Članek obravnava historiografijo Jožeta Rajhmana o reformaciji, in sicer z metodo zgodovine idej in tekstne genealogije. Ugotavlja: Rajhmanovo zgodovinopisje je nezamudniško umeščeno v evropske religijske in historiografske tokove ter premene druge polovice 20. stoletja (ekumenizem, metodološki razvoj zgodovinopisja ter uveljavljanje inter- in multidisciplinarne obravnave, tezno zgodovinopisje pod komunističnim totalitarizmom ter historiografska zgodovina). Rajhman se skozi znanstvena dela o slovenskem protestantizmu kaže kot sodoben interdisciplinarni (teologija, filologija, cerkvena in literarna zgodovina) zgodovinar. Po mentaliteti je soroden raziskovalcem, ki so po drugi svetovni vojni s svojimi temeljnimi deli utirali dotlej neuhojena intelektualna pota v nemškem katoliškem historiografskem prostoru, ter njihovemu razmišljanju o Lutru in reformaciji (Lortz, Iserloh, Manns). Rajhmanova dela zato tvorijo temeljni repertorij za moderno historiografijo o Primožu Trubarju in protestantizmu 16. stoletja na Slovenskem.
History and principles of religions, Practical Theology
The article is devoted to the characteristics of the events of the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries aimed at the protection and improvement of military-historical monuments and military burials using the example of the Russian necropolis in San Stefano. The source base of the study was made up of materials from office documentation and periodicals. Of particular value were the reports, explanatory notes and dispatches of the military agent in Constantinople, Lieutenant Colonel of the General Staff N.N. Peshkov. Based on their analysis, it was possible to recreate the features of the construction of the burial temple, as well as the difficulties and subtleties of the negotiation process with the Ottoman Empire. In the course of the study, it was possible to establish that the idea of building a Russian necropolis caused a negative reaction both in the government and among the local population of the Ottoman Empire. The author came to the conclusion that the protection of military burials and memorials was one of the sides of the policy of memory, hidden from the public space. The key role in this process was played by the state, which had the necessary administrative and financial resources. Maintaining military cemeteries and obelisks in proper condition allowed paying tribute to heroes and securing a symbolic context for a specific geographic space. Improvement of the supervision system became possible due to the construction of a common necropolis to replace scattered burials. It is concluded that in the Russian Empire of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, issues of improvement of military-historical monuments were resolved privately. Outside the state, military agents played a special role in solving these problems, collecting information about burials and the condition of memorials. However, on the eve of the First World War, it was not possible to develop a normative act regulating this activity as a whole.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
Hagit Attiya, Michael A. Bender, Martín Farach-Colton
et al.
A history-independent data structure does not reveal the history of operations applied to it, only its current logical state, even if its internal state is examined. This paper studies history-independent concurrent dictionaries, in particular, hash tables, and establishes inherent bounds on their space requirements. This paper shows that there is a lock-free history-independent concurrent hash table, in which each memory cell stores two elements and two bits, based on Robin Hood hashing. Our implementation is linearizable, and uses the shared memory primitive LL/SC. The expected amortized step complexity of the hash table is $O(c)$, where $c$ is an upper bound on the number of concurrent operations that access the same element, assuming the hash table is not overpopulated. We complement this positive result by showing that even if we have only two concurrent processes, no history-independent concurrent dictionary that supports sets of any size, with wait-free membership queries and obstruction-free insertions and deletions, can store only two elements of the set and a constant number of bits in each memory cell. This holds even if the step complexity of operations on the dictionary is unbounded.
While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have advanced GUI navigation agents, current approaches face limitations in cross-domain generalization and effective history utilization. We present a reasoning-enhanced framework that systematically integrates structured reasoning, action prediction, and history summarization. The structured reasoning component generates coherent Chain-of-Thought analyses combining progress estimation and decision reasoning, which inform both immediate action predictions and compact history summaries for future steps. Based on this framework, we train a GUI agent, \textbf{GUI-Rise}, through supervised fine-tuning on pseudo-labeled trajectories and reinforcement learning with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). This framework employs specialized rewards, including a history-aware objective, directly linking summary quality to subsequent action performance. Comprehensive evaluations on standard benchmarks demonstrate state-of-the-art results under identical training data conditions, with particularly strong performance in out-of-domain scenarios. These findings validate our framework's ability to maintain robust reasoning and generalization across diverse GUI navigation tasks. Code is available at https://leon022.github.io/GUI-Rise.
Guy Tennenholtz, Jihwan Jeong, Chih-Wei Hsu
et al.
Effective decision making in partially observable environments requires compressing long interaction histories into informative representations. We introduce Descriptive History Representations (DHRs): sufficient statistics characterized by their capacity to answer relevant questions about past interactions and potential future outcomes. DHRs focus on capturing the information necessary to address task-relevant queries, providing a structured way to summarize a history for optimal control. We propose a multi-agent learning framework, involving representation, decision, and question-asking components, optimized using a joint objective that balances reward maximization with the representation's ability to answer informative questions. This yields representations that capture the salient historical details and predictive structures needed for effective decision making. We validate our approach on user modeling tasks with public movie and shopping datasets, generating interpretable textual user profiles which serve as sufficient statistics for predicting preference-driven behavior of users.
The article presents the penitential prayers that emerged as a literary genre after the Qumran discoveries and the intensive study of many prayers from these finds. The characteristic feature of the penitential prayers is that they do not ask God why He sent misfortune to the people, but rather acknowledge their own culpability for it. They were written during and after the exile. The prayer of Esther in the Greek version of the Book of Esther is one of them. It is prayed by Queen Esther before she goes to ask the Persian king to avert the death sentence already pronounced against her people after the atoning deeds have been done. Esther's coming before the king without being summoned puts her in mortal danger. So her prayer is a mixture of worship to God, acknowledgement of Israel's guilt, danger they are in, and a plea for her and her people's salvation. God answered her prayer.
History and principles of religions, Practical Theology
This article provides an overview of the development of the therapeutic text corpus in the Ashurbanipal Library. It explores the editorial steps taken to produce new standard editions of the therapeutic texts for the Library through a systematic investigation of the layout and format of tablets with pharmaceutical remedies as well as the colophon types used in the corpus. To facilitate the study of the available source material, the texts are divided into four groups. The classification is based on ductus and the different colophons used in the Ashurbanipal Library, yielding four groups: the ‘Babylonian group’, ‘mixed group’, ‘q-group’, and ‘dedicatory group’. As argued here, the tablets in these four groups represent different stages of the editing process.
Oriental languages and literatures, Asian. Oriental
Traditional imitation learning focuses on modeling the behavioral mechanisms of experts, which requires a large amount of interaction history generated by some fixed expert. However, in many streaming applications, such as streaming recommender systems, online decision-makers typically engage in online learning during the decision-making process, meaning that the interaction history generated by online decision-makers includes their behavioral evolution from novice expert to experienced expert. This poses a new challenge for existing imitation learning approaches that can only utilize data from experienced experts. To address this issue, this paper proposes an inverse batched contextual bandit (IBCB) framework that can efficiently perform estimations of environment reward parameters and learned policy based on the expert's behavioral evolution history. Specifically, IBCB formulates the inverse problem into a simple quadratic programming problem by utilizing the behavioral evolution history of the batched contextual bandit with inaccessible rewards. We demonstrate that IBCB is a unified framework for both deterministic and randomized bandit policies. The experimental results indicate that IBCB outperforms several existing imitation learning algorithms on synthetic and real-world data and significantly reduces running time. Additionally, empirical analyses reveal that IBCB exhibits better out-of-distribution generalization and is highly effective in learning the bandit policy from the interaction history of novice experts.
We overview the history of primordial black hole (PBH) research from the first papers around 50 years ago to the present epoch. The history may be divided into four periods, the dividing lines being marked by three key developments: inflation on the theoretical front and the detection of microlensing events by the MACHO project and gravitational waves by the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA project on the observation front. However, they are also characterised by somewhat different focuses of research. The period 1967-1980 covered the groundbreaking work on PBH formation and evaporation. The period 1980-1996 mainly focussed on their formation, while the period 1996-2016 consolidated the work on formation but also collated the constraints on the PBH abundance. In the period 2016-2024 there was a shift of emphasis to the search for evidence for PBHs and - while opinions about the strength of the purported evidence vary - this has motivated more careful studies of some aspects of the subject. Certainly the soaring number of papers on PBHs in this last period indicates a growing interest in the topic.
The article is devoted to the study of the social composition of the Vladimir branch of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society in the pre-revolutionary period. On the basis of published reports on the activities of the organization, the dynamics of changes in the number of its members was traced. The analysis showed that the number of members in the Vladimir branch of the Palestinian Society was close to the average for all reginal departments of the Society. The trends, revealed in the changes of the quantitative composition of the Vladimir department were similar to the other departments: rapid growth in the first three years has been followed by a steady decline since 1905.
The study identifies the reasons for the decline in the number of members of the organization in the studied region. Attention is drawn to the fact that one of the reasons could be the death of Archbishop Sergius, who headed the Vladimir branch of the Palestinian Society since its creation, which led to the collapse of the system of personal ties that played a major role in attracting new members.
Based on the collected data on the social status of the members of the Vladimir branch of the Palestinian Society, the social composition of the organization was analyzed, the representation of various social groups was revealed. The specifics of the social composition was determined by the fact that the Society was associated with religious activity, and those who were more closely connected with the Church, joined he Society first of all. Those groups were the clergy and merchants, whose representatives were often church wardens and actively participated in church charity. The other social groups are significantly less represented. Secular members made up the majority in the Vladimir branch of the Palestinian Society, but the percentage of the clergy gradually grew.
It is noted that high membership fees and the selective invitation of new members determined the elite nature of the society. This, on the one hand, ensured a high status of membership, but, on the other hand, limited the possibilities of organizing the work of the society
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
The relationship between History and the Islamic revelation has been debated in Academia over the last few decades; its complex framework has usually been investigated in aspects such as the form, the language and the facets of structure that have not always been considered as relevant in the analysis of a historical milieu [...]
The article analyzes the events in Omsk on February 15-22, 1918, when an attempt by the regional Soviet authorities to implement the "Decree on the separation of church from state and school from church" led to riots in, Soviet historiography called the "priest's rebellion". In the course of these events, the novice and housekeeper of the bishop's house, Nikolai Tsikura, was killed and later canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church. The aim of the work is to analyze the circumstances of the death of Nikolai Tsikura in the context of the events of the Civil War that broke out in Russia. Along with published reports in periodicals and published and unpublished memoirs, one of the key evidence of the topic under consideration is the act record of the death of Nikolai Tsikura, stored in the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region. The article introduces into scientific circulation a brief description of the personality of Nikolai Tsikura, given to him in connection with the events of the “priest’s rebellion” in the memoirs of Omskovite M.A. Stolpovsky, who personally knew him. After analyzing two points of view on the cause of the murder of Nikolai Tsikura (he defended the bishop during the arrest or was killed for no apparent reason), the author notes the absence of a source that allows to unambiguously answer that question. When analyzing the circumstances of the death of Nikolai Tsikura, special attention is paid to the fact that the bells rang by killed priest triggered the mass unrest in Omsk, brought the people out into the streets who defended Bishop Sylvester and other arrested priests from possible reprisals and postponed for a month the implementation in Omsk of the “Decree on the separation of church from state and school from church.” It is emphasized that the canonization of Nikolai Tsikura in In 2000, continued the church tradition of venerating him as a holy new martyr started in 1918 at the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
The article deals with a little-known and hardly imaginable in the context of pre-revolutionary clerical administration scientific direction of the Moscow Ecclesiastical Consistory Archive. Based on archival material and works of ecclesiastical Moscovites of the 19th - early 20th centuries the principles of the introduction of diocesan materials into science, as well as the parameters of departmental influence within the structures of church institutions on the example of the Moscow Ecclesiastical Consistory Archive are revealed. By the second quarter of the XIX century, the Consistory had acquired a large collection of diocesan documents with undisclosed information potential. Apart from departmental rules, the interest in the archive depended on psychological factors influencing research motivation. The establishment of science in the pre-revolutionary consistory archives was helped by a special committee which was set up in the first half of the 19th century to work with the archive complex. Its employees had to bear the main burden of searching for the necessary documents. The development of archives by the scientists was nonlinear: the periods of growth and decline alternated. Attention to the archive's documents was dulled by the change in OLDP's educational methodology, which replaced historical reconstructions with visual preaching. Nevertheless, the Archive's processing mechanisms were preserved and only the First World War interrupted further development of the information capacity of the Consistory archives. Thanks to the combined efforts of the clergy employed in the Archive, as well as the improved quality of the documents preserved, the Archive of the Diocesan Institution is gradually becoming a breeding ground for scholars studying the history of the Russian Church.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
Motivated by the definition of classical star selection principles, Cruz-Castillo, Ramírez-Páramo and Tenorio defined some selection principles and posed several questions about relationships between these notions and some of the classical star selection principles. The main goal of this paper is to answer the questions posed by these authors. In addition, we show that some of these defined selection principles are equivalent by taking collections of complements; also, some other results are provided involving collections of refinements.
Məqalədə Qacarlar dövrü İranının dini, siyasi, maarifçilik durumu Mirzə Mülküm xanın yaradıcılığı əsasında tədqiq, təqdim və təhlil olunub. XIX-XX əsrlərdə yaşamış Qacarlar dövlətinin ictimai-siyasi xadimi Mirzə Mülküm xanın maarifçilik fəaliyyəti mövcud mənbə və ədəbiyyatlar sayəsində müasir Azərbaycan tarixşünaslığında ilk dəfə olaraq kompleks şəkildə araşdırılır. Qacarlar dövrünün ən məşhur ziyalılarından biri Mirzə Mülküm xan olub. Müsəlman xalqlarının maariflənməsi yolunda fəaliyyət göstərən Mirzə Mülküm xanın yaradıcılığı M.F.Axundzadə, C.Məmmədquluzadə, C.Əfqani, S.H.Tağızadə kimi azərbaycanlı ziyalılar tərəfindən təqdir edilmişdir. Mirzə Mülküm xanın fikirləri məşrutə dövrünün Cənubi Azərbaycandan olan ziyalılarına böyük təsir göstərmişdir. İranda məşrutə inqilabının qələbə çalmasında Mirzə Mülküm xanın ideyaları dayaq rolu oynamışdır. “Molla Nəsrəddin” jurnalında Mirzə Mülküm xanın demokratik ideyaları təbliğ edilirdi. Şahlıq rejiminə və xurafatçı ruhanilərə qarşı demokratik ideyaları müdafiə edən Mirzə Mülküm xan ərəb əlifbasının islahatını, din xadimlərinin nüfuzunun azaldılmasını, feodalların zülmünə son qoyulmasını, parlamentarizm və demokratik quruluşun bərpasını istəyirdi. O, müsəlmanların elmi, ictimai-siyasi inkişafı üçün demokratik Avropa qanunlarının İranda tətbiqini zəruri sayırdı. Mirzə Mülküm xanın Londonda çap etdirdiyi “Qanun” qəzeti İrandakı feodalizm rejimini ciddi tənqid edirdi və bu səbəbdən, İrana gətirilməsi qadağan idi. Xurafatçı ruhanilərə və şahlıq rejiminə qarşı mübarizə aparan Mirzə Mülküm xanın əsərlərinin tədqiqi XIX və XX əsrin əvvəlləri İran və Yaxın Şərq tarixinin öyrənilməsi baxımından və mütəfəkkirin Azərbaycanla əlaqəsini tədqiq etmək üçün xeyli əhəmiyyətə malikdir. Məqalədə bu məsələlər təqdim edilib.
Religion (General), Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
Alton C. Byers, Elizabeth Byers, Milan Shrestha
et al.
Around 2003, the highly valuable medicinal fungi Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Nepali: yartsa gunbu) began to be commercially harvested in the remote Barun valley of the Makalu-Barun National Park and Buffer Zone, eastern Nepal. Since then, an estimated 3,000 collectors per year have visited the valley each harvesting season, placing new pressures upon its subalpine and alpine landscapes. A review of the yartsa gunbu literature suggested that its harvesting throughout highland India, Nepal, Bhutan, and China has brought important economic benefits, but that it has often been accompanied by a corresponding increase in negative environmental impacts such as alpine shrub destruction, wildlife poaching, and improper garbage disposal. Adverse social impacts reported have included an increase in violence, occasional murder, and the erosion of traditional values. In an attempt to determine if similar phenomena were occurring within the Barun valley, east Nepal, we conducted a month-long study of yartsa gunbu harvesting practices between May and June of 2016. Unlike other regions of the Himalaya, we found that violence and social unrest due to harvesting competition were unheard of in the Barun, which we link to the (a) lower market value of yartsa gunbu harvested there when compared to other regions, and (b) the recognized role of yartsa gunbu as a supplemental and livelihood diversifying income generation opportunity instead of a sole source of new income. Since its collection and sale were legalized by the Government of Nepal in 2001, the concurrent development of locally responsive yartsa gunbu harvesting policies and practices can also be linked to the general absence of environmental disturbance that we found.
This article examines the circumstances of the closure in 1964 of Volyn Theological Seminary which was one of the eight educational institutions of such type in the USSR. The analysis of archival sources, kept primarily at the State Archives of Volyn region, allows one to establish when Soviet authorities fi nally decided to liquidate the seminary in Lutsk, what steps were taken in this direction and how Moscow Patriarchate and Volyn-Rivne diocesan administration resisted to these actions. During N. Khrushchev’s governance, fi ve theological seminaries of the Russian Orthodox Church were closed in the Soviet Union, this being an important part in the general anti-religious policy of the state. Although the main reasons for the closure of seminaries are well studied in the relevant historiography, there are almost no studies where the entire process of closing theological institutions would be described in detail. This article is a new contribution to the study of complicated relations of the Russian Orthodox Church and Soviet authorities in the 1950s and 60s. However, it is undeniable that in the process of closing higher theological institutions, the system not only made use of those propaganda tricks which were used in all such cases in various republics of the USSR, but gambled on the nationalist card as well, which came to be a characteristic feature of anti-religious policies in the Western Ukraine. This being said, the study of relevant documents does not allow one to conclude that teachers and students of Volyn Theological Seminary, especially at the fi nal stage of its operation, were involved in any real nationalist activities. Therefore, along with such accusations of the staff of the Seminary, authorities used other accusations as well; these are examined in this article.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
In this paper, we construct a tensor network representation of quantum causal histories, as a step towards directly representing states in quantum gravity via bulk tensor networks. Quantum causal histories are quantum extensions of causal sets in the sense that on each event in a causal set is assigned a Hilbert space of quantum states, and the local causal evolutions between events are modeled by completely positive and trace-preserving maps. Here we utilize the channel-state duality of completely positive and trace-preserving maps to transform the causal evolutions to bipartite entangled states. We construct the matrix product state for a single quantum causal history by projecting the obtained bipartite states onto the physical states on the events. We also construct the two dimensional tensor network states for entangled quantum causal histories in a restricted case with compatible causal orders. The possible holographic tensor networks are explored by mapping the quantum causal histories in a way analogous to the exact holographic mapping. The constructed tensor networks for quantum causal histories are exemplified by the non-unitary local time evolution moves in a quantum system on temporally varying discretizations, and these non-unitary evolution moves are shown to be necessary for defining a bulk causal structure and a quantum black hole. Finally, we comment on the limitations of the constructed tensor networks, and discuss some directions for further studies aiming at applications in quantum gravity.