Hasil untuk "History of Great Britain"

Lion Shahab, Jamie Brown, Sharon Cox et al.

Background Individuals with mental health conditions can experience lower life expectancy, partly due to risk factors, such as smoking and alcohol use.Objective To assess potential differences in receiving support for smoking cessation or alcohol reduction in British general practice based on history of a mental health condition.Methods Self-reported data were collected between October 2020 and June 2023 from the monthly cross-sectional Smoking and Alcohol Toolkit Study. The sample included 23 790 adults who smoked in the past year and/or drank at risky levels (ie, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test—Consumption≥5). Outcomes included the receipt of brief interventions, the recommendations provided during brief interventions and quit or cut-down attempts triggered by healthcare professionals. Logistic regression models measured associations between outcomes and lifetime mental health history, without and with adjustment for demographic and behavioural factors.Findings Overall, 36.6% had a history of a mental health condition. About two-thirds of people with a history of a mental health condition and half of those without saw their general practitioner (GP) in the past year. Among those with a history of a mental health condition who saw their GP, 41.2% who smoked in the past year received smoking brief interventions and 7.0% who drank at risky levels received alcohol brief interventions. Receipt of smoking brief interventions was similar by history of mental health condition (with 41.2% vs without 41.1%). Individuals with a history of a mental health condition compared with those without had higher odds of receiving alcohol brief interventions (7.0% vs 2.8%, adjusted OR=2.69, 95% CI: 2.17 to 3.34) and receiving more comprehensive support as part of the intervention.Discussion Among respondents with a history of a mental health condition, only around 4 in 10 smokers who visited their GP received brief interventions from their GP and 1 in 20 for alcohol.Clinical implications Considering the links between smoking or risky drinking and mental health conditions, healthcare professionals should increase screening and brief advice to reduce health disparities.

Solal Rapaport, Laurent Pautet, Samuel Tardieu et al.

Version Control Systems (VCS) like Git allow developers to locally rewrite recorded history, e.g., to reorder and suppress commits or specific data in them. These alterations have legitimate use cases, but become problematic when performed on public branches that have downstream users: they break push/pull workflows, challenge the integrity and reproducibility of repositories, and create opportunities for supply chain attackers to sneak into them nefarious changes. We conduct the first large-scale investigation of Git history alterations in public code repositories. We analyze 111 M (millions) repositories archived by Software Heritage, which preserves VCS histories even across alterations. We find history alterations in 1.22 M repositories, for a total of 8.7 M rewritten histories. We categorize changes by where they happen (which repositories, which branches) and what is changed in them (files or commit metadata). Conducting two targeted case studies we show that altered histories recurrently change licenses retroactively, or are used to remove ''secrets'' (e.g., private keys) committed by mistake. As these behaviors correspond to bad practices-in terms of project governance or security management, respectively-that software recipients might want to avoid, we introduce GitHistorian, an automated tool, that developers can use to spot and describe history alterations in public Git repositories.

Claire Bazin

Sergey N. Ilchenko

The article discusses the practice of promoting the images and meanings of classical works of Russian literature in modern screen culture. The relevance of this topic is connected with the widespread use of images of Russian literature in those samples of screen culture that the modern mass audience is faced with. In the article, the method of comparative analysis will be used as the main research method. The author proposes to compare two cinematic versions of one of the key works of Russian literature - the novel ‘Eugene Onegin’ by A. S. Pushkin. In the course of the analysis, it is proposed to study the circumstances of the creation of both fi lms, the cultural and socio-psychological context of the appearance of screen adaptations, and the general historical background. Particular attention will be paid to the country of origin of each of the fi lms (Great Britain and Russia), which, of course, could not affect the fi nal result. The author examines the adequacy of screen versions, taking into account the existing traditions of fi lm viewing and fi lm perception, determined not only by the practice of the viewers themselves, but also by the dominant information and analytical trends characteristic of mass communication channels, taking into account the circumstances of their functioning in each specifi c, chronological deterministic case. The author paid special attention to the principles of creating both fi lms, the factors that formed the fi nal aesthetic solution of each of the versions - from the selection of actors to the choice of locations and location locations. The article also touches upon the history of cinematic versions of the literary source. The traditions of literary criticism and critical analysis of the original text by A. S. Pushkin in Russian literary criticism are also taken into account. Attention is also paid to the distribution fate of each of the fi lms, since they were created in completely different conditions and in different systems of fi lm production with different cultural traditions necessary for subsequent promotion to audiences.The author comes to the conclusion about the varying degree of aesthetic adequacy of the analyzed phenomena of screen culture to the literary source, when, in his opinion, the approach of British cinematographers is preferable.

EOIN Ó CUINNEAGÁIN

This article reads A Modest Proposal from the darker side of the westernised/anglicised Enlightenment. Firstly, it critically engages with the proclivity within the Anglocentric academy to celebrate English language literary figures associated with “The Enlightenment” in Ireland without a questioning of their role in the colonial project and in shaping its discourses of racism and sexism. Secondly, it focuses on how, from an Irish decolonial perspective, Jonathan Swift can be understood as a manager of the colonial racial/patriarchal matrix of power. Thirdly, it argues that the satire written by Jonathan Swift should be understood as an Anglocentric geo-cultural category and may be understood as westernised/anglicised Enlightenment satire. Finally, A Modest Proposal is analysed in terms of the exceptionality principle of irony, Swift’s project of improvement and salvation of the colonised, and modernity/coloniality’s rhetorical promise yet inability to solve the problems it produces.

María Losada-Friend

This translation offers the Spanish version of “Scenes of Spain”, the fifth chapter in Traveller in Time (1935) by the «London-Irish» journalist, writer and critic Mairin Mitchell. An original view of Spain through imaginary letters of her fictional protagonist, Colm MacColgan, it is mixed with Mitchell’s own clever observations and proves not only Mitchell’s love for the country, but her interest in meticulously tracing Irish historical and cultural aspects in Spain. This study includes an introduction with Mitchell’s profile and works, the original English text and the Spanish translation with notes.

Edward Molloy

This article deals with John Mitchel’s engagement with questions around race as articulated in his 1854 Jail Journal. Mitchel has been oft noted and condemned for his support of the Confederacy during the US Civil War, in which he lost two of his sons. His racism as it was articulated in the Southern Citizen during that period and his defence of slavery as an institution has led to numerous and open disavowals of his legacy. This article seeks to trace the development of Mitchel’s attitude towards race through a close reading of his Jail Journal in conjunction with a contemporaneous racist tract by Thomas Carlyle. This double reading will expose some of the ambiguities and ambivalences in Mitchel’s thinking in contrast to the strident pro-slavery position that he later embraced, whilst also allowing for an uncovering of his modus cogitandi that may help to explain apparent contradictions within his thought.

Juergen Schmidhuber

Machine learning (ML) is the science of credit assignment. It seeks to find patterns in observations that explain and predict the consequences of events and actions. This then helps to improve future performance. Minsky's so-called "fundamental credit assignment problem" (1963) surfaces in all sciences including physics (why is the world the way it is?) and history (which persons/ideas/actions have shaped society and civilisation?). Here I focus on the history of ML itself. Modern artificial intelligence (AI) is dominated by artificial neural networks (NNs) and deep learning, both of which are conceptually closer to the old field of cybernetics than what was traditionally called AI (e.g., expert systems and logic programming). A modern history of AI & ML must emphasize breakthroughs outside the scope of shallow AI text books. In particular, it must cover the mathematical foundations of today's NNs such as the chain rule (1676), the first NNs (circa 1800), the first practical AI (1914), the theory of AI and its limitations (1931-34), and the first working deep learning algorithms (1965-). From the perspective of 2025, I provide a timeline of the most significant events in the history of NNs, ML, deep learning, AI, computer science, and mathematics in general, crediting the individuals who laid the field's foundations. The text contains numerous hyperlinks to relevant overview sites. With a ten-year delay, it supplements my 2015 award-winning deep learning survey which provides hundreds of additional references. Finally, I will put things in a broader historical context, spanning from the Big Bang to when the universe will be many times older than it is now.

Pierre Wokuri

The British energy policy regime is commonly depicted as large-scale, centrally-planned and private-sector led sector with limited citizen involvement into energy planning and development. However, the number of electricity generation projects owned by community groups has risen dramatically over the last decade. The development of such initiatives raises a key question related to public services provision and market organisation: does community energy constitute an alternative beyond market and State arrangements? Based on semi-structured interviews and extensive policy analysis, this article provides a twofold answer to that question. First, it shows that community energy in the United Kingdom constitutes an alternative model to market and State arrangements with the opening of three possibilities: ownership of energy infrastructures by local community groups, participation with higher levels of citizen involvement and economic benefits with profits made from electricity generation distributed within local areas. Second, the article shows that the transformative power of this model is limited because community energy is embedded between the State and the market. This embeddedness is characterised by the fact that community energy organisations struggle to institutionalise advantages and to challenge decisions that affect them negatively, and by a corrective role with a provision of several services that were previously provided by State and market actors.

Shizhe Chen, Pierre-Louis Guhur, Cordelia Schmid et al.

Vision-and-language navigation (VLN) aims to build autonomous visual agents that follow instructions and navigate in real scenes. To remember previously visited locations and actions taken, most approaches to VLN implement memory using recurrent states. Instead, we introduce a History Aware Multimodal Transformer (HAMT) to incorporate a long-horizon history into multimodal decision making. HAMT efficiently encodes all the past panoramic observations via a hierarchical vision transformer (ViT), which first encodes individual images with ViT, then models spatial relation between images in a panoramic observation and finally takes into account temporal relation between panoramas in the history. It, then, jointly combines text, history and current observation to predict the next action. We first train HAMT end-to-end using several proxy tasks including single step action prediction and spatial relation prediction, and then use reinforcement learning to further improve the navigation policy. HAMT achieves new state of the art on a broad range of VLN tasks, including VLN with fine-grained instructions (R2R, RxR), high-level instructions (R2R-Last, REVERIE), dialogs (CVDN) as well as long-horizon VLN (R4R, R2R-Back). We demonstrate HAMT to be particularly effective for navigation tasks with longer trajectories.

Alma-Pierre Bonnet

Just two years after a disastrous campaign which cost Theresa May her majority in Parliament and annihilated her hope of delivering Brexit, the Conservative Party managed to turn things around and secure a landslide victory. However surprising the result might have been, many factors can actually be used to explain this political success: a weak and disorganized opposition that failed to provide any clear solutions to the political gridlock, a general feeling of Brexit weariness and, of course, an efficient Conservative campaign. This paper will analyse the Conservative campaign to understand how the Tories managed to easily win an election that was considered by many as extremely important and whose result was almost impossible to predict. First, we will deal with the official slogan of the Conservative campaign: “Get Brexit Done”. We will then see that everything was organized around this simple message: making the most of the popularity of a highly unstable candidate, Boris Johnson, and using any means possible online to drive the point home.

Margarita Estévez-Saá, Manuela Palacios-González, Noemí Pereira-Ares

Helen R. Fielding, Trevelyan J. McKinley, Richard J. Delahay et al.

Trading animals between farms and via markets can provide a conduit for spread of infections. By studying trading networks, we might better understand the dynamics of livestock diseases. We constructed ingoing contact chains of cattle farms in Great Britain that were linked by trading, to elucidate potential pathways for the transmission of infection and to evaluate their effect on the risk of a farm experiencing a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) incident. Our findings are consistent with variation in bTB risk associated with region, herd size, disease risk area and history of previous bTB incidents on the root farm and nearby farms. However, we also identified effects of both direct and indirect trading patterns, such that connections to more farms in the England High-Risk Area up to three movements away from the root farm increased the odds of a bTB incident, while connections with more farms in the England Low-Risk Area up to eight movements away decreased the odds. Relative to other risk factors for bTB, trading behaviours are arguably more amenable to change, and consideration of risks associated with indirect trading, as well direct trading, might therefore offer an additional approach to bTB control in Great Britain.

Mykhailo Zapototskyi

In modern historical science, an integral component of scientific research is the component of the source base, which also applies to studies in world history. This article is devoted to the analysis of the protocols of the Canadian Parliament’s debates at the initial stage of World War I (1914–1915). The pages of the protocols of the Canadian Parliament’s describe the personal attitude of politicians to Metropolia, the public speeches of Canadian politicians in 1914–1915, the vision of representatives of political elites regarding the entry of the Canadian Confederation into the First World War. Notwithstanding the ideological diversity of Canadian politicians in the early twentieth century, who included both proponents of unity with Metropolia and opponents of the process, it is interesting that the entire political elite at the beginning of the Great War was consolidated in the matter of supporting the British Crown. Even former political opponents – R. Borden and W. Laurier – became ideological partners, who emphasized that Canada should support the British Empire at a difficult time. Importantly, French Canadian politicians, who were in part critical of British imperialism, also took a positive view of Britain. The main ideologue of the French Canadians at this time was considered A. Burassa, who supported Canada’s entry into the First World War. The main issues discussed at this time by parliamentarians were Canada’s military and material support for the armed conflict. Senators J. Bolduk, E. Smith, A. Lougheed, and P. Murphy actively called for the side of the Metropolia. In the article the author draws attention to the fact that politicians were negative about the military conflict itself. Canadian politicians consider German Empire to be the main culprit in the war, which violated Belgium’s sovereignty and started the war. As a result, the UK was forced to go to war, defending the neutrality of the Belgian state. According to most Canadian politicians, Canada’s main task was to support the British Empire.

Itamar Rosenfeld Rauch

An oriented equator of $\mathbb{S}^2$ is the image of an oriented embedding $\mathbb{S}^1 \hookrightarrow \mathbb{S}^2$ such that it divides $\mathbb{S}^2$ into two equal area halves. Following Chekanov, we define the Hofer distance between two oriented equators as the infimal Hofer norm of a Hamiltonian diffeomorphism taking one to another. Consider $\mathcal{E}q_+$ the space of oriented equators. We define the Hofer girth of an embedding $j:\mathbb{S}^2 \hookrightarrow \mathcal{E}q_+$ as the infimum of the Hofer diameter of $j'(\mathbb{S}^2)$, where $j'$ is homotopic to $j$. There is a natural embedding $i_0:\mathbb{S}^2\hookrightarrow\mathcal{E}q_+$, sending a point on the sphere to the positively oriented great circle perpendicular to it. In this paper we provide an upper bound on the Hofer girth of $i_0$.

Alfredo Garbuno-Inigo, F. Alejandro DiazDelaO, Konstantin M. Zuev

The scientific understanding of real-world processes has dramatically improved over the years through computer simulations. Such simulators represent complex mathematical models that are implemented as computer codes which are often expensive. The validity of using a particular simulator to draw accurate conclusions relies on the assumption that the computer code is correctly calibrated. This calibration procedure is often pursued under extensive experimentation and comparison with data from a real-world process. The problem is that the data collection may be so expensive that only a handful of experiments are feasible. History matching is a calibration technique that, given a simulator, it iteratively discards regions of the input space using an implausibility measure. When the simulator is computationally expensive, an emulator is used to explore the input space. In this paper, a Gaussian process provides a complete probabilistic output that is incorporated into the implausibility measure. The identification of regions of interest is accomplished with recently developed annealing sampling techniques. Active learning functions are incorporated into the history matching procedure to refocus on the input space and improve the emulator. The efficiency of the proposed framework is tested in well-known examples from the history matching literature, as well as in a proposed testbed of functions of higher dimensions.

Cornelius Crowley

The article examines evolutions in British civilisation studies in the period 1990-2018. The hypothesis advanced is that of a reconstruction of the discipline, evident in its enhanced visibility, coupled with the application of more demanding criteria of scientific demonstration and a “gradual elevation of the “entrance rights” (Bourdieu 2003) required for admission to the field. The article reflects on the possible future evolutions, in an academic field subject to profound mutational factors, in particular due to the tremors currently registered in the order of the world.

A. Savino, T. J. L. de Boer, M. Salaris et al.

We present a new method that incorporates the horizontal branch morphology into synthetic colour-magnitude diagram based star formation history determinations. This method, we call MORGOTH, self-consistently takes into account all the stellar evolution phases up to the early asymptothic giant branch, flexibly modelling red giant branch mass loss. We test MORGOTH on a range of synthetic populations, and find that the inclusion of the horizontal branch significantly increases the precision of the resulting star formation histories. When the main sequence turn-off is detected, MORGOTH can fit the star formation history and the red giant branch mass loss at the same time, efficiently breaking this degeneracy. As part of testing MORGOTH, we also model the observed colour-magnitude diagram of the well studied Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy. We recover a new more detailed star formation history for this galaxy. Both the new star formation history and the red giant branch mass loss we determined for Sculptor with MORGOTH are in good agreement with previous analyses, thus demonstrating the power of this new approach.

S. Ganga Prasath, Vishal Vasan, Rama Govindarajan

The Maxey-Riley equation has been extensively used by the fluid dynamics community to study the dynamics of small inertial particles in fluid flow. However, most often, the Basset history force in this equation is neglected. Including the Basset force in numerical solutions of particulate flows involves storage requirements which rapidly increase in time. Thus the significance of the Basset history force in the dynamics has not been understood. In this paper, we show that the Maxey-Riley equation in its entirety can be exactly mapped as a forced, time-dependent Robin boundary condition of the one-dimensional heat equation, and solved using the Unified Transform Method. We obtain the exact solution for a general homogeneous time-dependent flow field, and apply it to a range of physically relevant situations. In a particle coming to a halt in a quiescent environment, the Basset history force speeds up the decay as stretched-exponential at short time while slowing it down to a power-law relaxation, $\sim t^{-3/2}$, at long time. A particle settling under gravity is shown to relax even more slowly to its terminal velocity ($\sim t^{-1/2}$), whereas this relaxation would be expected to take place exponentially fast if the history term were to be neglected. For a general flow, our approach makes possible a numerical scheme for arbitrary but smooth flows without increasing memory demands and with spectral accuracy. We use our numerical scheme to solve an example spatially varying flow of inertial particles in the vicinity of a point vortex. We show that the critical radius for caustics formation shrinks slightly due to history effects. Our scheme opens up a method for future studies to include the Basset history term in their calculations to spectral accuracy, without astronomical storage costs. Moreover our results indicate that the Basset history can affect dynamics significantly.

Hsin-Yuan Huang, Eunsol Choi, Wen-tau Yih

Conversational machine comprehension requires the understanding of the conversation history, such as previous question/answer pairs, the document context, and the current question. To enable traditional, single-turn models to encode the history comprehensively, we introduce Flow, a mechanism that can incorporate intermediate representations generated during the process of answering previous questions, through an alternating parallel processing structure. Compared to approaches that concatenate previous questions/answers as input, Flow integrates the latent semantics of the conversation history more deeply. Our model, FlowQA, shows superior performance on two recently proposed conversational challenges (+7.2% F1 on CoQA and +4.0% on QuAC). The effectiveness of Flow also shows in other tasks. By reducing sequential instruction understanding to conversational machine comprehension, FlowQA outperforms the best models on all three domains in SCONE, with +1.8% to +4.4% improvement in accuracy.