Введение. Обсуждается процесс формирования величины и направления половых соматических различий в перипубертатном периоде (9–17 лет), этническая специфика динамики полового диморфизма основных антропометрических размеров.
Материал и методы. Для построения межгруппового распределения стандартизованных величин полового диморфизма размеров тела в 9, 13 и 17 лет обобщены обширные литературные материалы по детям РФ и бывшего СССР 1950–2010 гг. (более 500 выборок). Для количественной оценки величины полового диморфизма (ПД) использована дивергенция Кульбака, аналог расстояния Махаланобиса. Для корректного учета вклада в вариации полового диморфизма этнического фактора из общего массива данных подобраны пары выборок разной этнической принадлежности (коренное население и русские), но из одной и той же экологической ниши, обследованных одновременно.
Результаты. Показано значительное влияние возрастного фактора на межгрупповое распределение полового соматического диморфизма. Выявлены достоверные положительные корреляции полового диморфизма с величиной самих размеров для мальчиков в первую очередь в 13 и 17 лет (0,48–0,63 для весоростовых показателей) и отрицательные или близкие к нулю корреляции у девочек. Динамика полового диморфизма соматических размеров на интервале 9–17 лет для пар выборок эстонцы-русские, киргизы-русские, татары-русские, узбеки-русские в целом инвариантна относительно этнической принадлежности групп и свидетельствует о доминировании возрастных физиологических закономерностей над этническими.
Заключение. Изменчивость соматического полового диморфизма в перипубертатном возрасте имеет примерно нормальную форму распределения, как и сами антропометрические показатели. Достоверные корреляции стандартизованных уровней полового диморфизма размеров со средневыборочными значениями самих размеров имеют разные знаки у мальчиков и девочек – положительные в первом случае, отрицательные или близкие к нулю во втором, что соответствует аналогичной закономерности у взрослых и может рассматриваться как подтверждение вклада соматической изменчивости мужского пола в формирование половых различий. При проведении «точечных» локальных сравнений ограниченного числа этнических групп одной экологической ниши не удалось зафиксировать межгрупповой ростовой специфики в связи с этническим фактором, что связано, видимо, с высокими скоростями роста в перипубертатном периоде и доминированием надэтнических видовых закономерностей над локальными этническими особенностями.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Physical anthropology. Somatology
This article discusses the main assumptions and methodological procedures used in the ‘Lexicon of Katyn Archaeology (1990–2015)’ project. The authors highlight the research and social significance of archaeological research into the Katyn Massacre. They discuss and explain the need for an integrative methodological perspective (archaeology, history, ethnography – cultural anthropology) that allows for the reconstruction and recognition of the significance of archaeological research, as well as the massacre itself, in aspects that sometimes escape historical studies, archaeological reports, and analytical scholarly texts – in biographical, personal, and emotional contexts.
Archaeology, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
Based on nine independently conducted oral history interviews, in this article I analyze the process of adaptation and assimilation of the descendants of the Czech Brethren in the area of Strzelin (formerly German Strehlen) in Lower Silesia between 1957 and 1989. The main objective is to answer the question how the descendants portray and value the process of assimilation into the new social reality after 1956 in their biographical narratives. First, I briefly present the state of the community in 1957 and outline the reasons why some of its members decided to remain in Lower Silesia. Then, I describe the various dimensions of how community members functioned during the period of People’s Poland: firstly, in a minority organization, the Social and Cultural Association of Czechs and Slovaks, and, secondly, in the parish community of the Evangelical Reformed Church, as well as in mixed families and the local community. The presented research contributes to the understanding of the dynamics of family, neighborhood and local government relations in a post-displacement region. The study adopts the approach known as rescue history (historia ratownicza) at the level of microhistory.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Political science
En este trabajo, se discute sobre las capacidades institucionales de los gobiernos municipales en la prestación de los servicios de agua potable, drenaje, alcantarillado,
tratamiento y disposición de sus aguas residuales; consecuentemente, se cuestiona ¿qué son las capacidades institucionales? y ¿qué capacidades institucionales debe desarrollar
un gobierno municipal en la gestión del agua? El problema de investigación es de orden
semántico (analítico). Tal desarrollo desencadena una serie de preguntas que alertan sobre la suficiencia o insuficiencia de habilidades de los gobiernos municipales para cumplir con su encomienda hídrica.
History (General), Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Purpose. This article reveals the importance of the analysis of the theory of generations to identify the essential characteristics of the phenomenon of youth. Theoretical basis of this study is socio-philosophical anthropology, i.e. philosophical anthropology using certain methods of sociological, socio-psychological and ethnological research, as well as philosophical comprehension of the application of these methods in special sciences. Originality. The authors rethought the theoretical and practical potential of generational theory through its reconceptualization based on philosophical anthropology, which created an opportunity to shift research attention from the attempts to identify superhistorical characteristics of youth to the identification of the essential nature of specific historical and sociocultural features of young people as representatives of a particular culture. Conclusions. Defining the youth phenomenon requires accounting at least three constraints that on the one hand, play a role of warnings that deter from theoretical and practical errors in the study of the youth phenomenon, and on the other hand, guidelines for identifying real, specific characteristics of youth as a social phenomenon. Limitations of theoretical and practical analysis of young people are as follows: first, the need to consider demographic data not as final, but only as initial and preliminary, such that require further substantive socio-cultural analysis; second, the inadmissibility of ignoring the cultural diversity of the manifestations of the youth phenomenon, instead the need to identify the special characteristics of youth of different ethnic, religious and other groups; third, the need to take into account the specifics of self-identification of those who identify themselves as young people as a social group.
The Narcissism of Minor Differences in the Context of Post-Imperial Macedonian Neighbouring
The conflicting relations among neighbouring nations in the Balkans may very accurately be explained by S. Freud’s theory of the Narcissism of Minor Differences. Related identities among nations and the bordering zones between countries have always been and continue to be a generator of racial, national, religious and cultural tensions. Whenever the discourse of identities is radicalized, cultural and political hegemony comes to life: identities are ranked according to worth; borders are changed according to national identity; methods of physical and metaphysical violence are used; shared places of memory are appropriated, and those not shared are negated. Perception is in crisis and, as a result, promotes a kind of conflictual mutual misrecognition. This text aims to demystify such installations of hegemony in the (North) Macedonian neighbouring region, and to articulate some principles of a post-hegemonistic paradigm.
Narcyzm małych różnic w kontekście postimperialnego sąsiedztwa Macedonii
Konfliktowe relacje między sąsiednimi narodami na Bałkanach można bardzo trafnie wyjaśnić teorią narcyzmu małych różnic Z. Freuda. Pokrewne tożsamości w obrębie tych narodów oraz stref przygranicznych między poszczególnymi krajami były i są generatorem napięć na tle rasowym, narodowym, religijnym i kulturowym. Ilekroć dyskurs o tożsamościach ulega radykalizacji, ożywa kulturowa i polityczna hegemonia: tożsamości są szeregowane według wartości; granice są zmieniane zgodnie z tożsamością narodową; stosowane są metody przemocy fizycznej i metafizycznej; współdzielone miejsca pamięci są zawłaszczane, a te, które nie są współdzielone, są negowane. Percepcja znajduje się w kryzysie i w rezultacie sprzyja rozwojowi wzajemnego niezrozumienia, które prowadzi do konfliktów. Celem niniejszego tekstu jest demistyfikacja takich działań o charakterze hegemonicznym w sąsiednim regionie (północnej) Macedonii oraz wyartykułowanie pewnych zasad paradygmatu posthegemonistycznego.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
Food and its uses follow the logic of historical time. The civilizational process integrates food as a cultural product and the phenomenon of commensality as an expression of different cultural, social, anthropological and ethnological models. The banquet is a socially structured event and a privileged space for rituals, presentations and performances. A parallel of symbolisms of magnificence and power in the table apparatus will be interpreted, in different historical contexts and using different types of narrative. In the ancient Rome (biographical work “The life of the 12 Caesars” by Suetonius) and at the royal table of the Middle Ages (pictorial narrative of the prenuptial banquet of King João I, based on the illumination of Chronique d ’Angleterre by Jean Wavrin). It is concluded that the table as a microcosm of social rhetoric and of coding hierarchies, perpetuates through time.
AbstractThis paper uses the shooting and posting of Kuaishou short videos by young villagers in Wushi Village, Wushi Town, Huzhu Autonomous County, Qinghai Province, China as a case study, attempting to explore the cultural significance of the Kuaishou Short Video Social Network frequently used in our daily lives. The short videos of those young villagers not only show the overlapping of online and offline spaces in urban and rural areas, but also present another possibility of the coexistence between urban and rural cultures in the new era of Internet. Kuaishou has become a metaphor and a stage for the ambiguity and coexistence of urban and rural boundaries by virtue of the relative ease and availability of short video editing. The use of Kuaishou by young Monguor villagers is of great significance in addressing the traditional urban-rural dual economic structure.
A lo largo de este artículo muestro que, para los rarámuri o tarahumaras que residen en el Norte de México, los caminos y el caminar constituyen un contexto epistemológico caracterizado por revelar los procedimientos necesarios para producir y transmitir contenidos concretos. El objetivo de este escrito es exponer las narrativas recopiladas en dicho contexto para examinar la relación entre la enunciación y los soportes geográficos que son reconocidos como evidencia de los hechos relatados y como generadores de la enunciación. La meta es analizar los procedimientos nativos de la enunciación con el fin de postular una simetría entre estos registros y las fuentes documentales de carácter burocrático y administrativo que el Estado mexicano ha producido durante los siglos XX y XXI y que han servido como un pilar para construir la historia de/sobre los rarámuri. El objeto ulterior es aportar a la construcción de un espacio de existencia para la historia rarámuri.
Anthropology, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
The subject of the analysis of our paper is the social and cultural practice of amateur basketball played by employees of the multinational company Ernst Young in Belgrade. We observed the amateur team as a folklore group, and their participation in sports is interpreted not only as a physical activity, but as a modality of shaping attitudes, values and beliefs related to the company, important for strengthening cohesion among employees and reinforcing their motivation to perform work tasks. Basketball as a sport in which each player aligns on an individual level with the collective strategy of the team is somewhat reminiscent of the activities of Ernst Young employees, such as teamwork, personal and professional development, as well as an organizational culture oriented towards the company’s development and growth on the market. The material in this paper was collected using the technique of semi-structured interviews with members of the amateur basketball team Ernst Young, which competes in the Rekreativ League of Belgrade and is composed mainly of employees in this organization. In addition to this base of our ethnographic material, informal interviews were conducted and employee statementsobtained. Using the concept of idioculture of the American sociologist, social psychologist and folklorist Gary Alan Fine, the material related to the creation, expression and subsistence of the group’s identity (composed mostly of amateur basketball players) was analyzed and interpreted. Members of this sports community differentiate themselves from other employees in the multinational company through the mentioned group identity. The group is recognized as such by other employees in this organization, which was shown by further analysis performed in accordance with the theoretical and methodological framework of the “folklore diamond” established by Gary Alan Fine. However, Fine himself never applied this framework consistently according to all its elements of analysis. The selection of these elements is made with regard to what is being examined, hence Fine’s “folklore diamond” is used as a source from which analytical concepts are taken and combined. The cultural context, as another element, gives a more complete picture of the overall analysis. This gives us an impetus for further ethnological and anthropological research of amateur sports in Serbia, especially in the corporate work environment.
The article deals to research of Ukrainian ritual context of apiculture. The complex research of symbolic and semantic aspects of Ukrainian apiculture is based on separation of three fundamental ritual “units”: folk Ukrainian vision of a bee along with an insect’s status in a worldview tradition, historical process of developing the institute of patronage and defining the role of patron saints in Ukrainian apiculture; its place in a system of traditional national ritualism and, in particular, outlining the general portrait of an apiarist against the background of the past, as well as ambivalence of his character, narrative and conceptual accentuation and integral conceptualization of apiarian motives of the folk calendar (ritual activities of spring-summer and autumn-winter cycles); role of apicultural products in the Ukrainians’ ritual life (worldview visions, calendar and occasional ritualism, rituals of human life cycle, magic ritual practice). The comparative ethnological analysis of apiarian ritualism of the Ukrainians has found both local feature of separate visions and beliefs and all-Ukrainian worldview matrix of apiarian spiritual phenomenon. While comparing the data, of field and literary sources, on the ritual aspects of traditional apiculture of the residents of Ukraine and some Slavonic (and, in the broader sense – European) countries, we detect a considerable range of common features.
Pottery production which has a long history in Anatolia has been in existence for thousands of years. It defines the culture of that society with many elements such as the eating and drinking habits, social structure, economy, traditions, customs and beliefs of the society in which it was produced from the oldest productions to the present day. From this aspect, while forming the main study field of archaeology and ethnoarchaeology in the beginning, it became the center of interest for field of social anthropology, ceramics art and design with the appreciation of material cultural assets in recent years. In Anatolia, there has been more than a hundred pottery production centers since the beginning of 1900s. There are many publications about the productions in these centers but these publications are limited with technical expression of the process from clay obtaining to firing. However, there are many different and similar traditions and beliefs in every center. The aims of this study is to submit data about tradition and beliefs in Anatolian pottery, to take the attention of the scientists who study in ethnology, folklore, anthropology, and sociology fields especially in our country, and to share the information that is thought to contribute these study fields. The study data consists of the literature review and the project titled “The Primitive Pottery Centers Present in Anatolia” which was conducted within the scope of Dokuz Eylul University Scientific Research Project between the years 2010 and 2015. In this study, it is obtained that there are tradition and beliefs about the emergence of pottery, the divinity of profession, the importance of profession, the firing of products and the usage of products. The data are analyzed in three main titles as the traditions and beliefs about Profession, Firing and Products. It is seen that there are many traditions and beliefs in divinity of profession with rumors, maintenance of its continuity and handing it down to next generations. In firing, which is one of the most important parts of production, it is seen that the knowledge gained with experience becomes ritual harmonized with beliefs and the products are used as a means of expression in weddings and deaths which are the social dynamics of community.
The aim of this study is to present some of the principal traits in Scandinavian ethnologic and folkloristic research. The main emphasis is placed on ritualised behavior, both in everyday and holiday contexts. In earlier European ethnology, this field has generally been called research on ,,customs" (cf. Bringeus 1976, Briick 1981, Gustavsson 1981c). In more recent research, however, the terms ,,life form" (cf. Christiansen 1980) or ,,rite" (cf. Frykman 19 79) have been used to replace ,,custom". ,,Life form" brings to mind the term ,,Lebensweise" which has become significant in German ethnology, and which comprises, in a natural way, behavior in everyday life. ,,Rite" is derived from Anglo-Saxon social anthropology as, for example, Mary Douglas uses the term. To use ,,rite" in this sense is, however, questionable, partly since in Scandinavian ethnology and science of religion it has long been reserved for interactions between human beings and the world of the supernatural (i.e. Bringeus 1976, Siikala 1978). In my opinion, the term ,,custom" particularly brings out the normative side, the group pressure, and the repetitive character through time ofritualised behavior ( Gustavsson 19 7 2a, 19 8 lc ). The value of this term as an ethnologic concept has been increasingly discussed and questioned in recent years (e.g. Egardt 1973). So as not to become involved in this discussion here, I use the expression ,,behavior" wherever possible.
Olim T. Astanakulov, Natalia V. Kuchkovskaya, Patimat S. Bataeva
et al.
One of the most important demonstrations of the modern economy is the growing importance of innovation. The innovative process, or the process of technological change is a complex concept encompassing the improvement of products, production processes, raw materials as well as management methods. Therefore, the central aim of the research is to analyse the innovative processes that contribute to the development of the state economy. To accomplish the objectives, we carried out the calculations to examine the relations between the cost indicators, modelling, correlation and regression analyses. The particularities of business processes in innovative activities of organisations leads to uneven distribution, specific cost structure in the crisis and the traditional situation of an insignificant share of innovation in the financing process. The study presents mathematic model of innovation activities of an enterprise, based on economic indicators of current operations. The object of the research are industrial enterprises. Since an important segment of business processes in innovation is small innovative companies, our task is to develop a methodology for forecasting the number that would be suitable for them. From the findings of our research, we concluded that the models that had been previously developed were more effective at the micro level. Based on the analysis of the distribution of costs between technological, marketing, organisational innovations by types of innovation and economic activities by building an adequate set of statistical models, we have identified the following particularities: the basic internal (directly dependent) and external (indirectly affecting) factors that affect the selected performance characteristics.
Cultural heritage is considered to be a valuable and representative part of the culture derived from the past. Cultural potential is a set of cultural phenomena, elements and complexes used or usable for profit. It consists of five components: heritage; organizations and institutions; events and products; infrastructure; human resources. Cultural mapping is being used for its identification, where the elements of cultural potential are cultural resources. The mapping of cultural potential with an emphasis on cultural heritage is a prerequisite for the success of revitalization of the nearly extinct ethnic group of German woodcutters from the Small-Carpathian region – Huncokars.
. The formation of the Altai Republic as a form of the statehood of Altai people contributed to the national- cultural revival of kumandins, chelkans and tubalars. The problems of preserving, transforming traditional beliefs and inter-religious dialogue in a multiconfessional and multinational society are always relevant. The novelty of this study lies in the emphasis on the characteristics of the religious beliefs of the peoples of Pritelechye, as a distinctive feature in com-parison with the religious systems of the peoples of the Mountain Altai. How hunting and blacksmithing cults became an integral part of the early forms of religious beliefs of the indigenous peoples of Pritelechye. Without understanding the origins of their origin and transformation, it is impossible to understand the current problems of the national and cultural development of indigenous peoples. The aim of this work is the features of the early forms of religious beliefs of the indigenous peoples of Pritelechye. The religious beliefs of the indigenous peoples of the Pritelechye were in a difficult process of transition from the early forms of religion to tribal ones. With the development of tribal relations, along with animism and shamanism, new religious forms arise that reflect the specifics of these relations. These included totemism, the hunting cult, and the cult of ancestors. A hunting cult arises during the period of the origin of hoe farming, when climatic factors most significantly affect production activity, and, therefore, all spheres of human life. In short, hunting led a person to consolidate in his life, in society, in general, the patriarchal way of life. Totemism in our case was closely related to the economic activities of indigenous peoples, which was based on gathering and hunting. During the tribal society, as you know, the average life expectancy of people increased. In this regard, the differentiation of society by age was clearly defined. In this regard, the older generation had a special social function: it became the guardian of work experience and clan traditions. Respect for elders during life entailed their posthumous veneration by living relatives, that is, their veneration of the “spirit” of dead relatives.
In December 2013, two memorials were built in memory of those Jews killed during the Chilean Dictatorship (1973-1990). Both memorials continue a political division for Jewish-Chilean, who experienced the ideological and political ideas of the Cold War. The two memorials are analyzed to understand how the Chilean Jewish Community excluded the narrative about repression against leftist Jews.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Judaism
Antoni Ferdynand Ossendowski pragnął przywieźć z podróży nie tylko barwne wspomnienia przydatne do wykorzystania w książkach, ale również zbiory zoologiczne, botaniczne i etnograficzne, a nawet film przyrodniczy. Jego relacje z Afryki ujawniają dwie główne role narratora, a zarazem postawy wobec inności – zafascynowanego egzotyką pisarza bądź skrupulatnego naukowca. Nadrzędnym celem, który przyświeca tworzeniu owych obrazów jest jednak zawsze atrakcyjność literacka opowieści, pozwalająca dotrzeć do jak największej liczby odbiorców. Artykuł charakteryzuje afrykańską twórczość podróżniczą A.F. Ossendowskiego umieszczając ją na tle wcześniejszej tradycji polskich podróży na ten kontynent oraz teoretycznych założeń prozy reportażowej.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Communication. Mass media