Hasil untuk "German literature"

Germán Molpeceres, Joan Enrique-Romero

Motivated by the value of CN-bearing molecules as tracers of interstellar physical conditions, we investigate the reactions of adsorbed CN radicals with acetylene and ethylene (C2H2 and C2H4) on interstellar dust-grain analogues using quantum chemical calculations. We find that reactivity is strongly controlled by the relative orientation of the reactants, with specific geometries either promoting or inhibiting reaction. We further show that, on ice, these reactions differ qualitatively from their gas-phase counterparts, stalling at the formation of the adduct complexes C2H2CN and C2H4CN and exhibiting newly emerged kinetic barriers for the neutral-radical association. We contextualize our calculations in the same reaction-diffusion framework that would be employed in astrochemical models, finding that, depending on the diffusion energy of the hydrocarbons, these reactions can be either negligible or efficient, highlighting the importance of the local ice structure in interstellar grain chemistry. These findings caution against the use of CN-based tracers that assume barrierless, bimolecular surface reactions involving CN radicals.

Anna Fattori

[rec. di] Sabine Eickenrodt und Ethel Matala de Mazza (Hrsg.), "Der Tod und seine Presse. Nachrufe im literarischen Feuilleton der Zwischenkriegszeit", Berlin-Boston, Walter de Gruyter, 2023

Marie Therese Ettlen, Ulrike Keim, Claudia F. Plappert

(1) Background: Midwifery students require practical training experience to learn how to perform a medical history. Simulation-based training, such as chatbot exercises using large language models like GPT, provide structured practice but require ongoing evaluation. This study explores German midwifery students’ views on using an AI chatbot simulating a pregnant woman, regarding usability, realism, and educational value. (2) Methods: Twenty-six students participated in a descriptive, quantitative cross-sectional survey, using a literature-based, self-developed questionnaire after interacting with the AI generative chatbot. Data were analyzed via SPSS 30.0, with results shown in a stacked horizontal bar chart. (3) Results: The findings indicate that students experienced no difficulties when interacting with the chatbot. Both the quality and realism of the conversations were evaluated positively. Chatbot training was perceived as helpful in supporting structured medical history interviews and the collection of relevant data but was not considered a substitute for practice with actors or real-life situations. (4) Conclusions: The findings suggest that the medical history chatbot offers midwifery students an innovative, flexible simulation for training. Students responded positively, and it may help develop structured history-taking skills. Further study is needed to determine if repeated chatbot use improves medical history collection skills.

Zara Contractor, Germán Reyes

Generative AI is transforming higher education, yet systematic evidence on student adoption remains limited. Using novel survey data from a selective U.S. college, we document over 80 percent of students using AI academically within two years of ChatGPT's release. Adoption varies across disciplines, demographics, and achievement levels, highlighting AI's potential to reshape educational inequalities. Students predominantly use AI for augmenting learning (e.g., explanations, feedback), but also to automate tasks (e.g., essay generation). Positive perceptions of AI's educational benefits strongly predict adoption. Institutional policies can influence usage patterns but risk creating unintended disparate impacts across student groups due to uneven compliance.

Germán Stefanich

We show that, for a Noetherian algebraic stack with quasi-affine diagonal $X$, the stable $\infty$-category of quasi-coherent sheaves on $X$ is dualizable if and only if the reduced identity component of the stabilizer of $X$ at every geometric point of positive characteristic is a torus. Along the way, we show that this condition on stabilizers is also equivalent to an array of other categorical conditions of interest.

Katarzyna Luba

The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of artificial languages, commonly referred to as conlangs, with a particular focus on their development, construction, and the functions they fulfill in various cultural and social contexts. Artificial languages constitute an interdisciplinary field that integrates elements of art, science, and philosophy. Despite their potential, they remain underexplored in contemporary linguistic research, where their study is frequently limited to their role as foundational models for programming languages. Such an approach overlooks their broader applications, including their significance as international auxiliary languages or as artistic creations. From their intentional emergence during the Middle Ages to their contemporary presence in popular culture, artificial languages have undergone significant evolution, serving diverse purposes – ranging from fostering global communication to constructing intricate fictional universes. The heterogeneous nature of these languages necessitates a nuanced understanding, as each subcategory is defined by distinct features that influence the scope and framework of their study. This paper investigates the multifaceted roles and applications of artificial languages, their creation processes, and the criteria used to evaluate them. Special emphasis is placed on naturalistic languages, which emulate the grammatical and phonological structures of natural languages, thereby enhancing their authenticity. The discussion also addresses auxiliary languages designed to bridge communication gaps across cultures. Furthermore, the article examines the influence of artificial languages on literature, film, and video games, as well as their increasing prominence in academic settings, where they are gaining recognition as valuable tools for teaching and research.

Sarah Schmidt, Xavier-François Verni, Thomas Gibon et al.

The use of plastics in buildings and infrastructure has been steadily increasing in the past. Due to the longevity of building components, in the upcoming decades a dramatical growth in waste quantities is expected as a delayed response to the increased consumption, posing a major challenge for waste management and recycling. However, comprehensive high-resolution data on plastic flows in the building and infrastructure sector in Germany have so far not been available. This dataset addresses this gap by presenting simulated data on historical (1950-2023) plastic flows and stocks in the German building and infrastructure sector including their contamination with selected legacy substances based on a dynamic material flow analysis. The focus is on major plastic applications in buildings and infrastructure, namely profiles, flooring, pipes, insulation material, cable insulation, and films. Input data for the dynamic material flow model were compiled from various sources, including scientific literature, reports, statistics, databases, and personal communication with industry stakeholders. The linked data repository contains simulated data, input data, and model files, enabling model reproduction, adjustment, or expansion. This dataset forms a basis for quantitatively assessing current and future plastic cycles in buildings and infrastructure and potential challenges for recycling arising through legacy contamination. The dataset can be reused in different contexts as it bridges various disciplines such as environmental science, industrial ecology, material science, construction engineering, and toxicology, providing valuable insights for research in sustainability, waste management, and pollution mitigation.

Muriel Schraad, Mathias Mäurer, Anke Salmen et al.

Background: With the development of highly effective disease-modifying treatments, vaccinations are becoming increasingly important in people with neurological autoimmune diseases. However, questions regarding the safety and efficacy of vaccinations under immunotherapy remain. Objective: To provide recommendations on types and timing of vaccinations for people with neuroimmunological diseases under different immunotherapies. Design: Our study presents a German evidence-based expert consensus on vaccination under immunotherapies in neurological autoimmune diseases. Methods: Based on literature research, a consortium of experts evaluated the quality of evidence, integrated clinical experience, and responded to a questionnaire determining an agreement (>75%) on statements concerning vaccination upon immune therapies in neuroimmunological diseases. Results: The specific humoral and cellular response to vaccination can be compromised under alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, cyclophosphamide, CD19/CD20 antibodies (inebilizumab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, rituximab, ublituximab), dimethyl fumarate/diroximel fumarate, FcRn inhibitors (efgartigimod, rozanolixizumab), complement C5 inhibitors (eculizumab, ravulizumab, zilucoplan), interleukin-6 receptor antibodies (tocilizumab, satralizumab), intravenous immunoglobulins, long-term steroid administration, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, teriflunomide, tumor necrosis factor-α blockers, and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators (fingolimod, ozanimod, ponesimod, siponimod), as well as after autologous stem cell transplantation. The lymphocyte count can have an influence here. Overall, it is generally advisable to complete vaccination before starting immunotherapy. However, in the case of an active inflammatory disease course with possible irreversible neurological deficits, a delay in therapy initiation until immunization has been completed cannot be justified. The application of live vaccines is contraindicated for most therapies and is only recommended after a strict risk–benefit assessment. Conclusion: Vaccinations are necessary for individuals on immunotherapy to reduce the risk of infections and the associated risk of worsening neurological autoimmune diseases. However, the humoral and cellular vaccination response may be impaired under immunotherapy necessitating close monitoring. Here, we provide applicable recommendations to optimize immunization for individuals receiving immunotherapy due to a neurological autoimmune disease.

Janis Goldzycher, Paul Röttger, Gerold Schneider

Hate speech detection models are only as good as the data they are trained on. Datasets sourced from social media suffer from systematic gaps and biases, leading to unreliable models with simplistic decision boundaries. Adversarial datasets, collected by exploiting model weaknesses, promise to fix this problem. However, adversarial data collection can be slow and costly, and individual annotators have limited creativity. In this paper, we introduce GAHD, a new German Adversarial Hate speech Dataset comprising ca.\ 11k examples. During data collection, we explore new strategies for supporting annotators, to create more diverse adversarial examples more efficiently and provide a manual analysis of annotator disagreements for each strategy. Our experiments show that the resulting dataset is challenging even for state-of-the-art hate speech detection models, and that training on GAHD clearly improves model robustness. Further, we find that mixing multiple support strategies is most advantageous. We make GAHD publicly available at https://github.com/jagol/gahd.

Sebastian Baltes, Paul Ralph

The goal of this chapter is to support teachers in holistically introducing graduate students to literature reviews, with a particular focus on secondary research. It provides an overview of the overall literature review process and the different types of literature review before diving into guidelines for selecting and conducting different types of literature review. The chapter also provides recommendations for evaluating the quality of existing literature reviews and concludes with a summary of our learning goals and how the chapter supports teachers in addressing them.

Maria Rita Digilio

ON SOME TEXTUAL VARIANTS OF THE FLORENCE MANUSCRIPT OF HARTMANN VON AUE’S ‘IWEIN’. An important witness of Hartmann von Aue’s Iwein is preserved in the Biblioteca Nazionale in Florence (pressmark: B. R. 226). This manuscript (which also contains Gottfried von Straßburg’s Tristan and its continuation by Heinrich von Freiberg), has been dated to the first half of the 14th century and seems to be of Bohemian provenance. The text of the Iwein shows peculiar and often exclusive textual variants, as compared to the other witnesses of Hartmann’s masterwork. Its main feature is a considerable simplification of syntactical constructions, which often entails a certain banality in the description of the characters’ psychological traits and of the events, as well as the loss of peculiar literary narrative strategies, resulting in an apparent decrease of the poetic quality of the romance. It is noteworthy that the Florence Iwein shares most of these features with the late courtly romances, so that a late remodelling of Hartmann’s original text may be conjectured. Moreover, from a number of syntactical and prosodic strategies it may be inferred that the Florence Iwein preserves some echoes of an oral performance of the text. Finally, it should be noted that at least two important thematic focuses of Hartmann’s work (concerning Iwein’s relationship to the lion and to his wife Laudine) are stressed in a peculiar way in the Florence witness, where they receive a much clearer exemplification than in the presumably original version of the romance.

Jannic Stefan Bieri, Catherine Ikae, Souhir Ben Souissi et al.

BackgroundThere is an urgent need worldwide for qualified health professionals. High attrition rates among health professionals, combined with a predicted rise in life expectancy, further emphasize the need for additional health professionals. Work-related stress is a major concern among health professionals, affecting both the well-being of health professionals and the quality of patient care. ObjectiveThis scoping review aims to identify processes and methods for the automatic detection of work-related stress among health professionals using natural language processing (NLP) and text mining techniques. MethodsThis review follows Joanna Briggs Institute Methodology and PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. The inclusion criteria for this scoping review encompass studies involving health professionals using NLP for work-related stress detection while excluding studies involving other professions or children. The review focuses on various aspects, including NLP applications for stress detection, criteria for stress identification, technical aspects of NLP, and implications of stress detection through NLP. Studies within health care settings using diverse NLP techniques are considered, including experimental and observational designs, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of NLP’s role in detecting stress among health professionals. Studies published in English, German, or French from 2013 to present will be considered. The databases to be searched include MEDLINE (via PubMed), CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane, ACM Digital Library, and IEEE Xplore. Sources of unpublished studies and gray literature to be searched will include ProQuest Dissertations & Theses and OpenGrey. Two reviewers will independently retrieve full-text studies and extract data. The collected data will be organized in tables, graphs, and a qualitative narrative summary. This review will use tables and graphs to present data on studies’ distribution by year, country, activity field, and research methods. Results synthesis involves identifying, grouping, and categorizing. The final scoping review will include a narrative written report detailing the search and study selection process, a visual representation using a PRISMA-ScR flow diagram, and a discussion of implications for practice and research. ResultsWe anticipate the outcomes will be presented in a systematic scoping review by June 2024. ConclusionsThis review fills a literature gap by identifying automated work-related stress detection among health professionals using NLP and text mining, providing insights on an innovative approach, and identifying research needs for further systematic reviews. Despite promising outcomes, acknowledging limitations in the reviewed studies, including methodological constraints, sample biases, and potential oversight, is crucial to refining methodologies and advancing automatic stress detection among health professionals. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)PRR1-10.2196/56267

Theresa Pekarek Rosin, Stefan Wermter

While Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) models have shown significant advances with the introduction of unsupervised or self-supervised training techniques, these improvements are still only limited to a subsection of languages and speakers. Transfer learning enables the adaptation of large-scale multilingual models to not only low-resource languages but also to more specific speaker groups. However, fine-tuning on data from new domains is usually accompanied by a decrease in performance on the original domain. Therefore, in our experiments, we examine how well the performance of large-scale ASR models can be approximated for smaller domains, with our own dataset of German Senior Voice Commands (SVC-de), and how much of the general speech recognition performance can be preserved by selectively freezing parts of the model during training. To further increase the robustness of the ASR model to vocabulary and speakers outside of the fine-tuned domain, we apply Experience Replay for continual learning. By adding only a fraction of data from the original domain, we are able to reach Word-Error-Rates (WERs) below 5\% on the new domain, while stabilizing performance for general speech recognition at acceptable WERs.

Germán Miranda

The magnetic Laplacian with a step magnetic field has been intensively studied during the last years. We adapt the construction introduced by Bonnaillie-Noël, Fournais, Kachmar and Raymond to prove the existence of bound states of a new effective operator involving a magnetic step field on a domain with an almost flat magnetic barrier. This result emphasizes the fact that even a small non-smoothness of the discontinuity region can cause the appearance of eigenvalues below the essential spectrum. We also give an example where this effective operator arises.

Germán Stefanich

We prove that if $R$ is a G-ring then every fully dualizable $R$-linear cocomplete category is equivalent to a twist by a $\mathbb{G}_m$-gerbe of the category of modules over a finite étale $R$-algebra. We also show that this holds more generally over an arbitrary commutative ring under an additional compact generation hypothesis. We include variants of these results that apply to $R$-linear graded categories, and to the context of $\infty$-categories linear over connective commutative ring spectra.

Louise van Wijgerden

The reasons for choosing a specific university and a specific field of study are frequently researched. Among other things, the question is asked which factors primarily influence the choice. The present study follows up on this research question but focuses only on a group of students with Ukrainian background who took up German studies at the University of Szczecin. In the following article, the question of why persons of Ukrainian background choose to study foreign languages is explored. Given the constantly growing number of Ukrainians at Polish universities, addressing this issue is essential and fills the research gap. Results of a study conducted by the author as part of her dissertation are presented. The results presented in this paper are from both the pilot study and part of the main study. A total of fifteen respondents were interviewed. The study is based on a qualitative method. The respondents’ statements, collected through in-depth interviews, reveal their reasons for choosing German studies, especially positive experiences in language learning in the past. Financial considerations and professional aspects also seem to be relevant factors. In addition, interest in language learning in general and interest in German culture play a major role in the choice of foreign language study.

Judit Mátyás

Marketing is an interdisciplinary field of science. Many fields of science support the successful marketing activities of companies, such as sociology, psychology, management, mathematics, statistics, anthropology, computer science, aesthetics. Sociology and psychology help in the analysis of customer and consumer behavior, mathematics and statistics in the evaluation of primary research results, and information technology supports the functioning of online marketing. Information technology supports the functioning of online marketing. Sociology, anthropology and psychology can be used to successfully analyse customer and consumer behaviour. Management helps in running the business, aesthetics contributes to the design of the imaginative and creative advertisements. At the same time, there is relatively little talk about the role of linguistics, although effective marketing communication is based on an imaginative, linguistically correct, well-formulated message, above all tailored to the needs of the target group, through which potential customers can be addressed. Linguists are of great help in successfully implementing corporate marketing communications. Linguistics examines – among other things – the characteristics of advertising and advertising language. The linguistic research can therefore contribute to the conscious and professional design of advertising, the advertising message. But the important role of linguistics in conducting marketing communication activities as well as research is often underestimated. The article presents the importance of linguistics and marketolinguistics with regard to marketing communication.

R. Gonzalez Quaglia, Gabriel German

In recent years, gravitational models motivated by quantum corrections to gravity which introduce higher order terms like $R^{2}$ or terms in which the Riemann tensor is not symmetric have been studied by several authors in the form of a general Brans-Dicke type model containing the Ricci scalar, the Holst term and the Nieh-Yan invariant. In this paper we focus on the less explored Jordan frame of such theories and in the comparison between both this frame and the Einstein one. Furthermore, we discuss the role of the transformation of the torsion under conformal transformations and show that the transformation proposed in this paper (extended conformal transformation) contains a special case of the projective transformation of the connection used in some of the papers that motivated this work. We discuss the role and advantages of the extended conformal transformation and show that this new approach can have interesting consequences by working with different variables such as the metric and torsion. Moreover, we study the stability of the system via a dynamical analysis in the Jordan frame, this in order to analyze whether or not we have the fixed points that can be later identified as the inflationary attractor and the unstable fixed point where inflation could take place. Finally we study the scale invariant case of the general model in the Jordan frame. We find out that both the scalar spectral index and the tensor-to-scalar ratio are in agreement with the latest Planck results.

Lena Katharina Müller-Heupt, Eik Schiegnitz, Sebahat Kaya et al.

Abstract Background There is currently a lack of guidelines for clinicians regarding titanium hypersensitivity in implant dentistry. Diagnostic tests such as the epicutaneous test or the lymphocyte transformation test showed inconsistent results regarding reliability and validity and thus, evidence-based consensus recommendations regarding diagnostic and therapeutic options may be helpful in clinical decision-making. Therefore, the German S3 guideline on titanium hypersensitivity in implant dentistry was developed. Findings In the objectives, procedure, voting method and venue were defined and the consensus participants were invited. A systematic literature research was performed, and the overall quality of the evidence was rated according to the GRADE working group. Eight recommendations were formulated within the framework of a structured consensus conference under independent moderation and could be voted on with strong consensus (> 95% agreement). The formulated statements and recommendations were developed in small groups according to the guidelines of the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF) and were discussed and agreed upon in the plenum. Conclusions For reasonable decision-making, a patient’s clinical symptoms should be regarded as leading parameters, which are usually expressed by a local inflammatory reaction with subsequent disturbed osseous integration. Allergy tests, such as the epicutaneous test or the lymphocyte transformation test are not helpful in titanium intolerance assessments, since these tests indicate T cell-mediated allergies, which are not observed in titanium intolerance reactions. Other metals and impurities that might be present in superstructures or alloys also need to be considered as the cause of an intolerance reaction and a trigger for contact sensitization. In the case of a suspected titanium particle-related, local immunologically induced inflammatory reaction with subsequent impaired osseous integration, dental ceramic implants can be considered as a therapeutic option. Graphical Abstract

Shoaib Abdul Basit, Thomas Kuhn, Uwe Cantner

Purpose – Knowledge competencies and (R&D) activities are one of the most important sources of innovation and have been widely discussed in the literature. In comparison, the role of the competitive environment for the innovation activities of firms is still open to debate and has not been fully understood yet. Therefore, this paper intends to provide new evidence on the interaction between knowledge competencies and R&D activities of firms on the one side and their competitiveness in the market environment on the other. In particular, the moderating function of market competition is explored. In this respect, the analysis covers the main innovation types as well as both sectors, manufacturing and services. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical analysis is based on a three years panel dataset of German manufacturing and service firms obtained from Mannheim Innovation Panel (MIP) and Community Innovation Surveys (CISs: 2011, 2013 and 2015). For the estimation, a binary instrumental variable treatment model with Heckman selection method is used. Also, it provides a suitable approach to estimating the binary variables in order to cope with endogeneity concerns. Findings – The estimation results show that R&D activities and knowledge competencies are positively related to innovation activities of different types conditioned on firms' specific perception of their competitive environment, in terms of outdated products/services as well as strong competition from abroad. Most importantly, the results from the moderation estimation reveal that there is a significant difference between the manufacturing and service sector. Service firms engage more in internal R&D activities on generating product innovations while the manufacturing firms conduct more external R&D on specific types of innovation. Further, the authors find that strong competition from abroad positively and significantly reinforces the effect of knowledge competencies on innovation activities for more types in services than in manufacturing. In contrast, outdated products and services tend to decline the effect of knowledge competencies for some innovation types in both sectors. The authors also observe a positive and significant reinforcement effect on knowledge competencies. However, it is found more beneficial for service firms since they can employ more innovation strategies. Originality/value – The focus of the study is mainly on the impact of firms' competitive environment on innovation activities in various types through its interaction with knowledge competencies and R&D activities, across manufacturing and service firms.