Marcin Śniadecki, Maria Morawska, Patrycja Kijańska
et al.
Breast ultrasound is a key diagnostic method for breast cancer and relies heavily on the interpretation of visual cues. At the same time, medical education is increasingly being driven by time constraints, which favors rapid pattern recognition, limiting the scope for reflective image analysis and the diagnostic process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to propose and evaluate an artistic and pedagogical teaching model, inspired by the interpretive practices of Italian High Renaissance painting, as a tool to support the development of diagnostic reasoning in breast ultrasound. This model focuses on careful observation, analysis of the relationship between detail and the overall image, and the conscious transformation of visual cues into clinical meaning. This study was conducted during the four-day ARSA Think Tank Meeting (ARSATTM). Medical students worked in four groups; two groups received methodological training based on visual cue analysis, and two did not. All groups performed identical tasks involving the interpretation of breast ultrasound images and ultrasound examinations on real patients. The results indicate that an artistic–pedagogical teaching model to promote more coherent and reflective diagnostic reasoning in breast ultrasound is feasible. Therefore, integrating this approach may be a valuable addition to medical students’ ultrasound education in the realities of limited clinical time.
Botany in 18th-century Poland faced challenging conditions for development, resulting in only a small number of active botanists in the country at the time. Notable figures included Jacob Theodor Klein (1685−1759) in Gdańsk, Christian Heinrich Erndtel (1676−1734) in Warsaw, and Krzysztof Kluk (1739−1796) in Ciechanowiec. Until now, Jan (John) Zier (?−1793) had been completely unknown in Poland. This article is the first attempt in Polish literature to gather all previously known information about him and present his contribution to the development of botany.
Little is known about Zier’s birth, place of origin, or education. Around 1780, he settled in Hanover, Germany, where he collaborated with the German botanist Jakob F. Ehrhart (1742−1795) in publishing the exsiccata Phytophylacium Ehrhartianum. In 1785, he moved to London, where he worked with James Dickson (1738−1822), the well known owner of a plant-nursery and seed shop, on his work Fasciculus [secundus etc.] plantarum cryptogamicarum Britanniae, focusing on cryptogamic plants of Britain. Zier wrote the diagnoses of species for the first three fascicles of this treatment, which were published between 1785 and 1793, though his contribution is not acknowledged in the text. In London, he also met the apothecary and botanist William Curtis (1746−1799) who was at that time working on Flora londinensis. One source suggests that J. Zier may have assisted in the creation of this opus, though this has not been definitely confirmed.
On 18 March 1788, J. Zier was admitted as a member of the Linnean Society of London, which allowed him to establish connections with prominent British botanists of the time, including Joseph Banks (1743−1820), president of the Royal Society; James E. Smith (1759−1828), founder and president of the Linnean Society; William Hudson (1730−1793), author of Flora anglica; and Jonas C. Dryander (1748−1810), librarian of the Royal Society and vice-president of the Linnean Society. In 1790, J. Zier was set to take up the chair of the natural history at the University of Vilnius in the then Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but his poor health prevented him from leaving London. Around 1792, he made a will, the content of which has survived to this day. A progressive illness led to his death at a relatively young age in early July 1793.
Jan (John) Zier did not publish any scientific work under his own name. The plant specimens he collected are preserved in various herbaria, including those of Ehrhart in Göttingen (GOET), Moscow (MW), and the Linnean Herbarium in London (LINN), as well as in the Natural History Museum in London (BM), the Komarov Institute of Botany of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg (LE), and in Uppsala (UPS). Jan Zier’s name is commemorated in the generic name Zieria Sm. (Rutaceae) and in the moss name Bryum zieri Dicks. ex Hedw. (Bryaceae). The latter species was subsequently placed in the separate genus Zieria Schimp., but this name, as a younger homonym, was replaced by Plagiobryum Lindb. for formal reasons, though it is still retained in the subgeneric name Bryum subg. Zieria C.Hartm.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Science (General)
The aim of this paper is to study the modes of representation of reality in original texts and their translations published under the constraints of an authoritarian regime in times of crisis. The study was based on the presupposition that the description of reality is filtered through the idiosyncrasies of the authors of the original texts and their translations, as well as through the constraints of the source system at a particular moment in its history. The nature of the shifts in representations of reality was tested on the example of sixteen issues of the magazine Polska and their English (Poland) and French (La Pologne) translations, reporting on the Polish events of 1980–1981. The study showed that the three language versions of the magazine Polska, which were supposed to be identical, represented reality in slightly different ways and that these representations were the result of several superimposed subjective visions of their authors, conditioned by various factors such as the speed of change, the lack of temporal distance, the individual attitude to events or the translator’s competence.
French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature, Romanic languages
Mohammad Taghi KARIMI, Mahmood BAHRAMIZADEH, Hanieh KHALILIYAN
et al.
Introduction: An increase in knee joint loading exacerbates the symptoms of knee joint
osteoarthritis (OA). One of the conservative treatments used for subjects with knee OA is knee valgus orthosis, which is used to decrease the loads on knee joints. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a new design of knee orthosis on joint contact force and muscle force in subjects with knee OA.
Methods: Ten subjects with knee OA were recruited for this study. A motion analysis system with seven high-speed cameras and a Kistler force plate were used to record the motion of the subjects in walking and the forces applied on the leg. We used OpenSIM software to determine the knee joint contact force during walking, with and without the orthosis.
Results: The knee orthosis decreased the peaks of the vertical component of knee joint contact forces (p < 0.05). Moreover, it did not influence walking speed. The use of the orthosis decreased the extension moment of the knee joint and the peaks of the forces produced by the muscles surrounding the knee joint.
Discussion: The use of this orthosis decreased the knee joint contact forces. This suggests that the orthosis could be used to alleviate the symptoms of knee OA. Orthosis can be incorporated into the clinical management of subjects with knee OA by medical practitioners.
System prawny II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej nie posługiwał się pojęciem terroryzmu. Wyrażano jednak już wtedy postulat stworzenia nowego typu przestępstwa terrorystycznego. Artykuł analizuje akty prawne wprowadzane w życie po II wojnie światowej, po przejęciu władzy przez komunistów, rekonstruując chronologiczny porządek języka prawnego, od pojęcia „wystąpienia terrorystycznego” (1945), poprzez „akt terrorystyczny” (1946), „zamach terrorystyczny” (1951) i „działalność terrorystyczną” (1956), dochodząc do konkluzji, że w latach 1952–1970 pojęcie „zamachu terrorystycznego” posiadało w polskim prawie definicję legalną. Istniejąca od 1970 r. luka definicyjna sprawiła, że zakres semantyczny tych pojęć był niejasny i pozbawiony objaśnienia w kodeksach karnych z 1969 r. oraz 1997 r. Dodatkowe czynniki komplikacji stanowiły wprowadzane w dalszych aktach prawnych pojęcia „terroryzmu”, „przestępstw terroryzmu” czy „ataku terrorystycznego”. Jednocześnie ustawodawca III Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, po przełomie ustrojowym ostatniej dekady XX w. wrócił do stosowania zdefiniowanego legalnie w czasach stalinowskich pojęcia „zamachu terrorystycznego”, nie podejmując wysiłku w zakresie objaśnienia znaczenia tego pojęcia w demokratycznym państwie prawa. Pomimo braku legalnej definicji przestępstwa o charakterze terrorystycznym przez cały bieg XX w., wyrażano w piśmiennictwie przekonanie, że polskie ustawodawstwo jest w wystarczającym stopniu dostosowane do potrzeby zwalczania przejawów terroryzmu. Rzeczpospolita Polska, dostosowując swoje przepisy do wymogów międzynarodowoprawnych i wychodząc naprzeciw postulatom doktryny, ostatecznie wprowadziła w 2004 r. definicję legalną przestępstwa o charakterze terrorystycznym do kodeksu karnego.
History of Poland, Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Nicholas J. Gotelli, Douglas B. Booher, Mark C. Urban
et al.
Abstract Dated, geo‐referenced museum specimens are a rich data source for reconstructing species' distribution and abundance patterns. However, museum records are potentially biased towards over‐representation of rare species, and it is unclear whether museum records can be used to estimate relative abundance in the field. We assembled 17 coupled field and museum datasets to quantitatively compare relative abundance estimates with the Dirichlet distribution. Collectively, these datasets comprise 73,039 museum records and 1,405,316 field observations of 2,240 species. Although museum records of rare species overestimated relative abundance by 1‐fold to over 100‐fold (median study = 9.0), the relative abundance of species estimated from museum occurrence records was strongly correlated with relative abundance estimated from standardized field surveys (r2 range of 0.10–0.91, median study = 0.43). These analyses provide a justification for estimating species relative abundance with carefully curated museum occurrence records, which may allow for the detection of temporal or spatial shifts in the rank ordering of common and rare species.
Mirosław Siergiejczyk, Zbigniew Kasprzyk, Mariusz Rychlicki
et al.
The article reviews the history and the direction of development for railway CCTV (Closed-Circuit TeleVision) systems. The authors described the CCTV system at PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. and the associated network and server infrastructure. The authors proposed an operational model for a centralized CCTV system that assumes states of partial fitness, in accordance with the regulations of the national railway infrastructure administrator. The aim of the paper is to review, analyse, and evaluate the operational reliability of railroad video monitoring systems in relation to the assumptions of the national railroad infrastructure manager using an operational model. A unified system structure is presented in the article. The model was used as a base to calculate the probabilities for the system while staying in the assumed states. Calculations showed that a centralized CCTV system is characterized by high reliability and satisfies the expectations of PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. in this respect. The obtained result of 99.88% probability of leaving the analysed video surveillance system in a fully operational condition within a year indicates a high level of security of the applied solutions in such a large system. The analysed system is one of the largest such solutions designed in the European Union and the largest in Poland, which is an important contribution to the development and implementation of such extensive video surveillance systems in the future. The research question is whether the extensive centralized railway CCTV systems will meet the requirements of PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A.
Rzymskokatolicka parafia w Nawarzycach (woj. świętokrzyskie, diecezja kielecka) ma średniowieczną metrykę (wzmiankowana po raz pierwszy w 1345 r.). Znajduje się tam murowany kościół pw. św. Andrzeja Apostoła i św. Anny, wybudowany w połowie XVII stulecia z fundacji opata jędrzejowskiego, Bernarda Łaszewskiego. Wystrój świątyni pochodzi w większości z około 1780 r. i utrzymany jest w stylu barokowo-rokokowym. Wnętrze skrywa kilka wysokiej klasy zabytków, takich jak kamienna chrzcielnica w formie misy, wsparta na grzbietach lwów, oraz drewniana ambona w kształcie łodzi, podtrzymywana przez cztery nagie syreny. Przedstawione do edycji źródło przechowywane jest w zbiorach kieleckiego Archiwum Diecezjalnego. Rękopis ten nie był dotychczas publikowany i wyzyskiwany przez historyków w szerszym zakresie. Jest on o tyle cenny, że zawiera wiele interesujących, nieznanych dotąd faktów na temat kościoła w Lubczy, zniszczonego przez kalwinów w okresie reformacji, jak również samej parafii – inkorporowanej do parafii nawarzyckiej w 1690 r.
The article is devoted to the presentation by pro-government “Gazeta Polska” progress and results of the elections to the Sejm and the Senate in Poland in 1930, which became a turning point in the interwar history of Poland and its parliamentarism.
Law, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Ilska Michalina, Brandt-Salmeri Anna, Kołodziej-Zaleska Anna
et al.
Abstract The purpose of our study was to elucidate the association between obstetric and psychological factors and fear of childbirth (FOC) during the third trimester of pregnancy and to identify women at risk of severe FOC in Poland. An additional goal of the study was to verify the Polish version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy Questionnaire (W-DEQ) and to establish its psychometric characteristics. Cross-sectional study with a total of 359 women recruited during routine visits to an antenatal clinic in Poland during the third trimester (≥ 27 weeks gestation). The survey included obstetric details (parity, obstetric history and preferred mode of delivery), and standardized psychological measures: the W-DEQ (fear of childbirth) and the EPDS (depressive symptoms). We demonstrated the satisfactory psychometric properties of the Polish version of the W-DEQ. Our findings confirm the one-factor structure found by the authors of the original version of the scale. A greater FOC was reported by women with unplanned pregnancies, women whose preferred mode of delivery was a cesarean section, and women who had previously undergone psychiatric treatment. The risk factors for severe FOC were depression, unplanned pregnancy or parity, and disagreement with the birth plan proposed by the obstetrician. The W-DEQ is a widely used, valid instrument for the assessment of FOC in pregnant women and can be used in Poland. Findings support the key role of obstetric and psychological variables in predicting fear of childbirth.
This paper provides a brief outline of the reception history of Othello in Poland, focusing on the way the character of the Moor of Venice is constructed on the page, in the first-published nineteenth-century translation by Józef Paszkowski, and on the stage, in two twentieth-century theatrical adaptations that provide contrasting images of Othello: 1981/1984 televised Othello, dir. Andrzej Chrzanowski and the 2011 production of African Tales Based on Shakespeare, in which Othello’s part is played by Adam Ferency (dir. Krzysztof Warlikowski). The paper details the political and social contexts of each of these stage adaptations, as both of them employ brownface and blackface to visualise Othello’s “political colour.” The function of blackface and brownface is radically different in these two productions: in the 1981/1984 Othello brownface works to underline Othello’s overall sense of alienation, while strengthening the existing stereotypes surrounding black as a skin colour, while the 2011 staging makes the use of blackface as an artificial trick of the actor’s trade, potentially unmasking the constructedness of racial prejudices, while confronting the audience with their own pernicious racial stereotypes.
One of the main goal of the rural development researches is to find such trajectories which have positive
impact on human welfare without negative effects on natural resources. In this paper we investigate, if
multifunctionality of farms can be a sustainable development trajectory, focusing on land use. The aim
of the study is to show links between different development paths and their impact on land use intensity
at the farm household level. The research bases on the 30 structured in depth interviews conducted in
Bavarian Mittelgebirge – Germany, during which the farmers or former farmers reported the 60 years
farm’s history. The results show the general trend to extensify land use and prove that the larger farms
are more active in provision of new function that their peers with smaller farm size. The broadening
strategy is the only multifunctional form which ensures the extensive land use approach. This retrospective
study can be useful for regions with fragmented agriculture, big share of family farms and highland
landscape like south Poland, Rumanian or Slovak highlands, where the natural constraints in agriculture
encourage to search for such development paths, which do not exceed the environmental limits while
ensuring the socio-economical welfare of inhabitants.
The paper gives an overview of children’s book design and illustration in Poland around the year 1968. Considering the number, variety and quality of books addressed to young readers of this time, one can judge how important this sector of the reading audience was for the policymakers in the times of Polish People’s Republic (1952-1989). The graduates from academies of fine arts (predominantly from Warsaw) were responsible for illustrations and design of the released titles. 1968 seems to be the peak year of the internationally recognized Polish School of Illustration. More than 400 artists were active in the field of book illustration at that time. Among the published books there were many avant-garde and original designs. However, this tendency was already present in Polish graphic design in the 1950s, with a sort of a turning point in 1956. The year 1968 was very important in Polish history and brought some political and social changes, although these were not reflected that much in fine and applied arts. The paper discusses artistic quality of Polish illustration for children published around the year 1968. The short analyses of the relevance of graphic layout and illustrations to the verbal contents of the selected books comprises the main part of the paper.
In the perspective of the concept of the “site of memory”, this paper discusses how the projects planned in Germany to commemorate flight and expulsion of the Germans after World War 2 and other forced migration processes in Europe within the 20th century were received in Czech Republic, Poland and Germany. This debate begun at the end of the 20th century, after the Federation of Expellees had announced their plans to establish the Centre against Expulsions. In context of this debate other issues were carried out, e.g. property claims, which were more observable in Czech Republic due to the last phase of the negotiation connected with the European Union accession. On the other hand, the debate in Poland and Germany, regarded rather moral than political aspects, but the most controversial point was an argument about Erika Steinbach, chairwoman of the Federation of Expellees. In Germany the debate became controversial, as the left-wing parties put through the idea of a European Centre in cooperation with East European Countries involved in flight and expulsions, as the right-wing parties insisted on establishing a German Centre in Berlin. After the elections in 2005 and after building the great coalition (CDU and SPD) the parties came to an agreement and decided to build the Museum of Expulsions in Berlin. After the resignation of Erika Steinbach in 2009, the Polish government stopped opposing. The author confronts the history of these planned memorials with the concept of the so-called “sites of memory” by Pierre Nora and others.
<p>Community archives display notable activity, especially during last years. Due to that they have become a significant element of the system of archives in Poland. But there are still a number of basic problems, not only theoretical, concerning their activity, that must be set down: their formal status (also: their holdings status), their place in system of Polish archives (in the broad sense), and shape of their relations to other archives (especially state ones). Moreover, corresponding to problems mentioned above, their fundamental meaning to national heritage and local identity must be looked into. Taking a thesis of Jerzy Skowronek, that the archival national heritage are all archival materials produced by a particular nation and state, regardless of place of keeping, the holdings of community archives must be seen as that. But not always they are simply associated with phenomena, processes or events that are crucial from the point of view of a nation as a whole. Whereas these holdings, according to a scope of their collection, are direct and very accurate reflection of local history. This makes community archives main creators and protectors of local identity, especially with common practice among community archives, that consists in dragging local communities into cooperation in making the history and, in general, into cooperating with them. Their mission, in both of these spheres, is carried out in a condition of a dichotomy. On the one hand there is intentional using of assets: creativity, enthusiasm and a special ability to reach to sources that are unavailable to other potential rivals. On the other hand, a full success is impediment due to various limitations, especially often observed financial fragility and lack of certainty of existence in a longer time perspective. Whereas state archives, having no problems in that area, due to some formal and organizational reasons cannot impact the non-state branch of the national archival holdings effectively. That, and a number of other reasons should induce both types of archives to strengthen contacts between them and to take up or intensify collaboration in various fields. It will result in increasing efficiency of archival activity performed by them separately.</p>
Auxiliary sciences of history, Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
Assessment of efficiency of businesses has been considered an object of interest by economists since the 1950's. A number of methods have been developed, including the so-called parametric approaches, using the regression analysis, and the non-parametric approaches, connected with the mathematical programming techniques. However, the diversity of available methods, especially when supplying contradictory estimates, leads to confusion, hindering an objective interpretation of results. In this paper, we propose a procedure leading to the reduction of such discrepancies by the proper modification of a combined method linking the non-parametric approach with a parametric one. Usefulness of the proposed solution is shown by estimation of technical efficiency concerning the agricultural production in the USA and the selected regions of the European Union.
In most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, oral history was initiated in the circles of dissidents in the 1980s. Memories of the politically marginalised or persecuted citizens were the source of insights into uncensored versions of recent past. Therefore the term “a witness to history” is central to the “civic historiography”, which has been developed in Poland.
After the fall of communism, the civic participation in the archiving, educating and researching has been institutionalised and identifies itself as oral history.
The article presents epistemological and ethical paradoxes of the concept of “a witness to history” in the light of social and linguistic practice, as well as its historiographical and political usage. Examples of major oral history projects actively present in the public space and state and public institutions, influencing oral history practice in Poland, are presented. In the analysis of such institutions as the Warsaw Uprising Museum or the Institute of National Memory, the author focuses on their definition of “a witness to history” and places their practices in the context of the politics of memory implemented in Poland since 2005. Apart from the abovementioned powerful social players in the serious game of memory, knowledge and imagination, there are, however, other social actors contributing to the notion of oral history and creating an alternative vision of its tasks.
The author sketches two modes of the development of oral history in Poland – academic and public oral history – pointing at the concepts of ‘narrator’ and ‘a witness to history’, and briefly summarises the main problems of contemporary dominant practice.