INTRODUCTION. The concepts of “nationalism” and “patriotism”, “nazification” and “denazification” are used in the modern context without taking into account the history of their formation, which increases the possible escalation of social conflicts. The purpose of study – is to identify the causes and consequences of linguistic manipulation of the concept of “patriotism” and the criteria for its distinction with the concept of “nationalism”.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The studied facts of history examine the stages of development of nationalism and patriotism in the countries of Europe, the Russian Empire, the USSR and in the post-Soviet space. To study their interaction, a comparative historical method of understanding reality is used.RESEARCH RESULTS. The types of states that are built on different principles depending on the attitude of the power elites to patriotism and nationalism are analyzed: (1) protonationalism of Ancient Greece, formed on the basis of slavery; (2) nationalism in Europe with an amendment to the inviolability of property and individual freedom in bourgeois states, justifying the colonization of “unenlightened” peoples; 3) patriotism in the Russian Empire, established on the basis of Orthodoxy and citizenship, taking into account national and territorial covertness; (4) Soviet patriotism, built on the ideology of internationalism, equality and unity of national republics; (5) neopatriotism, which excludes nationalism as an ideology of superiority “titular” of a nation or state.CONCLUSION. The signs of nationalism are determined, revealing its destructive essence and making it possible to consolidate the social essence of patriotism in the structure of personal, state and interethnic relations. the significance of the model of openness of cultures, economies, religions and languages that create conditions for the formation of multipolar civilizations is substantiated.
Ioannis Vrontzos, Emmanouil Katrivanos, Ilias Lazos
et al.
This paper focuses on the structural and finite strain analysis of the Pelagonian nappe, the HP/LT Ampelakia unit, and the Olympos-Ossa unit in the Olympos-Ossa mountainous area in order to better understand the exhumation history of the Ampelakia unit and the underlain Olympos-Ossa unit. Two main stages of Tertiary deformation were revealed, related to nappe stacking and exhumation processes. During the Paleocene–Eocene crustal subduction, HP/LT metamorphism, compression, and nappe stacking were developed progressively. This D<sub>1</sub> stage was terminated with the final SW-ward emplacement of the Ampelakia and Pelagonian nappe on the Olympos-Ossa unit during the Eocene–Early Oligocene. The next stage of deformation, D<sub>2</sub>, was developed during the Oligocene–Miocene following the orogenic nappes stacking. D<sub>2</sub> was considered an extensional event, related to metamorphic isothermal decompression, nappes tectonic denudation, crustal uplift, and final exhumation of the Ampelakia unit and the Olympos-Ossa unit as a tectonic window. The calculated finite strain ellipsoids indicate a main flattening type strain geometry and middle strain intensity, increasing along the nappe contacts. The quartz C-axes diagrams also reveal a flattening type of deformation and non-coaxial flow towards the southwest and northeast at the western and eastern flanks of Olympos-Ossa Mountain, respectively. The calculated <i>W<sub>k</sub></i> vorticity number ranges from 0.23 to 0.93.
V. A. Bontzorlos, D. H. Johnson, K. Poirazidis
et al.
AbstractKnowing people are willing to protect wildlife when they feel connected with nature, we used owls as a case study to review owl symbolism in Greek history (2900 BC − 2000 AD). For five millennia, Greek civilization thrived and used owls as a dominant symbol in major cultural expressions. Consequently, a broad spectrum of social beliefs evolved towards owls. Until 1500 BC, they were mainly used as decorative attributes. During the Mycenaean era, though, owls began to be worshipped as eerie creatures in funeral rituals, inducing fear and respect. When Greek civilization peaked during the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods, an important shift is noticed in social perceptions. Owls are transformed into major symbols of wisdom, power, justice and divinity, connected to the goddess Athena and the city of Athens. Their significance faded in the subsequent Roman period and was absent throughout the Byzantine era, for 1500 years. When owls reappeared after 1800 AD in cultural aspects of modern Greece, society again considered them fearsome creatures. We finalize our historical review with a recent survey in Greece, capturing up-to-date trends. Our survey indicates that today: (i) owls are mostly considered beneficial and deserving of protection, but part of the population still perceives owls as bad omens, powerful and scary; (ii) elementary concepts of raptors’ importance in ecosystems are still unknown to many; (iii) a small but impactful percentage still deliberately kill house-nesting owls, outlining the need to educate and provide nest-boxes as a relocation solution. By performing a thorough review of historical perceptions toward owls, important insights are offered on how to positively connect people with their wildlife and cultural heritage. We claim that people who understand how nature was related to their country in the past are inspired and more inclined to protect it.
A measurement of the charge asymmetry in top-quark pair (tt¯) production in association with a photon is presented. The measurement is performed in the single-lepton tt¯ decay channel using proton–proton collision data collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN at a centre-of-mass-energy of 13 TeV during the years 2015–2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1. The charge asymmetry is obtained from the distribution of the difference of the absolute rapidities of the top quark and antiquark using a profile likelihood unfolding approach. It is measured to be AC=−0.003±0.029 in agreement with the Standard Model expectation.
Objective – to explore the history of the introduction and selection of climbing roses of the genus Rosa L. in the world and Ukraine, find out the main periods in the history of cultivation of these plants and identify the most important introduction and selection centers.
Material and methods. In the process of studying literary sources historical-scientific method was used. Problem-chronological method provided a sequence of presentation of the material.
Results. In the history of the introduction of roses, one of the main factors was the attraction to the culture of wild agrestic rosehip species. This process lasted quite a long time (five centuries), but had very positive consequences for the future development of roses and climbing particulars. The most intense exchange of plants occurred in the period of the great geographical discoveries, starting from the XV century. Long before New Era, roses were cultivated in China and India, in countries of the Middle East and Asia Minor. From there, with the flourishing of trade in the ancient period they penetrated into ancient Greece, and in subsequent centuries into the countries of Western Europe. The introduction of Sino-Chinese plants into the botanical gardens of Europe began in the first half of the XVIII century and reached its peak in the 40s–60s of the XIX century. During the XVII–XIX centuries and at the beginning of the XX century, significant amount of wild rose was brought from Southeast Asia, but the most important ancestors of climbing roses that originate from Asia are: R. chinensis Jacq., R. lucieae Franch. & Rochebr. ex Crep., R. multiflora Thunb., R. moschata Herrm.
Based on the analysis of the history of the selection of climbing roses in the world, three main periods can be distinguished: the last is the period of prehistory by 1875; the present – from 1875 to 1967, the modern – from 1967. Intensive selection work with roses in Europe began in the XVIII century. Wide-scale work was carried out in France, Germany, England, Ireland, the Netherlands, Denmark. The revolution in the formation of a new assortment of climbing roses produced R. multiflora and R. wichuriana Crep. Barbier (France) breeders in Jackson, Perkins and Brownelló in the USA achieved particularly significant results in the selection of Vihurayan roses in France. M.A. Gartvis, M.D. Kostetskiy, V.M. Klimenko, Z.K. Klimenko, K.I. Zykov made a significant contribution to the development of domestic breeding. As a result of the tremendous work done by the breeders, a worldwide assortment of climbing roses has been created, which now numbers thousands of varieties.
Conclusions. The early periods of the introduction of climbing roses in the world (the initial and the period of intensive introduction) are analyzed. It was revealed that R. moschata has long been used in climbing gardens in the Middle East countries, and in the United States (since 1759) the East Asian species R. laevigata. During the period of active involvement of Sino-Chinese plants R. multiflora (1868) was introduced into Europe’s botanical gardens. According to results of studying the history of culture and the experience of introduction of climbing roses of the genus Rosa in Ukraine, the main introduction centers have been identified. The study of the history of the selection of climbing roses in the world and in Ukraine and the analysis of the stages of the selection process with climbing roses made it possible to identify outstanding breeders who have made significant contributions to the development of selection and the creation of varieties of climbing roses.
Gregory TSOUCALAS, Eleni PANAGOULI, Vasilios THOMAIDIS
et al.
The anatomist, since the beginning of human dissections, had always performed the most difficult task in medicine, the study of the structure of the human body. Religious and scientific barriers throughout the centuries made anatomists become isolated by both the scientific and civilian community. Anatomist rapt in cadavers and skeletal remains was usually depicted as an unsociable being, performing his task in secluded places.
The first record of Geometra papilionaria L. from Greece is provided, extending the known area of the species in the Balkan Peninsula and raising the Geometrinae fauna of Greece to 18 species. A brief characterisation of the collecting site is also given. The voucher specimen is deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest. With two figures.
In this article the Parthenon is considered in the context of the multiple meanings that the west has ascribed to it as well as its alterations and damages through time. Fateful events in the course of a turbulent history in the land of Greece not only affected the state of the Parthenon but added to a debate that focused on this monument as the most important classical building leading to the creation of an outstanding museum in Athens.
Archaeology, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
In this contribution we provide an overview of the linguistic history of the Albanian people taking both linguistic and social-cultural aspects into account. The historical and descriptive synthesis of Albanian linguistics will provide the background for understanding the competition between the Gheg and Tosk traditions, the old and culturally different Albanian minorities in Italy and Greece, and the role of linguistic standardization imposed by the communist totalitarian regime. As the title suggests, people’s culture and identity must also be looked for in the vicissitudes of their linguistic heritage and its changes and reshaping in connection with social processes. Our aim is to explore these factors in the evolution of the Albanian language and its use in communication.
The German archaeologist Ernst Curtius (1814–1896) published this seminal work in three volumes between 1857 and 1867. It quickly became a bestseller and was republished in numerous German editions. The work was translated into English by the eminent British historian Adolphus William Ward (1837–1924) who divided it into five volumes, published between 1868 and 1873. Volume 3 covers the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE), focussing on the role of key figures such as Pericles; Athens' Sicilian expedition and the Peace of Nicias; Greek colonisation; and the Decelean war. Curtius' History was a pioneering work of nineteenth-century classical scholarship. For many generations it provided an indispensable guide through the complex history of the ancient Greek world, and it continues to inspire researchers today.
The German archaeologist Ernst Curtius (1814–1896) published this seminal work in three volumes between 1857 and 1867. It quickly became a bestseller and was republished in numerous German editions. The work was translated into English by the eminent British historian Adolphus William Ward (1837–1924) who divided it into five volumes, published between 1868 and 1873. Volume 2 focuses on the themes of conflict and unity, with the second part of Book 2, and Book 3 which covers the Ionian revolt and the events that led to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. Curtius' History was a pioneering work of nineteenth-century classical scholarship. For many generations it provided an indispensable guide through the complex history of the ancient Greek world, and it continues to inspire researchers today.