditional imitation learning focuses on modeling the behavioral mechanisms of experts, which requires a large amount of interaction history generated by some fixed expert. However, in many streaming applications, such as streaming recommender systems, online decision-makers typically engage in online learning during the decision-making process, meaning that the interaction history generated by online decision-makers includes their behavioral evolution from novice expert to experienced expert. This poses a new challenge for existing imitation learning approaches that can only utilize data from experienced experts. To address this issue, this paper proposes an inverse batched contextual bandit (IBCB) framework that can efficiently perform estimations of environment reward parameters and learned policy based on the expert's behavioral evolution history. Specifically, IBCB formulates the inverse problem into a simple quadratic programming problem by utilizing the behavioral evolution history of the batched contextual bandit with inaccessible rewards. We demonstrate that IBCB is a unified framework for both deterministic and randomized bandit policies. The experimental results indicate that IBCB outperforms several existing imitation learning algorithms on synthetic and real-world data and significantly reduces running time. Additionally, empirical analyses reveal that IBCB exhibits better out-of-distribution generalization and is highly effective in learning the bandit policy from the interaction history of novice experts.

Bernard J. Carr, Anne M. Green

We overview the history of primordial black hole (PBH) research from the first papers around 50 years ago to the present epoch. The history may be divided into four periods, the dividing lines being marked by three key developments: inflation on the theoretical front and the detection of microlensing events by the MACHO project and gravitational waves by the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA project on the observation front. However, they are also characterised by somewhat different focuses of research. The period 1967-1980 covered the groundbreaking work on PBH formation and evaporation. The period 1980-1996 mainly focussed on their formation, while the period 1996-2016 consolidated the work on formation but also collated the constraints on the PBH abundance. In the period 2016-2024 there was a shift of emphasis to the search for evidence for PBHs and - while opinions about the strength of the purported evidence vary - this has motivated more careful studies of some aspects of the subject. Certainly the soaring number of papers on PBHs in this last period indicates a growing interest in the topic.

Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Francisco Sánchez Arenas, Ana María López-Sobaler et al.

Introduction: Childhood obesity is inversely associated with household socioeconomic status in high-income countries. Our aim was to explore the association between childhood weight status and household socioeconomic status in Spain in relation to family characteristics, perceptions and lifestyle habits and the school environment. Methods: We performed a descriptive analysis of child weight status according to family socioeconomic factors and mediating variables based on data from the ALADINO 2019 study in a sample of 16,665 schoolchildren representative of the population aged 6–9 years in Spain. Results: The prevalence of childhood obesity in households with low socioeconomic status (26.8% boys; 20.4% girls) was, in both sexes, twice as high as in those with higher socioeconomic status (12.1% boys; 8.7% girls). Unhealthy eating habits, sedentary lifestyles (mainly in girls) and the presence of screens in the bedroom (more prevalent in boys) were more frequent in school-aged children from low-income households. On the other hand, in the most disadvantaged households, a history of breastfeeding and physical activity (especially in girls) were less frequent. Similarly, schools attended by children from low-income households were less likely to have their own kitchens and indoor gymnasiums or offer sports activities. Conclusion: A lower household socioeconomic status was associated with poorer dietary and physical activity habits and certain characteristics of the family and school environments that mediate the inverse association between household socioeconomic status and the prevalence of childhood obesity. Girls were less physically active and reported more sedentary lifestyles, while boys had greater access to screens. Interventions to combat childhood obesity should address the identified inequalities. Resumen: Introducción: La obesidad infantil se asocia inversamente con el nivel socioeconómico familiar en países desarrollados. El objetivo es evaluar la asociación entre la situación ponderal infantil y el nivel socioeconómico familiar, según características familiares, percepciones, hábitos de vida y entorno escolar. Metodología: Análisis descriptivo de la situación ponderal infantil según factores socioeconómicos familiares y variables mediadoras en el estudio ALADINO 2019, en una muestra de 16.665 escolares representativa de la población escolar de 6 a 9 años en España. Resultados: La prevalencia de obesidad infantil en hogares de bajo nivel socioeconómico (26,8% niños; 20,4% niñas) era, en ambos sexos, el doble de la de los de mayor nivel (12,1% niños; 8,7% niñas). En escolares de familias de baja renta eran más frecuentes hábitos alimentarios poco saludables, el sedentarismo (principalmente en niñas) y la presencia de pantallas en la habitación (más en niños). Por el contrario, en hogares más desfavorecidos eran menos frecuentes el antecedente de lactancia materna y la práctica de actividad física (especialmente en niñas). La disponibilidad de cocina propia, actividades deportivas y gimnasio cubierto en los centros era también menos habitual para los escolares de familias de menor renta. Conclusiones: Un menor nivel socioeconómico del hogar se asocia con peores hábitos alimentarios y de actividad física y ciertas características del entorno familiar y el escolar, que a su vez median la asociación inversa que existe entre el nivel socioeconómico y la prevalencia de obesidad infantil. Las niñas realizan menos actividad física y presentan más sedentarismo mientras que los niños tienen más acceso a pantallas. Las intervenciones para combatir la obesidad infantil deben contemplar las desigualdades identificadas.

A. Anduaga, A. Anduaga

<p>This paper examines how ionospheric physics emerged as a research speciality in Britain, Germany, and the United States in the first four decades of the 20th century. It argues that the formation of this discipline can be viewed as the confluence of four deep-rooted traditions in which scientists and engineers transformed, from within, research areas connected to radio wave propagation and geomagnetism. These traditions include Cambridge school's mathematical physics, Göttingen's mathematical physics, laboratory-based experimental physics, and Humboldtian-style terrestrial physics. Although focused on ionospheric physics, the paper pursues the idea that a dynamic conception of scientific tradition will provide a new perspective for the study of geosciences history.</p>

Laetitia Blanchard Rubio

In Europe, during the First Carlist War, were published a large number of memoirs by « storytelling soldiers » who fought on the Carlist side. These books, which were part of a broader trend of publications focused on Spain, very quickly became editorial hits. I am going to demonstrate that these « memory agents » share a strong collective identity, and I am going to analyze their motivations regarding the planned preservation of memories. These soldiers support different memory projects. First, their writings seek to provoke an immediate interest towards this conflict. Some officers, just back from the front, tell the Carlist epic in order to mobilize supports to win the war. These authors also make every effort to build and preserve the collective memory of the Legitimist community to whom they belong in order to encourage them to continue the fight everywhere it may emerge. In this storytelling endeavor, they often mix up their role as memorialists and their role as historians. Finally, some of them are willing to commit themselves to a long-term mission as guardians of the memory of the defeated. They are moved by the will to educate future generations and save from oblivion their own version of History.

Nicola Andrea Dondi, Francesco Sannino, Juri Smirnov

We study the thermodynamic history of composite Dark Matter models. We start with classifying the models by means of the symmetries partially protecting the composite Dark Matter decays and constrain their lifetimes. For each model, we determine the impact of number-changing and number-conserving operators on its thermal history. We also develop the analytic formalism to calculate the asymptotic abundance of stable relics. We show how the relative strength between number-changing and number-conserving interactions together with the dark plasma lifetime affect the thermal fate of the various composite models. Additionally, we discover that the final dark relic density of composite particles can be diluted due to an entropy increase stemming from dark plasma decay. Finally, we confront the models with experimental bounds. We find that indirect detection experiments are most promising in testing this large class of models.

Branislav Kveton, Csaba Szepesvari, Mohammad Ghavamzadeh et al.

We propose an online algorithm for cumulative regret minimization in a stochastic multi-armed bandit. The algorithm adds $O(t)$ i.i.d. pseudo-rewards to its history in round $t$ and then pulls the arm with the highest average reward in its perturbed history. Therefore, we call it perturbed-history exploration (PHE). The pseudo-rewards are carefully designed to offset potentially underestimated mean rewards of arms with a high probability. We derive near-optimal gap-dependent and gap-free bounds on the $n$-round regret of PHE. The key step in our analysis is a novel argument that shows that randomized Bernoulli rewards lead to optimism. Finally, we empirically evaluate PHE and show that it is competitive with state-of-the-art baselines.

Rodrigue Treton, Robert Vinas

The character of Nunó Sanç couldn't be left out of an history review devoted to the bonds which have united the Roussillon province with Majorca. The authors of this article have decided on publishing in its whole, in latin and in a French translation, well-supplied with notes, the will of the Lord of Roussillon whose ancestry they also have restored. That text, in which Nunó, on the eve of his own death, makes his peace with God and with men, will reinforce the importance of a character who is deliberately in keeping with a mediterranean angle.

Laura Lopez-Honorez, Olga Mena, Sergio Palomares-Ruiz et al.

In warm dark matter scenarios structure formation is suppressed on small scales with respect to the cold dark matter case, reducing the number of low-mass halos and the fraction of ionized gas at high redshifts and thus, delaying reionization. This has an impact on the ionization history of the Universe and measurements of the optical depth to reionization, of the evolution of the global fraction of ionized gas and of the thermal history of the intergalactic medium, can be used to set constraints on the mass of the dark matter particle. However, the suppression of the fraction of ionized medium in these scenarios can be partly compensated by varying other parameters, as the ionization efficiency or the minimum mass for which halos can host star-forming galaxies. Here we use different data sets regarding the ionization and thermal histories of the Universe and, taking into account the degeneracies from several astrophysical parameters, we obtain a lower bound on the mass of thermal warm dark matter candidates of $m_X > 1.3$ keV, or $m_s > 5.5$ keV for the case of sterile neutrinos non-resonantly produced in the early Universe, both at 90\% confidence level.

André L. G. Mandolesi

D. Wallace has tried to use decoherence to solve the preferred basis problem of Everettian Quantum Mechanics, and this solution lays the foundation for his proof of the Born rule. But this is a circular argument, as approximations used in decoherence usually rely on the probabilistic interpretation of the Hilbert space norm. He claims the norm can measure approximations even without probabilities, but this assumption has not been properly justified. Without it, the combination of the Everettian and decoherent histories formalisms leads to strange consequences, such as a proliferation of small amplitude histories with lots of macroscopic quantum jumps. Still, this erratic behavior may provide a way to justify the approximations, in a new histories formalism, in which macroscopic causal relations play a central role. Small histories, suffering too much interference, may lose causality, being thus discarded as invalid. The remaining branches can present some small interference, opening the possibility of experimental verification.

Albert Palà

Aquest article contextualitza i reprodueix les cinc corresponsalies fins ara desconegudes que Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia realitzà al periòdic mataroní El Progreso (1888-1891) durant el seu exili a París. La seva anàlisi permet conèixer molt millor la formació de la seva mentalitat revolucionària basada en una particular lectura del republicanisme progressista en clau obrera.

Alejandro Quiroga

Teresa González Pérez, España

<p>Todas as civilizações, no decorrer do tempo, têm considerado prioritário disseminar e preservar suas convicções políticas, sociais, religiosas e filosóficas. Nas sociedades contemporâneas, a educação cívica constitui-se num elemento fundamental do processo educativo e estabeleceu-se que cabe à instituição escolar ensinar atitudes e valores que capacitem as novas gerações a participar, como cidadãos, da democracia. Da mesma forma, deve-se ensinar as pessoas a atuarem com comportamentos responsáveis e de maneira respeitosa em relação ao outro, num mundo plural e diverso, no qual têm lugar todas as culturas e crenças. No sistema educativo espanhol incluiu-se a formação cívica em diferentes momentos e respondendo aos interesses ideológicos do Estado. A disciplina de Educação para a Cidadania existe como matéria regular em diversos países. Em 2004 o governo espanhol respaldou, assim como os demais governos, a resolução da Assembléia Geral das Nações Unidas que propunha a inclusão desses conteúdos no ensino obrigatório. A polêmica gerada por vários setores da população espanhola levou a objetar e judicializar esta matéria curricular, que foi censurada por supostamente doutrinar os estudantes. A partir de 2012 esta se transformou, produto da vontade política expressa pelas urnas, denominando-se Educação Cívica e Constitucional. Neste trabalho propõe-se analisar a trajetória da educação cívica no sistema escolar espanhol.</p><p>Palavras-chave: educação cívica, escolaridade, história, livros, ideologia, sociedade.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>CIVIC EDUCATION IN SPAIN: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT</strong></p><p>Abstract</p><p>Every civilization in the future of humanity have made it a priority to educate their political, social, religious and philosophical. In contemporary societies, civic education is an essential element in the educational process. So the school must teach attitudes and values that enable new generations as citizens as to participate in democracy. Similarly should teach responsible behavior act in a plural and diverse world, where uniting all cultures and beliefs to live with respect for others. In the Spanish education system has been included civics at different times in response to the ideological interests of the State. The subject of Citizenship Education as curricular exists in various countries. In 2004 the Spanish government supported, with the rest of the states the resolution of the UN General Assembly, including its contents in compulsory education. The controversy generated by various sectors of the Spanish population has been objecting and prosecute this matter curriculum that was censored by indoctrinating the students. From 2012 it becomes the product of the political will expressed through the ballot box, denominating Civics and Constitutional. In this paper we analyze the trajectory of civic education in the Spanish educational system.</p><p>Key-words: civics education, schooling, history, books, ideology, society,</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>LA EDUCACIÓN CÍVICA</strong><strong> EN ESPAÑA: RETROSPECTIVA Y PERSPECTIVA</strong></p><p>Resumen</p><p>Todas las civilizaciones en el devenir de la humanidad han considerado prioritario instruir en sus convicciones políticas, sociales, religiosas y filosóficas. En las sociedades contemporáneas la educación cívica constituye un elemento fundamental en el proceso educativo. De manera que la institución escolar debe enseñar actitudes y valores que capaciten a las nuevas generaciones como ciudadanos/as para participar en la democracia. De la misma forma debe enseñar a actuar con comportamientos responsables en un mundo plural y diverso, donde tengan cabida todas las culturas y creencias para convivir con el respeto a los otros. En el sistema educativo español se ha incluido la formación cívica en distintos momentos respondiendo a los intereses ideológicos del Estado. La asignatura de Educación parala Ciudadaníaexiste como materia curricular en diversos países. En el año 2004 el Gobierno español respaldó, con el resto de los estados la resolución dela Asamblea Generalde Naciones Unidas, la inclusión de sus contenidos en la enseñanza obligatoria. La polémica generada por varios sectores de la población española ha llevado a objetar y judicializar esta materia curricular que fue censurada por adoctrinar al alumnado. A partir de 2012 se transforma, producto de la voluntad política expresada a través de las urnas, denominándose  Educación Cívica y Constitucional. En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar la trayectoria de la educación cívica en el sistema educativo español.</p><p>Palabras-clave: educación cívica, escolaridad, historia, libros, ideología, sociedad.</p><p> </p><p><strong>L'EDUCATION CIVIQUE EN ESPAGNE: RETROSPECTIVE ET PERSPECTIVES</strong> </p><p>Résumé</p><p>Chaque civilisation dans l'avenir de l'humanité ont fait une priorité d'éduquer leur politique, sociale, religieuse et philosophique. Dans les sociétés contemporaines, l'éducation civique est un élément essentiel dans le processus éducatif. Ainsi, l'école doit enseigner des attitudes et des valeurs qui permettent aux nouvelles générations de citoyens / à participer à la démocratie. De même acte doit enseigner un comportement responsable dans un monde pluriel et diversifié, où unir toutes les cultures et croyances à vivre dans le respect des autres. Dans le système éducatif espagnol a été inclus civique à différents moments en fonction des intérêts idéologiques de l'Etat. L'objet d'éducation à la citoyenneté en tant que programme d'études existant dans les différents pays. En 2004, le gouvernement espagnol a pris en charge, avec le reste des Etats de la résolution de l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, y compris son contenu dans l'enseignement obligatoire. La controverse suscitée par divers secteurs de la population espagnole a été objection et poursuivre ce programme affaire qui a été censuré par endoctriner les élèves. A partir de 2012 il devient le produit de la volonté politique exprimée par les urnes, éducation civique libeller et constitutionnelles. Dans cet article, nous analysons la trajectoire de l'éducation civique dans le système éducatif espagnol.</p><p>Mots-clé: éducation civique, scolarisation, l'histoire, livres, idéologie, la société.</p>

Silvia Tieffemberg, Damián Dolcera, Montserrat Duch Plana et al.

Alejandro Grimson

Grimson propone revisitar conceptos sociológicos como “identidades, fronteras o territorios” para adecuar un nuevo marco conceptual a la realidad del Cono Sur de América Latina.