Hasil untuk "History of Civilization"

م.م. هيفاء طارش فنجان

كان تحصين الثغور يتطلب وسيلة سريعة لنقل الاخبار تربط جميع النيابات المصرية والدمشقية للدولة المملوكية لغرض وصول الاخبار وصدور الاوامر لتنفيذها وقد وكان الظاهر بيبرس اول من تنبه لاهمية البريد فوضع نظم خاصاً به من خلال شبكة من الخطوط البريدية الجوية والبرية عن طريق استخدام الخيل والحمام الزاجل، وكان عمل البريدي عمله مقتصراً على ايصال اوامر السلطنة الى كافة نياباتها في القاهرة ودمشق ويستقبل رسائل حكامها وتقارير ولاتها العاملين فيها، وقد استخدمت المماليك النظام البريدي واعتنت بالبريدي الذي قام بدور مهم في الصراعات بينها وبين المغول خاصة، اضافة الى الخدمات الخاصة بالعلاقة الدولية مثل نقل الهدايا والسفراء وغيرها.

Акимова Елена Васильевна, Миклашевич Елена Александровна, Харевич Владимир Михайлович

Позднепалеолитическое местонахождение Саргов Улус входит в крупный комплекс объектов археологического наследия горного массива Оглахты, расположенного по левому берегу Красноярского водохранилища (Республика Хакасия). Первые сборы каменных артефактов палеолитического возраста были произведены З.А. Абрамовой в 1974 г. в районе затопленного улуса Саргов, ранее известного как место сосредоточения курганов энеолита, железного века и раннего средневековья. Выявленный памятник вошел в сводку позднепалеолитических стоянок Енисея под названием «Советская Хакасия». Весной 2019 г. при низком уровне воды были найдены отдельные артефакты, спроецированные на отмель из размываемых береговых уступов. Памятник, получивший название Саргов Улус, относится к экспонированным местонахождениям с характерной для береговой зоны водохранилища спецификой условий залегания и типологического набора каменных изделий. Коллекция каменного инвентаря, полученная в течение последних лет (2019–23 гг.), смешанная, насчитывает более 250 предметов, относящихся к позднему палеолиту и палеометаллу/средневековью. Позднепалеолитическая группа орудий включает в себя нуклеусы, разнообразные скребловидные и ножевидные орудия, единичные скребки, резцы, обломки массивных пластин с ретушью, галечные орудия (чопперы-струги). Характер каменного инвентаря позволяет отнести памятник к кокоревской археологической культуре, тем самым расширив к югу ареал кокоревской культуры в долине Среднего Енисея. По предварительным данным, на основании аналогий отдельным предметам в финальнопалеолитических комплексах Красноярского водохранилища, возраст местонахождения может быть определен заключительной стадией сартанского похолодания или рубежом плейстоцена-голоцена. Отнесение части коллекции (отбойники на массивных целых гальках, нуклевидно оббитых гальках и скребловидных орудиях) к позднему палеолиту вызывает сомнение. Данные предметы могут иметь значительно более поздний возраст, вплоть до эпохи раннего средневековья. Открытие Саргова Улуса позволяет рассчитывать на возможность выявления новых позднепалеолитических памятников в прибрежной полосе южной части Красноярского водохранилища.

Harbar Larysa

The purpose of the work is to compile a biography and review the archival heritage of Daria Yuriyivna Husiak, a public figure, liaison to the Commander-in-Chief of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Colonel-General Roman Shukhevych. The research methodology is based on the application of general scientific methods of systematization and classification, principles of historicism, objectivity and retrospective analysis. Scientific novelty. Daria Husiak’s biography is presented for the first time, her social activities are described, and the composition of the personal archive of the activist is represented in the context of nation-centric intentions. Conclusions. Our comprehensive study of published sources devoted to Daria Yuriyivna Husiak, an active member of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists - Ukrainian Insurgent Army, liaison to the Commander-in-Chief of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Colonel-General Roman Shukhevych, public figure, and documents from her personal archive made it possible to reconstruct the life path of this invincible Women. Also, the analyzed materials deepen modern knowledge about a number of outstanding personalities of the Ukrainian Resistance Movement, in particular about Roman Shukhevych, Mykhailo Soroka, female patriots Kateryna Zarytska, Olha Ilkiv, Halyna Didyk, Marta Pashkivska, Iryna Savytska, and many other fighters for the independence of Ukraine. Personal archive of Daria Husiak, transferred to the Institute of Manuscript of the V.I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine, is currently at the stage of scientific and technical development and will soon become available to the wider scientific and public community. We hope that this documentary complex will allow researchers to immerse themselves in the pages of the country’s history and the lives of people devoted to the ideals of struggle and service to the Ukrainian state and its people, to study the connections between the patriotic forces of Ukraine and the diaspora around the world, and to determine their role in the integration of Ukraine into the world democratic community.

Joseph R. Burger

Natural selection has produced an extraordinary diversity of life histories spanning many orders of magnitude in body size, vital rates, and biological times. In general, big and cold organisms grow and reproduce slowly and live long lives; small and warm organisms grow and reproduce quickly and live short lives. The Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) predicts equal and opposite scaling exponents of mass-specific biological rates (e.g., respiration, growth, and reproduction) and times (e.g., development, lifespan, and generation) as a function of size. However, empirical support for these predictions varies depending on trait and taxon. Here I: 1) provide background and mixed support for the quarter-power scaling exponents for life history rates and times predicted by MTE, 2) discuss possible explanations, including effects of natural selection on taxonomic and functional groups, and inadequate data for life history traits, 3) briefly summarize the Equal Fitness Paradigm (EFP) as a unifying theory of bioenergetics, life history and demography that does not depend on any particular allometric scalings, and 4) discuss ramifications of the EFP for other biological phenomena, including physiological performance metrics and trophic energetics of ecosystems. I draw mostly from my knowledge of mammals, yet in many cases the mammalian examples can be generalized to other organisms. I end with prospects for further evaluating and extending the EFP.

Safaa Samir Darwish

مجموعة غير منشورة للنقوش البارزة (لوحات جنائزية وشواهد قبور) بمخزن الأشمونين المتحفى بالمنيا [AR] تتناول هذه الدراسة خمسة نماذج لشواهد قبور ولوحات جنائزية لم تنشر من قبل، ومحفوظة في مخزن الأشمونين المتحفى بالمنيا، وغير معلوم مصدرها، اثنان منهم على هيئة تماثيل بداخل ناووس أو مشكاة، وثلاثة عبارة عن تماثيل جنائزية مستقلة. يهدف هذا البحث إلى تقديم دارسة وصفية لهذه الشواهد واللوحات الجنائزية، تتبع بدراسة تحليلية مقارنة تتناول فيها مادة النحت، وتقديم رؤية واضحة للسمات الفنية لمعالجة تصوير هذه المجموعة، والأسلوب الفني المتبع في تنفيذ تماثيل المتوفين، والمتمثل في ملامح الوجه والزى والوقفة أضف إلى ذلك الكشف عن ماهية ومكانة أصحاب التماثيل، والرموز التي صورت معهم، والغرض منها. كما يعكس موضوع الدراسة صورة واضحة عن المدرسة الفنية التي أنتجت هذه المجموعة، لذا تأتى أهمية هذه الدراسة لتحديد مكان العثور عليها، ووضع تأريخ لها استنادا على كل هذه العناصر السابقة. يتضح من خلال الدراسة أن شواهد القبور، واللوحات الجنائزية مُنفذة من مواد محلية، ومصورة على الطراز الروماني، ومتأثرة بالروح والأساليب الهلّنستية، كما أنها تنتمي إلى طبقة النخبة في المجتمع المصري خلال العصر الروماني، واتضح أيضا أنها منحوتة بجودة عالية، وخلص إلى أن شواهد القبور الجنائزية موضوع الدراسة تعود إلى العصر الروماني، خاصة في الفترة الممتدة من القرن الثاني إلى بداية القرن الرابع الميلادي. أيضاً تعكس الرموز المصاحبة للتماثيل الجنائزية مدى ارتباطهم بالطقوس الجنائزية، واعتقادهم في الخلود والحماية والحياة الأبدية. [EN] This study deals with five models of funeral tombstones and statues that have not been published before and are kept in the Ashmounin storehouse in Minya. Their origins are unknown. Two of them are statues inside a niche, and three of them are individual funerary statues. And provides a descriptive study of these funerary grave sculptures and statues, followed by a comparative analytical study dealing with sculpture. One goal is to provide a clear vision of artistic features. Another goal is to address the depiction of this group and its artistic style seen in its facial features, costume, and posture. Additionally, this study hopes to find the identity and status of the owners of the figurines, the symbols depicted with them, and their purpose. The subject of the study reflects a clear picture of the art school that produced the statues. The importance of this study is to determine where the statue group was found and to date it. The tombstones and funerary statues are made of local material, and depicted in the Roman style, which was influenced by the Hellenistic spirit and styles. The high quality of the carving makes it evident that the statues belonged to the elite class in Roman Egypt. The iconography included in the funerary statues reflects their connection with funeral rituals, and their belief in immortality, protection, and eternal life.

Ruizhong Qiu, Dingsu Wang, Lei Ying et al.

Diffusion on graphs is ubiquitous with numerous high-impact applications. In these applications, complete diffusion histories play an essential role in terms of identifying dynamical patterns, reflecting on precaution actions, and forecasting intervention effects. Despite their importance, complete diffusion histories are rarely available and are highly challenging to reconstruct due to ill-posedness, explosive search space, and scarcity of training data. To date, few methods exist for diffusion history reconstruction. They are exclusively based on the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) formulation and require to know true diffusion parameters. In this paper, we study an even harder problem, namely reconstructing Diffusion history from A single SnapsHot} (DASH), where we seek to reconstruct the history from only the final snapshot without knowing true diffusion parameters. We start with theoretical analyses that reveal a fundamental limitation of the MLE formulation. We prove: (a) estimation error of diffusion parameters is unavoidable due to NP-hardness of diffusion parameter estimation, and (b) the MLE formulation is sensitive to estimation error of diffusion parameters. To overcome the inherent limitation of the MLE formulation, we propose a novel barycenter formulation: finding the barycenter of the posterior distribution of histories, which is provably stable against the estimation error of diffusion parameters. We further develop an effective solver named DIffusion hiTting Times with Optimal proposal (DITTO) by reducing the problem to estimating posterior expected hitting times via the Metropolis--Hastings Markov chain Monte Carlo method (M--H MCMC) and employing an unsupervised graph neural network to learn an optimal proposal to accelerate the convergence of M--H MCMC. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.

Pierre Darlu, Pascal Chareille

This article seeks to compare genetic and patronymic diversity in mainland France. To do so, we discuss the small number of population genetics surveys that were carried out from the 20th century to the present day with the aim of describing the genetic diversity of mainland France as a whole. We highlight their present-day limitations, which result from their insufficient geographical coverage, the limited number of genetic systems included and/or the use of unsatisfactory methods of representation. To overcome these various drawbacks, our proposal is to use surnames as a substitute for genes, the advantages of this approach being their pattern of transmission, their huge number and their known frequency, down to the smallest administrative level across the whole of French territory and over several generations. The statistical results show the existence of strong patronymic disparities between the north and the south of France, and between the central and peripheral areas. The different patterns highlighted are closely linked to geographical proximity, but also to genetic, linguistic or dialectal variations, as well as to historical relationships with neighbouring countries.

Ignacio Olábarri-Gortázar

Chenxi Ji

Do we really understand how machine classifies art styles? Historically, art is perceived and interpreted by human eyes and there are always controversial discussions over how people identify and understand art. Historians and general public tend to interpret the subject matter of art through the context of history and social factors. Style, however, is different from subject matter. Given the fact that Style does not correspond to the existence of certain objects in the painting and is mainly related to the form and can be correlated with features at different levels.(Ahmed Elgammal et al. 2018), which makes the identification and classification of the characteristics artwork's style and the "transition" - how it flows and evolves - remains as a challenge for both human and machine. In this work, a series of state-of-art neural networks and manifold learning algorithms are explored to unveil this intriguing topic: How does machine capture and interpret the flow of Art History?

Mancheng Meng, Ziyan Wu, Terrence Chen et al.

Predicting the future trajectory of a person remains a challenging problem, due to randomness and subjectivity of human movement. However, the moving patterns of human in a constrained scenario typically conform to a limited number of regularities to a certain extent, because of the scenario restrictions and person-person or person-object interactivity. Thus, an individual person in this scenario should follow one of the regularities as well. In other words, a person's subsequent trajectory has likely been traveled by others. Based on this hypothesis, we propose to forecast a person's future trajectory by learning from the implicit scene regularities. We call the regularities, inherently derived from the past dynamics of the people and the environment in the scene, scene history. We categorize scene history information into two types: historical group trajectory and individual-surroundings interaction. To exploit these two types of information for trajectory prediction, we propose a novel framework Scene History Excavating Network (SHENet), where the scene history is leveraged in a simple yet effective approach. In particular, we design two components: the group trajectory bank module to extract representative group trajectories as the candidate for future path, and the cross-modal interaction module to model the interaction between individual past trajectory and its surroundings for trajectory refinement. In addition, to mitigate the uncertainty in ground-truth trajectory, caused by the aforementioned randomness and subjectivity of human movement, we propose to include smoothness into the training process and evaluation metrics. We conduct extensive evaluations to validate the efficacy of our proposed framework on ETH, UCY, as well as a new, challenging benchmark dataset PAV, demonstrating superior performance compared to state-of-the-art methods.

Danko Georgiev, Eliahu Cohen

Quantum entanglement is a key resource, which grants quantum systems the ability to accomplish tasks that are classically impossible. Here, we apply Feynman's sum-over-histories formalism to interacting bipartite quantum systems and introduce entanglement measures for bipartite quantum histories. Based on the Schmidt decomposition of the matrix comprised of the Feynman propagator complex coefficients, we prove that bipartite quantum histories are entangled if and only if the Schmidt rank of this matrix is larger than 1. The proposed approach highlights the utility of using a separable basis for constructing the bipartite quantum histories and allows for quantification of their entanglement from the complete set of experimentally measured sequential weak values. We then illustrate the non-classical nature of entangled histories with the use of Hardy's overlapping interferometers and explain why local hidden variable theories are unable to correctly reproduce all observable quantum outcomes. Our theoretical results elucidate how the composite tensor product structure of multipartite quantum systems is naturally extended across time and clarify the difference between quantum histories viewed as projection operators in the history Hilbert space or viewed as chain operators and propagators in the standard Hilbert space.

Yunjie Shi, Ya Zhou

Porcelain art is a classic art treasure in the history of human civilization. After thousands of years of development, it carries the wisdom and sweat of the ancients and draws us a masterpiece tha...

Caroline Polet, Caroline Tilleux, Aurore Mathys et al.

Bolu John Folayan, Olumide Samuel Ogunjobi, Prosper Zannu et al.

In public relations and political communication, a spin is a form of propaganda achieved through knowingly presenting a biased interpretation of an event or issues. It is also the act of presenting narratives to influence public opinion about events, people or and ideas. In war time, various forms of spins are employed by antagonists to push their brigades to victory and wear out the opponents. During the Nigerian civil war, quite a number of these spins were dominant for example GOWON (Go On With One Nigeria); On Aburi We Stand, O Le Ku Ija Ore. Post-war years presented different spins and fifty years after the war, different spins continue to push emerging narratives (e.g. marginalization, restructuring. This paper investigates and analyzes the different propaganda techniques and spins in the narratives of the Nigerian civil in the past five years through a content analysis of three national newspapers: The Nigerian Tribune, Daily Trust and Sun Newspapers. Findings confirm that propaganda and spins are not limited to war time, but are actively deployed in peace time. This development places additional challenge on journalists to uphold the canons of balance, truth and fairness in reporting sensitive national issues.

Octavio Quetzalcóatl Esparza Olguín, Rogelio Valencia Rivera

The monument relocation phenomenon during Prehispanic times in the Maya area, which includes engraved and plain elements, has been documented by various researchers since the realization of the very first archaeological excavations, such as those made during the last century at Tikal, Cobá, and La Milpa. This use of the stone monuments might have served many and varied purposes, but in certain contexts it certainly had a predetermined goal. Such is the case of the monuments recently found at the Maya site of Chactún, discovered in 2013, and located in the Northern sector of the Calakmul Biosphere reserve, as some of them have been found sawn and relocated into two of the ballcourts discovered so far at the site. The reuse of stelae, located at special positions inside this architectonic context, mainly at the corners of the ballcourts and visible to the spectator, indicates that this relocation did not have a random or economical reason, such as reuse of these highly valuable materials as simple construction elements. In the case of Chactún, as well as in similar contexts at other sites such as Calakmul, we propose that this phenomenon had other connotative goals, that went from a practical use of the monuments as ballcourt markers, as they were placed in the corners and at the center of the court, to a ceremonial purpose where the power and prestige of the monuments were taken to be transferred to the newly constructed ballcourt, as part of an apotropaic activation ritual that enabled this constructed space for the practice of the very special ritual activities planned for it.

Giniyatullina L.S.

The presentation of translations of handwritten copies of the works of Ötemish Hajji and Abdulgaffar Kyrymi on the history of the Golden Horde and the Tatar khanates was held at the Marjani Institute of History on February 21, 2019. The first publication – “Qara-tavarikh” by Ötemish Hajji – contains a translation of the complete manuscript of Ötemish Hajji. The second publication consists of two books: a transcription and translation into Russian of “Umdet al-Akhbar” by Abdulgaffar Kyrymi. These books were published with the support of the State Program of the Republic of Tatarstan “Preservation of the National Identity of the Tatar People (2014–2019)” in the “Textual Heritage” series. The round table, “The History of the Golden Horde and the Tatar Khanates in the Writings of Ötemish Hajji and Abdulgaffar Kyrymi,” was held after the presentation. Famous experts on this subject took part in the round table.

Laetitia Blanchard Rubio

In Europe, during the First Carlist War, were published a large number of memoirs by « storytelling soldiers » who fought on the Carlist side. These books, which were part of a broader trend of publications focused on Spain, very quickly became editorial hits. I am going to demonstrate that these « memory agents » share a strong collective identity, and I am going to analyze their motivations regarding the planned preservation of memories. These soldiers support different memory projects. First, their writings seek to provoke an immediate interest towards this conflict. Some officers, just back from the front, tell the Carlist epic in order to mobilize supports to win the war. These authors also make every effort to build and preserve the collective memory of the Legitimist community to whom they belong in order to encourage them to continue the fight everywhere it may emerge. In this storytelling endeavor, they often mix up their role as memorialists and their role as historians. Finally, some of them are willing to commit themselves to a long-term mission as guardians of the memory of the defeated. They are moved by the will to educate future generations and save from oblivion their own version of History.

Branislav Kveton, Csaba Szepesvari, Mohammad Ghavamzadeh et al.

We propose a new online algorithm for cumulative regret minimization in a stochastic linear bandit. The algorithm pulls the arm with the highest estimated reward in a linear model trained on its perturbed history. Therefore, we call it perturbed-history exploration in a linear bandit (LinPHE). The perturbed history is a mixture of observed rewards and randomly generated i.i.d. pseudo-rewards. We derive a $\tilde{O}(d \sqrt{n})$ gap-free bound on the $n$-round regret of LinPHE, where $d$ is the number of features. The key steps in our analysis are new concentration and anti-concentration bounds on the weighted sum of Bernoulli random variables. To show the generality of our design, we generalize LinPHE to a logistic model. We evaluate our algorithms empirically and show that they are practical.

Chengcheng Han

A light higgsino is strongly favored by the naturalness, while as a dark matter candidate it is usually under-abundant. We consider the higgsino production in a non-standard history of the universe, caused by a scalar field with an initially displaced vacuum. We find that given a proper reheating temperature induced by the scalar decay, a light higgsino could provide the correct dark matter relic abundance. On the other hand, a sub-TeV higgsino dark matter, once observed, would be a strong hint of the non-standard thermal history of the universe.