Hasil untuk "Gas industry"

Md Bokhtiar Al Zami, Shaba Shaon, Vu Khanh Quy et al.

Industrial networks are undergoing rapid transformation driven by the convergence of emerging technologies that are revolutionizing conventional workflows, enhancing operational efficiency, and fundamentally redefining the industrial landscape across diverse sectors. Amidst this revolution, Digital Twin (DT) emerges as a transformative innovation that seamlessly integrates real-world systems with their virtual counterparts, bridging the physical and digital realms. In this article, we present a comprehensive survey of the emerging DT-enabled services and applications across industries, beginning with an overview of DT fundamentals and its components to a discussion of key enabling technologies for DT. Different from literature works, we investigate and analyze the capabilities of DT across a wide range of industrial services, including data sharing, data offloading, integrated sensing and communication, content caching, resource allocation, wireless networking, and metaverse. In particular, we present an in-depth technical discussion of the roles of DT in industrial applications across various domains, including manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, energy, agriculture, space, oil and gas, as well as robotics. Throughout the technical analysis, we delve into real-time data communications between physical and virtual platforms to enable industrial DT networking. Subsequently, we extensively explore and analyze a wide range of major privacy and security issues in DT-based industry. Taxonomy tables and the key research findings from the survey are also given, emphasizing important insights into the significance of DT in industries. Finally, we point out future research directions to spur further research in this promising area.

Liana Vanyan, Akerke Toleugazykyzy, Kaisar Yegizbay et al.

Various pretreatment methods for the valorization of sunflower husks (SHs) for H₂ gas generation through fermentation by <i>Escherichia coli</i> were investigated. We analyzed thermal treatment (TT), acid hydrolysis (AH), and alkaline hydrolysis (AlkH) at different substrate concentrations (50 g L⁻¹, 75 g L⁻¹, 100 g L⁻¹, and 150 g L⁻¹) and dilution levels (undiluted, 2× diluted, and 5× diluted). A concentration of 75 g L⁻¹ SH that was acid-hydrolyzed and dissolved twice in the medium yielded optimal microbial growth, reaching 0.3 ± 0.1 g cell dry weight (CDW) L⁻¹ biomass. The highest substrate level enabling effective fermentation was 100 g L⁻¹, producing 0.37 ± 0.13 (g CDW) × L⁻¹ biomass after complete fermentation, while 150 g L⁻¹ exhibited pronounced inhibitory effects. It is worth mentioning that the sole alkaline treatment was not optimal for growth and H₂ production. Co-fermentation with glycerol significantly enhanced both biomass formation (up to 0.42 ± 0.15 (g CDW) × L⁻¹)) and H₂ production. The highest H₂ yield was observed during batch growth at 50 g L⁻¹ SH hydrolysate with 5× dilution, reaching up to 5.7 mmol H₂ (g sugar)⁻¹ with glycerol supplementation. This study introduces a dual-waste valorization strategy that combines agricultural and biodiesel industry residues to enhance clean energy generation. The novelty lies in optimizing pretreatment and co-substrate fermentation conditions to maximize both biohydrogen yield and microbial biomass using <i>E. coli</i>, a widely studied and scalable host.

Wira Herucakra, Luh Putri Adnyani

Life assessment integrated with Structural Integrity Management (SIM) has been implemented in the oil and gas industry for the past decade to maintain the integrity and safety of an in-service structure used to support hydrocarbon exploration, production, and processing activity. Current structural life assessment, as ruled by the American Petroleum Institute (API), uses a fatigue-based approach for offshore structures subjected to wave loading. As the general principle of SIM is not limited to offshore structures, this study offers an alternative life assessment method for onshore structures, especially steel frame structures subjected to earthquake loads. Reliability analysis, combined with the effect of the time-related degradation mechanism of steel structure due to corrosion and mechanical damage, with non-linear structural analysis, produces comprehensive ultimate limit state behaviour and performance of an existing structure. A steel frame structure located in Indonesia was evaluated in this study, with the reference base shear developed based on the latest Indonesian Seismic Provision SNI 1726-2019; the life of the structure was estimated by determining the time interval required for the overstrength factor produced from the pushover analysis to approximate 1.0. The assessment demonstrated that the life of the existing structure exceeds its design life and is safe for operation.

Thuc V. Ngo, Viet Ba Tran, Bao Hoai Le et al.

Withstanding extreme events is increasingly a significant challenge for the construction industry. Where civil infrastructures remain using traditional concrete, which has low tensile strength, poor durability, and weak crack resistance, in this regard, ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), with its outstanding mechanical properties and high strength, offers the prospect of wide application. This advanced technology allows for the fabrication of thin and light-dimensional structures to accelerate construction while increasing corrosion resistance to minimize maintenance intervention and extend the service life of the infrastructures. Despite this, UHPC is less eco-friendly due to consuming more cement than the usual material, which requires replacement materials, such as silica fume (SF) and rice husk ash (RHA), which are readily available from other local material production. This study proposes an experimental approach to assess the influence of SF and RHA content on the properties of UHPC. Different SF and RHA compositions will be adjusted to analyze their effects on slump flow, compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and the stress–strain relationship in UHPC tension testing. Based on the results, the most effective ratio is RHA replacing 50% of the SF in the UHPC mixture. Specialized tensile experiments reveal enhanced tensile strength with judicious RHA incorporation at 5-day and 28-day stages, particularly in initial crack and damage conditions. Stress–strain curves for 5% to 15% RHA samples show increased ductility, indicating that optimal RHA-SF ratios enhance UHPC cracking characteristics. Based on the results, a discussion on the appropriate proportions for utilizing most local materials will be derived, especially for regions of Vietnam. It is evaluated as a feasible and promising solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions threatening global climate change.

Qianqian Nie, Liuhu Jia, Guoqing Zhang et al.

BiOI microspheres were synthesized using the solvothermal method for the degradation of residual xanthate and gaseous nitric oxide (NO) under visible light irradiation. The as-prepared BiOI nanomaterials were then characterized using various technologies, including XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, UV-Vis DRS, and XPS. The photodegradation results show that the removal efficiency of isobutyl sodium xanthate can reach 98.08% at an initial xanthate concentration of 120 mg/L; that of NO is as high as 96.36% at an inlet NO concentration of 11 ppm. Moreover, the effects of operational parameters such as catalyst dosage, initial xanthate concentration, and pH value of wastewater on the removal of xanthate were investigated. The results of scavenging tests and full-spectrum scanning indicate that ·O₂⁻ radicals are the main active species in xanthate degradation, and peroxide xanthate is an intermediate. The reusability of BiOI was explored through cyclic experiments. Furthermore, the reaction path and the mechanism of NO removal using BiOI were analyzed, and the main active species was also ·O₂⁻. It is concluded that BiOI photocatalysts have high potential for wastewater treatment and waste gas clean-up in the mineral industry.

XU Yandong, TAO Shan, HE Hui, WAN Xiaoyong, ZOU Ning, YUAN Hongfei

The fault-affected karst system in the north of Shuntuoguole low uplift, Tarim basin, Shunbei oilfield has obvious vertical development and heterogeneity. Due to the large vertical depth of the reservoir, the influence of gravity can not be ignored in the process of fluid flow. Considering that the reservoir is composed of small-scale fracture, large-scale cavity and large-scale channeling path, and the initial pressure at different depths varies with the depth, a large-scale fracture-vuggy well test model considering gravity is established combined with the principle of seepage mechanics and the equipotential body theory. The Laplace transform method was used to address this issue and the typical model plate and parameter sensitivity analysis plate were drawn. The results show that the fluid flow needs to overcome more resistance when gravity is taken into account, and the positions of dimensionless pressure and its derivative curves are higher in the middle and later stages. When accounting for the seepage effect in small-scale fractured reservoirs, distinct flow characteristics emerge: Linear flow in channeling paths, Transitional flow in large cavities, Quasi-steady flow in large cavities, and Radial flow in fractured reservoirs. The slope of the dimensionless pressure and its derivative curve of the former is between 0 and 0.5. The dimensionless pressure derivative curves of the latter two decrease slowly and then rise slowly. The applicability and validity of the model are further corroborated through case studies. This research not only enriches the fracture-vuggy well test model literature but also provides a solid theoretical foundation for interpreting well test data in vertical fracture-vuggy reservoirs with significant depth.

TANG Botao, ZENG Ji, CHEN Weihua et al.

In order to solve the problems that the natural cracks of the dense sandstone reservoir in Sichuan region is undeveloped with low hole, low permeability and strong spatial heterogeneity, the transformation idea of “segment clusters created + sand + high strength long slot” is established by the indoor model experiments. On this basis, a calculation model of stress field around the wells based on the effective stress theory is established. Meanwhile, the above model is combined with the flow-stress coupling fracture extension model for horizontal wells to clarify the influence mechanism of cluster spacing on the crack competition expansion and interseam seepage interference. Therefore, the non-uniform arrangement method of cracks in the sand body of river channel considering stress interference and seepage shadow is formed. It is concluded that the optimal spacing of multiple clusters in the horizontal well section of dense sandstone in Qiulin is seven to twelve meters, which can make the opening rate of the injection cluster up to 92.3 %. This method effectively improves the effect of the transformation of the tight gas reservoirs.

Maria Fernanda Oliveira, Savio S.V. Vianna

Accidental subsea releases are a matter of concern in the oil and gas industry. It may halt the production and lead to a flammable gas cloud on the sea surface close to the spider-deck of oil rigs. The ignition of the flammable cloud is not desirable. The proper prediction of flammable gas volumes from subsea releases is of paramount importance to reduce the level of risk. It also helps the elaboration of emergency plans. The use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is proved to be an efficient, safe, and relatively low-cost tool applied to analyze the gas plume dynamics underwater. Motivated by the scenario of real accidental subsea gas releases, this work studied the behavior of submerged gas plumes in a 9 m x 7 m 2D computational domain representing a water tank. The case setup, which was validated against experimental data in previous works, considered the Eulerian-Eulerian approach with the Volume of Fluid (VOF) multiphase model. The study simulated different leak sizes and leak rates, aiming to evaluate if there was a relation between the Reynolds numbers and the geometrical features of the resultant plume, such as rising time, fountain height at the rising time, fountain heights after 15 s of the release and horizontal dispersion distance. For all the plume parameters there was a relationship between their behavior and the leak Reynolds number, and, especially for rising time, and fountain heights, this relation showed independence from the leak size. This indicates that, at least for the considered size of the water column, the Reynolds number of the can be the main parameter considered when determining these plume properties at the surface. This study is valuable to support the development of mitigating measures in the case of an accidental gas release underwater.

Abdulreza Mashroofeh, Mohammad Ali Bolboli, Ali Pourbandori et al.

Introduction: Most critical accidents in different industries are observable, but their severity is also predictable and can be controlled. Provided that accident analysis is properly managed with a preventive approach and based on correct findings, in a principled and realistic manner, root causes, corrective actions, and safety measures regarding accidents are performed. Material and Methods: The present research was a descriptive-analytic study, and the reported and recorded fatal occupational accidents were analyzed in the onshore section of one of the construction refinery projects in the South Pars Gas Refinery over a decade using the Tripod Beta method and then main risk factors, pre-conditions, and underlying causes, as well as the existing protective barriers, were identified, and an accidents tree was drawn. Results: The analysis of fatal occupational accidents showed that 26 immediate causes, 39 preconditions, and 50 underlying causes were involved in those accidents. Six key risk factors include lack of responsibility/organizational impact (57.8%), training (22.2%), hardware or tools and equipment (6.7%), maintenance management (6.7%), work procedures (4.4%), and Error Enforcing conditions (2.2%) had the largest share of the occurrence of accidents. Conclusion: More than 80% of fatal occupational accidents can be controlled by modifying the two main factors, responsibility and organization and training. Therefore, implementing the total productive maintenance method, effective monitoring of staff work, hiring staff with sufficient knowledge and skills, and improving training indicators will increase understanding of hazard sources, improve safety and reduce accidents.

Hossein Amouei1, Mahnaz Mirza Ebrahim Tehrani, Seyed Ali Jozi et al.

Background and Objective: The analysis of system resilience is one of the ways to increase the factor of safety. The present study aimed to develop a model for the assessment of safety resilience in process industries with a passive defense approach based on the Delphi method. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Phase 19 of the South Pars Gas Field Development Project in 2018-2020. This three-round Delphi study was performed in three rounds stages with the participation of 18 experts in the fields of chemical and process engineering, safety, occupational health, and environment. Results: After three rounds of the Delphi study, the safety resilience assessment model was developed based on the three components of preparedness, the likelihood of occurrence, and consequence. Based on the results, the preparedness component included the variables of hardware, software, and defensive preparedness, as well as access to external resources. The findings showed that experimental data, technical inspection, and the professional competence of individuals were among effective parameters in the likelihood component. Moreover, the parameters of human damage, property damage, process damage, environmental damage, and strategic and defense damage were among the effective parameters in the consequence component. In this Delphi study, all members of the expert panel confirmed the items in the algorithm, including resilience components and the variables of each component with a 75% acceptance level. Conclusion: Based on the opinions of the expert panel, the results of this Delphi study indicated that this semi-quantitative model has good reliability for the assessment of safety resilience in process industries. Therefore, the use of this model can be of great in the provision of an acceptable estimate of safety resilience in the process industry.

Zhiping WU, Zhenhua CHEN, Lianshuang DAI et al.

Regular internal and external detection on oil and gas pipelines is helpful for timely and accurate detection of pipeline corrosion defects, and to take appropriate maintenance and replacement measures and effectively reduce the occurrence probability of corrosion accidents. Focusing on the problems of external corrosion, internal corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and external corrosion of crossing sections, the development status of corrosion detection technology and related standards for oil and gas pipelines was elaborated, the principles and engineering applications of trenchless detection technologies such as transient electromagnetic detection, ultrasonic guided wave detection, and magnetic stress detection were introduced, the problems existing in the application and management of corrosion detection technology for oil and gas pipelines in China were summarized, and the demands for future development were discussed from the aspects of management improvement and technology upgrading. In terms of management improvement, it was proposed to build a unified technical specification, data management platform and professional corrosion detection efficiency evaluation team. As for technology upgrading, it was suggested to continuously carry out research on stress corrosion cracking detection and assessment technology, initiate research on microbial corrosion mechanism and detection technology, carry out research on pinhole corrosion defect detection and verification technology, and develop combined internal and external detection tools.

Gengjin Shi, Zhenlong Wu, Ting He et al.

As a clean energy engine, the gas turbine is widely used for the generation of the power plant and the propulsion of the warship. Its control is becoming more and more challenging for the reason that internal coupling exists and the load command changes frequently and extensively. However, advanced controllers are difficult to implement on the distributed control system and conventional proportional–integral–derivative controllers are unable to handle with aforementioned challenges. To solve this problem, this article designs a decentralized active disturbance rejection control for the power and exhaust temperature of the gas turbine. Simulation results illustrate that the decentralized active disturbance rejection control is able to obtain satisfactory tracking and disturbance rejection performance with strong robustness. Eventually, a numerical simulation is carried out which shows advantages of active disturbance rejection control in the control of power and exhaust temperature when the gas turbine is under variable working condition. This successful application of decentralized active disturbance rejection control to the gas turbine indicates its promising prospect of field tests in future power industry with increasing demand on integrating more renewable energy into the grid.

La Ode Sabaruddin

The embodiment of green economy is increasingly sought by various companies throughout the world. This is done as a form of responsibility and care to help preserve nature and maintain the survival of living things in it. PT. Sentosa Ultra Grasindo as one of the companies engaged in the gas industry that provides various types of gas, one of which is medical gas applying the cryogenic tank installation method to help realize the green economy. This study aims to determine how the impact of the application of Cryogenic Tank installation methods in hospitals to the realization of green economy in the form of green logistics for oxygen distribution activities to XYZ Hospital, which is its client. This is a qualitative descriptive study using primary data types obtained from in-depth interviews and observations of related parties. The results showed that the method of installing cryogenic tanks in hospitals was considered to be more environmentally friendly and realize effectiveness and efficiency for PT. Sentosa Ultra Gasindo and for XYZ Hospital.

Mutah Musa, Godwin A. Ayoko, Andrew Ward et al.

Microalgae are swift replicating photosynthetic microorganisms with several applications for food, chemicals, medicine and fuel. Microalgae have been identified to be suitable for biofuels production, due to their high lipid contents. Microalgae-based biofuels have the potential to meet the increasing energy demands and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the present state of technology does not economically support sustainable large-scale production. The biofuel production process comprises the upstream and downstream processing phases, with several uncertainties involved. This review examines the various production and processing stages, and considers the use of chemometric methods in identifying and understanding relationships from measured study parameters via statistical methods, across microalgae production stages. This approach enables collection of relevant information for system performance assessment. The principal benefit of such analysis is the identification of the key contributing factors, useful for decision makers to improve system design, operation and process economics. Chemometrics proffers options for time saving in data analysis, as well as efficient process optimization, which could be relevant for the continuous growth of the microalgae industry.

Wang Yuhai, Xia Haibang, Bao Kai et al.

Pengshui block is a typical shale gas reservoir at atmospheric pressure which has lower coefficient of original formation pressure, and usually needs artificial lift recovery after fracturing. In the initial stage, we optimized the electric submersible pump for the drainage gas recovery. This technology was simple, meanwhile, the formation energy declined gradually, the formation liquid supply gradually decreased and the recovered fluid contained impurities such as sand and clay particle, so that it was hard to realize the stable continuous drainage and recovery, and had complex operation precess and high production cost. In order to solve these problems, we researched and applied the jet pump, and optimized the technology parameters and matching technology. At last, we formed a set of jet pump technology suitable for the drainage gas recovery of shale gas at atmospheric pressure to effectively guide the pressure of shale gas recovery.

Kapustin Nikita O., Grushevenko Dmitry A.

Unconventional oils have taken the global oil industry by storm and have secured an 8% share in the global liquid fuels production in under 20 years. And it is without a doubt that these resources will continue to play an important role in the future. Cost analysis of unconventional oil types has shown that Light Tight Oil (LTO) or shale oil still holds potential for technological and economical improvement, however, the revolutionary stage in development has probably already been passed in the US. For the rest of the world, the issue of kick starting LTO production lies as much in the fields of adapting the existing technologies, as overcoming economic, legislative and environmental barriers. The same cannot be said for heavy oil and bitumen production, as open pit mining is demonstrating cost escalation and resource base depletion, while in situ production approach has reached the limit of technological progress and production costs are mostly determined by external factors. Oil price fluctuation and the emergence of more economically viable unconventional oil sources have shifted attention away from kerogen oil and substantially halted production technologies development. The forecast of unconventional oil was conducted along two scenarios: Baseline (a business-as-usual scenario) and Technological (scenario of forced technology development and transfer). The share of unconventional oil in global crude production will increase to 17–21%, depending on scenario. The main difference between scenarios is the rate of kerogen production, which benefits from the favorable conditions of the Technological scenario. Large-scale LTO production will remain a local North American phenomenon in both scenarios. More important than geological or technological factors is the unique business environment, characteristic for the USA, which would be impossible to replicate in any other country. Expansion of unconventional oil production as stimulated competition on the liquid fuels market. Conventional oil producers have mostly adapted to the new environment and will continue to dominate in the forecast period. The greatest pressure is put on the more costly alternative supply sources: biofuels, coal-to-liquid and gas-to-liquid; which have the least promising prospects in the current market.

I K Shatalov, I I Shatalova

Greenhouse industry around the world is actively introducing innovative technology. The suggested way to improve the cost efficiency of greenhouses is to use power supply systems, including heat pumps. The technology of installation and its calculations of heat pumps is well determined at present and widely used for heating houses and other premises. The paper presents the analysis of application of heat pump, working in conjunction with a heat engine for energy supply of greenhouses. We selected gas-piston engine capacity 315 kW of the company “Zvezda-Energetika” and the heat pump capacity of 523 kW of the company “Menergy” in our study. The results are: energy savings compared with traditional energy supply system of the greenhouse if using only the heat pump is 25%; if using a gas engine with heat recovery is 32%; when combined gas engine and TNU to 60%.

Mark Kaiser

South Louisiana is undergoing rapid land loss and the construction and utilization of navigation channels by the offshore oil and gas industry, the commercial fishing industry, the oil refining industry, and freight shippers is one cause. A network of natural and man-made navigation channels support commerce and industry throughout the region, but no quantitative information is available on the users of the channels and their contribution to land loss. The purpose of this note is to characterize utilization across eight channels in South Louisiana using data from the Automatic Identification System. Approximately 125,000 vessels used the channels over a two year period between 2011-2012. The Mississippi River was the most heavily utilized channel with an average of 345 vessels per week across the report zone, followed by Bayou Lafourche and Sabine Pass with about 195 vessels per week. The oil refining industry was the primary user of the Calcasieu and Sabine Pass channels while the freight industry was the primary user of the Mississippi River. The offshore oil and gas industry were the primary users of Bayou Lafourche, the Houma Navigation Canal, the Atchafalaya River and Freshwater Bayou.

Yuhong Xie

In 2014, Zhanjiang Branch of CNOOC Limited obtained high oil and gas flows (160 × 104 m3/d) in Well LS 17-2-1 in northern South China Sea. The tested formation is the Neogene Upper Miocene Huangliu Fm. This is the first self-explored natural gas field in deep water area in China. Exploration in this area underwent three periods: (1) Reconnaissance exploration period (before 2002): Limited by techniques, the major exploration was in shallow water areas; (2) Foreign cooperative exploration period (2002–2012): As the discovered reserve scale was small, and there is no economic benefit, the partners successively gave up their exploration equities in the deep water area of western South China Sea; however, the high quality source rocks and reservoirs were confirmed in the deep water area of the South China Sea, revealing the mask of hydrocarbon exploration in this region; (3) Self-exploration period (since 2013): Relying on national science and technology major projects and its scientific research and production, Zhanjiang Company of CNOOC conducted several scientific researches on seismic data acquisition and processing, high-quality reservoir distribution, key factors for hydrocarbon accumulation in deep water areas, optimized and confirmed Lingshui 17-2 structure as the first drilling target, and obtained significant exploration breakthrough. Lingshui 17-2 structure is located in the Ledong-Lingshui section of the Central Canyon. Its major target layer is the Huangliu Fm. Its total thickness is over 150 m, with sandstone ratio of 75.4%, maximum single layer thickness of 52 m, porosity ranging 30.0%–33.7% (31.5% averagely), permeability ranging 293–2512 mD (633 mD averagely), belonging to reservoir with ultrahigh porosity and high-ultrahigh permeability. The exploration breakthrough in Lingshui 17-2 shows the giant potentiality of hydrocarbon exploration in this deep water area.

Flórez, Katherine-A., Abreo, Sergio-Alberto, Ramírez, Ana-B.

ABSTRACT Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) schemes are gradually becoming more common in the oil and gas industry, as a new tool for studying complex geological zones, based on their reliability for estimating velocity models. FWI is a non-linear inversion method that iteratively estimates subsurface characteristics such as seismic velocity, starting from an initial velocity model and the preconditioned data acquired. Blended sources have been used in marine seismic acquisitions to reduce acquisition costs, reducing the number of times that the vessel needs to cross the exploration delineation trajectory. When blended or simultaneous without previous de-blending or separation, stage data are used in the reconstruction of the velocity model with the FWI method, and the computational time is reduced. However, blended data implies overlapping single shot-gathers, producing interference that affects the result of seismic approaches, such as FWI or seismic image migration. In this document, an encoding strategy is developed, which reduces the overlap areas within the blended data to improve the final velocity model with the FWI method.