Hasil untuk "Forestry"

R.G. Padmanabhan, S. Rajesh, S. Karthikeyan et al.

This work examines the mechanical properties and structural aspects of Al-Hybrid fibre metal laminates (HFMLs) reinforced with fibres from basalt, hemp, and bamboo, including commercial-grade Al6061 alloy mesh (Al-DMEM). Compression moulding of sustainable fibres into various stacking configurations, such as BAlB, BHAlHB, and BBbAlBbB, was required for fabrication. Using cutting-edge methods like SEM and EDX for microstructure investigation, extensive testing was carried out, including tensile, flexural, impact, interlaminar shear, hardness, and water absorption tests. Basalt/Bamboo/Aluminum/Basalt (BBbAlBbB) was the FML configuration with the best mechanical parameters, showing Vickers hardness (24.23 MPa), tensile strength (44.537 MPa), flexural strength (218.24 MPa), and impact resistance (2.01 J) (59.982 HV). In addition, BAlB showed 83.9 % Vickers hardness, 41.7 % flexural strength, and 90.4 % tensile strength of BBbAlBbB samples. BHAlHB displayed 92.9 % of the flexural strength, 65.3 % of the tensile strength, and 93.7 % of the Vickers hardness of BBbAlBbB. Bamboo is hydrophobic by nature, so adding bamboo fibres to BBbAlBbB significantly boosted its resistance to moisture. This study highlights the potential of hybrid FMLs as high-performance, eco friendly materials that are particularly well-suited for applications in interior and exterior panels for micro-mobility (E-vehicles), with AL-DMEM reinforcement offering significant benefits like improved fibre bonding and structural integrity.

Shuxian Ren, Menglu Hu, Qian Wu et al.

The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of Thidiazuron (TDZ) treatment on floral initiation, flowering time, ornamental characteristics and physiological metabolism of potted <i>Dendrobium nobile</i>. Three TDZ concentrations (200, 500 and 1000 mg L⁻¹) were applied as solution to water the root zone of the plants. Control plants (plants watered with water) showed a good vegetative development but no floral branches. TDZ greatly influenced the flowering process. For all the tested TDZ concentrations, the first flower bud occurred at 55–60 days after the last irrigation (DAI), the highest TDZ concentration showing the major delay in its occurrence. The initial flowering (30% of flowered plants) began 47 days after the first flower bud initiation with no statistical differences among the treatments. Plants treated with TDZ 500–1000 mg L⁻¹ showed the longest period of flowering (about 32 days) and the single flowers delayed the withering of about 2–3 days compared to the lowest TDZ treatment (200 mg L⁻¹). The number of flowers, floral branches and flowering percentage were distinctly influenced by the TDZ concentration. The highest percentage of flowering (40%) was scored when plants were watered with a TDZ solution at 500 mg L⁻¹ and this was a performant treatment providing the best morphological flower features for the ornamental value of this plant. Among the physiological factors affecting the flowering, this study showed that TDZ increased the relative membrane permeability which facilitated the transport of macromolecular flower-forming substances into and out of the membrane. Therefore, the membrane permeability change could be an indicator of shifts in physiologically active substances during the flowering transition process in <i>Dendrobium nobile</i> plants.

Loiy Al-Ghussain, Adnan Darwish Ahmad, Ahmad M. Abubaker et al.

Chao Feng, Wenjiang Zhang, Hui Deng et al.

Weeds have a significant impact on the growth of rice. Accurate information about weed infestations can provide farmers with important information to facilitate the precise use of chemicals. In this study, we utilized visible light images captured by UAVs to extract information about weeds in areas of two densities on farmland. First, the UAV images were segmented using an optimal segmentation scale, and the spectral, texture, index, and geometric features of each segmented object were extracted. Cross-validation and recursive feature elimination techniques were combined to reduce the dimensionality of all features to obtain a better feature set. Finally, we analyzed the extraction effect of different feature dimensions based on the random forest (RF) algorithm to determine the best feature dimensions, and then we further analyzed the classification result of machine learning algorithms, such as random forest, support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), and K-nearest neighbors (KNN) and compared them based on the best feature dimensions. Using the extraction results of the best classifier, we created a zoning map of the weed infestations in the study area. The results indicated that the best feature subset achieved the highest accuracy, with respective overall accuracies of 95.38% and 91.33% for areas with dense and sparse weed densities, respectively, and F1-scores of 94.20% and 90.57. Random forest provided the best extraction results for each machine learning algorithm in the two experimental areas. When compared to the other algorithms, it improved the overall accuracy by 1.74–12.14% and 7.51–11.56% for areas with dense and sparse weed densities, respectively. The F1-score improved by 1.89–17.40% and 7.85–10.80%. Therefore, the combination of object-based image analysis (OBIA) and random forest based on UAV remote sensing accurately extracted information about weeds in areas with different weed densities for farmland, providing effective information support for weed management.

Sean A Parks, Lisa M Holsinger, Caitlin E Littlefield et al.

Protected areas are essential to conserving biodiversity, yet changing climatic conditions challenge their efficacy. For example, novel and disappearing climates within the protected area network indicate that extant species may not have suitable climate in protected areas in the future. Further, potential transboundary range shifts, those that involve movement from one country to another, are also challenging because physical (e.g. fencing) and non-physical barriers (e.g. contrasting conservation policies) may impede climate-induced movements. Through the lens of climate analogs, we examined disappearing and novel climates within the global terrestrial protected area network and the potential for transboundary range shifts among protected areas under global warming 2 °C above preindustrial levels. We found that globally, climates in 24% of protected lands will no longer be protected within a 500 km radius of their focal location (indicating disappearing climates within the protected area network), while 36% of protected lands will gain climates not previously protected (indicating novel climates within the protected area network). Further, we found that potential transboundary range shifts are widespread but variable; for example, 23% of protected climates in Europe and >50% of protected climates in Africa under climate change are located in a different country than the focal protected areas. As the global conservation community actively deliberates conservation frameworks (e.g. 30% by 2030), our study offers insights to reduce the prevalence of novel and disappearing climates within the global protected area network via strategic conservation actions and underscores the importance of setting and accommodating targets and strategies that transcend national boundaries.

Yitong Niu, Linqian Jiao, Andrei Korneev

With the increase of harmful substances and greenhouse gases that need to be discharged from the traditional thermal power in industrial production in China, the phenomenon of climate warming is becoming more and more prominent. Clean energy will continue to increase in China's future energy consumption structure and market share, hydropower, nuclear power, and other energy as China's main clean energy, the future in China still has a huge market development and use of space. The new policies further adopted by the central bank of China include: continuously optimizing the structure of reasonable credit fund allocation and risk fund application for electric power enterprises to enhance the return rate of assets of electric power enterprises; continuously supporting the development of smart grid and strengthening the linkage between network and electric power; reasonably and categorically guiding the source of clean utilization of electric power, actively supporting large hydropower generation and solar and nuclear power generation, and investing funds in a controlled manner to support large thermal power generation, promote the upgrading of the thermal power generation industry structure, cautiously guide funds into large biomass power generation, wind power generation and small and medium-sized micro-hydro power, strictly control small and medium-sized thermal power, as soon as possible to withdraw from the implementation of the national preferential policies for small and medium-sized power industry management system, energy conservation and reduction of harmful emissions of environmental gases of enterprises is not possible to meet the standards and there are financial risks business efficiency situation Small and medium-sized electric power enterprises that continue to seriously deteriorate.

Wang Huaiyi, Li Zhongkui

[Objective] The research status of watershed ecological compensation was analyzed and mastered in order to provide a basis for improving the compensation system and promoting watershed ecological protection and high-quality development of river basins in China. [Methods] CiteSpace visualization software, Price's law, and the X index were used to analyze 876 studies collected by CNKI for author co-occurrence, high-frequency keywords, and research topic clustering. [Results] Domestic research on watershed ecological compensation mainly began in 2000, and the annual number of publications showed an upward trend. Research hotspots were highly coupled with national policies and watershed development, mainly including quantitative research on watershed ecological compensation standards, research on the behavior of watershed ecological compensation subjects from the perspective of game theory, and research on watershed ecological compensation mechanisms under the background of ecological protection. According to the evolution characteristics of research topics, three stages could be identified: preliminary exploration (before 2007), rapid development (2007—2017), and consolidation and improvement (from 2018 to 2021). During these time periods, research emphasis changed from theoretical analysis to quantitative analysis of compensation standards under the background of water resource governance. The objective of this research focused on the two major water systems of the Yangtze River basin and the Yellow River basin. Researches on the main stream and important tributaries were carried out alternately and gradually deepened. The researches formed multiple basic scientific research platforms, but there were few high-yield authors and little cross sectoral cooperation. [Conclusion] Over the past 20 years, research in the field of watershed ecological compensation in China has formed a certain theoretical system and research framework. The research topics and hot spots have distinctive characteristics, and the research methods have tended to be systematic and diversified. In the future, theory and application should be combined to explore the dynamic and market-oriented compensation mechanisms suitable for regional characteristics.

Yongfeng Lou, Yongfeng Lou, Huayu Sun et al.

Plants employ an array of photoprotection mechanisms to alleviate the harmful effects of high light intensity. The violaxanthin cycle, which is associated with non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), involves violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) and is one of the most rapid and efficient mechanisms protecting plants under high light intensity. Woody bamboo is a class of economically and ecologically important evergreen grass species widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. However, the function of VDE in bamboo has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we found that high light intensity increased NPQ and stimulated the de-epoxidation of violaxanthin cycle components in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), whereas, samples treated with the VDE inhibitor (dithiothreitol) exhibited lower NPQ capacity, suggesting that violaxanthin cycle plays an important role in the photoprotection of bamboo. Further analysis showed that not only high light intensity but also extreme temperatures (4 and 42°C) and drought stress upregulated the expression of PeVDE in bamboo leaves, indicating that PeVDE is induced by multiple abiotic stresses. Overexpression of PeVDE under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter in Arabidopsis mutant npq1 mutant could rescue its NPQ, indicating that PeVDE functions in dissipating the excess absorbed light energy as thermal energy in bamboo. Moreover, compared with wild-type (Col-0) plants, the transgenic plants overexpressing PeVDE displayed enhanced photoprotection ability, higher NPQ capacity, slower decline in the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) under high light intensity, and faster recovery under optimal conditions. These results suggest that PeVDE positively regulates the response to high light intensity in bamboo plants growing in the natural environment, which could improve their photoprotection ability through the violaxanthin cycle and NPQ.

Xi Zhang, Zijian Hu, Yayu Guo et al.

Abstract Background The increasing number of novel approaches for large-scale, multi-dimensional imaging of cells has created an unprecedented opportunity to analyze plant morphogenesis. However, complex image processing, including identifying specific cells and quantitating parameters, and high running cost of some image analysis softwares remains challenging. Therefore, it is essential to develop an efficient method for identifying plant complex multicellularity in raw micrographs in plants. Results Here, we developed a high-efficiency procedure to characterize, segment, and quantify plant multicellularity in various raw images using the open-source software packages ImageJ and SR-Tesseler. This procedure allows for the rapid, accurate, automatic quantification of cell patterns and organization at different scales, from large tissues down to the cellular level. We validated our method using different images captured from Arabidopsis thaliana roots and seeds and Populus tremula stems, including fluorescently labeled images, Micro-CT scans, and dyed sections. Finally, we determined the area, centroid coordinate, perimeter, and Feret’s diameter of the cells and harvested the cell distribution patterns from Voronoï diagrams by setting the threshold at localization density, mean distance, or area. Conclusions This procedure can be used to determine the character and organization of multicellular plant tissues at high efficiency, including precise parameter identification and polygon-based segmentation of plant cells.

Sławomir Kalinowski

W artykule poruszono problem ryzyka ubóstwa i wykluczenia społecznego w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. Materiały empiryczne zawarte w artykule pochodzą z badań cząstkowych EU-SILC (Europejskie badanie warunków życia ludności). Stanowią one punkt odniesienia dla porównania statystyk dotyczących dystrybucji dochodów i integracji społecznej w Unii Europejskiej. Za jeden z ważniejszych milenijnych celów rozwoju uznano niwelację ubóstwa i przeciwdziałanie marginalizacji społecznej. Z badań wynika, że co czwarty mieszkaniec obszarów wiejskich w UE jest zagrożony ubóstwem lub marginalizacją społeczną. W największym stopniu marginalizacją lub/i ubóstwem zagrożeni są mieszkańcy obszarów wiejskich w Bułgarii (54,8%) i Rumunii (50,8%), ale także w Polsce i na Litwie poziom ten przekracza średnią unijną (odpowiednio o 4,5 p.p. oraz 9,2 p.p.). Na drugim biegunie wykluczenia są Holandia i Czechy z poziomem ryzyka na poziomie 12,8%. Czynnikiem konstytuującym bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne gospodarstwa domowego, a w efekcie poczucie pewności, są dochody. Ich wielkość wpływa na poziom ubóstwa obiektywnego mierzonego metodą parametryczną. W UE przyjmuje się, że zagrożone ubóstwem są osoby, których dochody nie przekraczają 60% mediany dochodów w danym kraju. Tym samym niemal co piąty mieszkaniec wsi w UE jest zagrożony ubóstwem. Ubóstwo i wykluczenie społeczne są zjawiskami wielowymiarowymi. Powodują niezaspokojenie potrzeb na wielu płaszczyznach – ochrony zdrowia, edukacji, warunków mieszkaniowych, kultury i czasu wolnego. Brak odpowiednich dochodów powoduje pewnego rodzaju sprzężenia zwrotne i jest zarówno przyczyną, jak i konsekwencją deprywacji potrzeb, a także sprzyja niezrównoważonemu rozwojowi obszarów wiejskich.

Effendi Arsad

<p><em>Carakteristic physical and chemistry</em> <em>of Wood pellet </em><em>f</em><em>rom Industrial Disposal of Wood as Sources  Energy Alternatif The research to gaved</em><em> </em><em>for physical and chemistry</em> <em>of Wood pellet </em><em>f</em><em>rom Industrial. Processing approximately 12%, sawdust dried to moisture content of  sieved that is size of 15 mesh, 25 mesh and 35 mesh. Heating temperature were 60 ⁰C and 110 ⁰C.</em><em> M</em><em>oisture content of flawer wood pellet 4,46% - 9,95%, acacia wood pellet were 4.38% - 7.52% and tarap wood pellet were  4.60% - 9.98%. Density of flawer  wood pellet  were 0.51 </em><em>-</em><em> 0.78, acacia wood pellet were 0.61 - 0.78 and tarap wood pellet were   0.56 </em><em>-</em><em> 0.71, ash content of wood  flawer  from 0.87</em><em> -</em><em> 2.04%, acacia 0.54 </em><em>-</em><em> 0.94% and ash content of  tarap wood 1.71 </em><em>-</em><em> 2.05%. Calorific value of wood pellets flawers wood 3921,12 </em><em>-</em><em> 4150,19 cal/g, acacia wood 4022,29 </em><em>-</em><em> 4254,91 cal/g and tarap wood  3920,13 - 4125,28 cal/g. The higher temperature of the heating effect on reality the reduction of water and the weight of ash wood pellets  while it was increasing calorific value.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>waste wood, flawers wood, acacia wood, tarap wood, wood pellet</em></p>

Shijiang eCao, Shijiang eCao, Qiao-Hao eZhu et al.

Vegetable oils high in oleic acid are considered to be advantageous because of their better nutritional value and potential industrial applications. The oleic acid content in the classic safflower oil is normally 10-15% while a natural mutant (ol) accumulates elevated oleic acid up to 70% in seed oil. As a part of our investigation into the molecular features of the high oleic (HO) trait in safflower we have profiled the microRNA (miRNA) populations in developing safflower seeds expressing the ol allele in comparison to the wild type high linoleic (HL) safflower using deep sequencing technology. The small RNA populations of the mid-maturity developing embryos of homozygous ol HO and wild type HL safflower had a very similar size distribution pattern, however, only ~16.5% of the unique small RNAs were overlapping in these two genotypes. From these two small RNA populations we have found 55 known miRNAs and identified two candidate novel miRNA families to be likely unique to the developing safflower seeds. Target genes with conserved as well as novel functions were predicted for the conserved miRNAs. We have also identified 13 miRNAs differentially expressed between the HO and HL safflower genotypes. The results may lay a foundation for unravelling the miRNA-mediated molecular processes that regulate oleic acid accumulation in the HO safflower mutant and developmental processes in safflower embryos in general.

Dante Castellanos-Acuña, Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero, Roberto A. Lindig-Cisneros et al.

Los bosques de pino-encino de la comunidad de Nuevo San Juan, Michoacán, están dominados por Pinus pseudostrobus, P. devoniana y P. leiophylla. Los patrones de variación genética de estas especies no se conocen lo suficiente, particularmente los de P. leiophylla, lo cual limita la creación de lineamientos para el movimiento de semillas y plántulas para reforestación y su adaptación al cambio climático. Las especies se recolectaron en cuatro o cinco procedencias a lo largo de un transecto altitudinal (1,650 a 2,500 m) para el establecimiento de un ensayo en vivero, con el objetivo de cuantificar la variación genética entre y dentro de las especies. La altura de la planta (tres y cinco meses de edad) fue significativamente diferente (P < 0.0001) entre especies. Entre procedencias hubo diferencias significativas para P. devoniana (P < 0.0001) y P. leiophylla (P = 0.0352). La especie P. devoniana mostró un pronunciado patrón de crecimiento asociado con la altitud de origen, donde las plantas con mayor crecimiento procedían de una menor altitud. Las poblaciones de P. leiophylla fueron diferentes sólo a los tres meses de edad, sin un patrón altitudinal estadísticamente significativo. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre poblaciones de P. pseudostrobus.

Hamed Matini behzad, Asghar Taremian

Poplar wood flour was spray treated with two preservative materials, (Thiabendazole or Carbamate derivatives (IPBC) with concentration of 0.9%) and then the wood/polyethylene composite samples with the composition of 60% wood, 38% polyethylene and 2% coupling agent were manufactured. The treated composite and control samples were exposed to weathering for 5 months using ASTM D1435 standard test method and the structural changes of the samples were analyzed using SEM microscopy. The roughness of WPCs was measured by roughness measuring device (Miyutoyo SJ 201P) before and after weathering. The SEM images showed that the highest surface changes due to weathering occurred in untreated samples. Both preservatives improved the weathering resistance of treated WPC. The differences in the roughness values root mean square roughness (Rq), mean peak-to-valley height (Rz) and average roughness (Ra)  before and after weathering were measured as 7.93, 38 and 4.88µm for control samples, 1.65, 21.7 and 42.2 µm for Thiabendazole-treated and 1.2, 1.5 and 0.79 µm for IPBC-treated samples, respectively. Both preservative materials significantly improved the weathering resistance of WPCs.

R. Henke, K. W. Hughes, M. Constantin et al.

G. Namkoong

M. Abdul-Kareem

A column study was conducted involving the reclamation of saline soils from Northern irrigation project/Ninavah province, The amount of water moving through the soil was expressed as the pore volume of drainage water (PV), The process was conducted under saturated soil moisture flow and the electrical concluctirity (EC) of the effluent was described by a multiple slop, apparent first order kinetic equation, Pathway reaction was recognized by two stages, a rapid dissolution and transport of accessible salt followed by a slower removal of less accessible salt, The change in slope of the first order equation for salinity reduction occurred at about 0,5PV, which was enough to remove about 90% of the original salt from the columns, The rate coefficients for the first and second stage ranged between (0,337-3,021h-1), and (0,0046-0,13h-1) respectively,

I Nengah Surati Jaya

Artikel ini membahas tentang dampak dari pembangunan saluran irigasi terhadap distribusi spasial hutan dun lahan terbuka di eks pengembangan lahan gambut, Kalimantan Tengah. Untuk mengetahui kondisi penutupan hutan sebelum dun sesudah pembangunan saluran, digunakan citra Landrat TM rekaman tahun 1996 (sebelum pembangunan), 1998 dun 1999 (sesudah pembangunan). Hipotesis yang digunakan adalah penurunan air tanah sebagai akibat dari pembuatan saluran telah menjadi "driving force" perusakan lahan. Indikator yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah<br />persentase distribusi lateral dari penutupan hutan serta terbukanya lahan-lahan kosong basah maupun kering di sekitar kanal. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang sistematis antara penurunan persentase penutupan hutan dun peningkatan persentase luas lahan terbuka dengan jarak dari saluran-saluran air yang dibangun, khususnya pada areal A. B dan C dimana satuan lahannya didominasi oleh lahan gambut. Penelitian ini sekaligus menggambarkan tentang peranan CIS dalam evaluasi gejala pemicu terjadinya kerusakan lingkungan.

Mário Diego Rocha Valente, Waldenei Travassos de Queiroz, João Guimarães Pinheiro et al.

Neste trabalho propôs-se um método para a construção de um modelo de regressão para determinar o Volume de Madeira Total da espécie florestal (Vochysia inundata ducke) Quaruba, em função de suas características (Diâmetro à Altura do Peito (DAP), Idade e Altura). O modelo foi determinado utilizando-se a técnica estatística multivariada de Análise de Fatores com do Método das Componentes Principais via Rotação Ortogonal do Tipo Varimax para Extração dos Fatores, procurando contornar o problema da Multicolinearidade. Por fim desenvolveu-se um modelo de Regressão Linear Simples com base nos Escores Fatoriais. O modelo determinado apresentou-se de fácil interpretação e utilização, usando-se um fator e proporcionando um bom ajuste (R² = 96 %) aos dados e uma boa capacidade preditiva. Ele atendeu a todas as suposições teóricas para sua existência e utilização.

M. Clout, P. Gaze